1. Definition and functions

Pre-heads can be: rising, mid and low

• Pre-heads can be: rising, mid and low
• Scales can be: descending, ascending and level.
• Descending and ascending heads can be:
• stepping, sliding and scandent.

The change of pitch within the last stressed syllable of the tone-group is called a nuclear tone.

• The change of pitch within the last stressed syllable of the tone-group is called a nuclear tone.
• The number of tonal types given by different scholars is different.
• According to R. Kingdon the most important nuclear tones in English are: Low Fall, High Fall, Low Rise, High Rise, and Fall-Rise.

The meanings of the nuclear tones

• The falling tone of any level and range expresses certainty, completeness, and independence.
• A rising tone expresses uncertainty, incompleteness or dependence.
• A falling-rising tone may combine the falling tone's meaning of assertion, certainty with the rising tone's meaning of dependence, incompleteness. At the end of a phrase it often conveys a feeling of reservation, i.e. it asserts something and at the same time suggests that there is something else to be said.

Sentence Stress

• is a special prominence given to one or more words according to their importance in the sentence. The main function of sentence stress is to single out the communicative centre of the sentence which introduces new information.

Types of sentence stress

• Normal (syntactical) - is used to arrange words into sentences or intonation groups phonetically; it expresses the general idea of the sentence and indicates its communicative centre; it is related to rhythm.
• Logical - special prominence is given to a new element in a sentence or an intonation group.
• Emphatic – increases the effort of expression; both normal and logical stresses can be emphatic, it is the highest degree of logical and emotional prominence of words in a phrase.