1-Mavzu: psixologiya fanining predmeti va rivojlanish tarixi reja

Hulq-atvorning psixofiziologik asosi
Sizni siz qiladigan narsa nima? Eng muhimi, bizning har bir inson betakror. Har bir insonning ko’rinishi turlicha: uning ovozi, tili turlicha, insonlarni bir-biridan farq qiladigan shaxsiy xususiyatlari, qiziqishlari, madaniy va oilaviy sharoitlari mavjud.
Shuningdek, biz bir daraxtning barglarimiz. Bizning insoniy oilamiz nafaqat bizni ajratgan va qonga singib ketgan umumiy biologik meros, bundan tashqari umumiy xulq-atvorlari hamdir. Bizning miyamizni arxitekturasi dunyoni his qilishga, tilni rivojlantirishimizga va bir xil mexanizmlar orqali ochlikni his qilishga yordam beradi. Biz Arktikadami yoki tropik iqlimda yashashimizdan qat'i nazar, biz nordondan shirin mazani afzal ko’ramiz. Biz ranglar spektrini o’xshash ranglarga ajratamiz. Va biz zurriyotlarini yaratish va himoya qilish kerakligini his qilamiz.
Bizning qarindoshligimiz bizning ijtimoiy xulq-atvorimizda paydo bo'ladi. Vongmi, Nikomomi, Smitmi, yoki Gonzalesmi, biz tahminan sakkiz oylik bo’lganimizdan so’ng notanishlardan qo'rqishni boshladik va kattalar kabi, biz munosabat va o’xshashligiga ko’ra kishilarni afzal ko’ramiz. Sayyoramizning turli burchaklaridan bo’lishimizdan qat’iy nazar, biz boshqalarni kulganini va xo'mrayishini qanday o'qishni bilamiz. Bir jamoaning a'zolari sifatida, biz, ahloq qoidalariga amal qilamiz, qo’lab- quvvatlaymiz, jinoyatlarni jazolash maqomining ierarxiyasini tashkillashtirdik va bolaning o'limidan xafa bo’lishda bir xilmiz. Tashqi kosmosdan, bir mehmon joyda tomchi va raqs va xursandchilik, qo'shiq va ibodat, sport va o'yin o'ynab, kulib va ​​yig'lab, oilalarda yashayotgan va guruhlar tashkil insonlarni topish mumkin. birga qaralganda, bunday universal xulq bizning inson tabiatini belgilaydi.¹⁸ [3]
What makes you you? In impor¬tant ways, we are each unique. We look different. We sound dif¬ferent. We have varying person¬alities, interests, and cultural and family backgrounds.
We are also the leaves of one tree. Our human family shares not only a common biological heritage—cut us and we bleed— but also common behavioral tendencies. Our shared brain architecture predisposes us to sense the world, develop language, and feel hunger through identical mechanisms. Whether we live in the Arctic or the tropics, we prefer sweet tastes to sour. We divide the color spectrum into similar colors. And we feel drawn to behaviors that produce and protect offspring.
Our kinship appears in our social behav¬iors as well. Whether named Wong, Nkomo, Smith, or Gonzales, we start fear¬ing strangers at about eight months, and as adults we prefer the company of those with attitudes and attributes similar to our own. Coming from different parts of the globe, we know how to read one another's smiles and frowns. As members of one species, we affiliate, conform, return favors, punish of¬fenses, organize hierarchies of status, and grieve a child's death. A visitor from outer space could drop in anywhere and find hu¬mans dancing and feasting, singing and worshiping, playing sports and games, laughing and crying, living in families and forming groups. Taken together, such uni¬versal behaviors define our human nature.
What causes our striking diversity, and also our shared human nature? How much are human differences shaped by our differing genes? And how much by our environment—by every external influence, from maternal nu¬trition while in the womb to social support while nearing the tomb? To what extent are we formed by our upbringing? By our cul¬ture? By our current circumstances? By peo¬ple's reactions to our genetic dispositions? This chapter begins to tell the complex story of how our genes (nature) and environments (nurture) define us.
Evolyutsionist-psixologlar Ch.Darvin ta’limoti va xulq-atvor o’rtasidagi aloqadorlikni tadqiq qilish natijasida shuni aniqlashdiki, bizning universal shaxsiy xususiyatlarimizni bizning individual farqlarimiz bixevioral genetika (xulq-atvor genetikasi) tadqiqot predmeti ekanini tushuntirishga harakat qilishdi.
Darvin tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan nazariya jonli tabiatni tushunishga bo’lgan insoniyatning eng buyuk kashfiyotlaridan biri bo’ldi. Darvin birinchi bo’lib organizmlarning evolutsion o’zgarishini haqiqat ekanligini isbotlab berdi. Uning nazariyasida atrof-muhit va organizmlar o’rtasidagi o’zaro munosabat o’z xarakteriga ega. Darvin atrof-muhitning oo’zgarishi organizmlar o’zgarishiga turtki bo’lishini aytib o’tgan, ammo boshqa tomondan o’zgarishlar aynan organizmlarda kuzatilgan va organizmlarning divergent evolutsiyasi ularning yashash muhitini ham o’zgartirgan. Tabiiy saralash va yashash uchun kurashni o’rganish organizmlarning o’rtasidagi munosabat , atrof-muhit ta’siri va shuningdek organizmlarning avtonom birlik sifatida qarama qarshi muhitda rivojlanishi o’rganiladi. Zamonaviy evolutsiya nazariyasi Darvin nazariyasi asosida yaratilgan. Shu bois, Darvin nazariyasi evolutsiya jarayonidagi organik dunyoning tuzilish borasidagi muhim savollarga mantiqiy va isbotlar bilan javob bera oladi deb aytishimiz mumkin.¹⁹[3]
Behavior genetics the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Genetika xulq-atvorini quyidagicha o’rganib chiqishdi:
Egizaklarni tadqiq etish. Egizaklarning bir va har xil otalangan tuxum hujayradan paydo bo’lganligi bir necha metodlar orqali aniqlanadi. Odatda bir tuxum hujayradan rivojlangan egizaklar tashqi qiyofasi, salomatligi, xatti-harakati, jinsi bilan o’xshash bo’ladi. Ulardagi o’xshashlik ularning vujudga keltirishda rol o’ynagan blastomeradagi xromosomalar, genlarning o’xshashligi bilan izohlanadi.
Ikki xil tuxum hujayradan hosil bo’lgan egizak ona qornida bir vaqt bir xil sharoitda taraqqiy qilsalar ham, ulardagi xromosomalar genlar tafovut qilganlari sababli ularning tashqi qiyofalari, belgi xossalari bir-biridan farq qiladi.

Asrab olingan bolalarni tadqiq etish.

Tabiiy-ijtimoiy eksperiment o’tkazish jarayonida mehribonlik uyidan asrab olingan bolaning 2 guruhga oid qarindoshlari o’rganildi. Bulardan biri genetik qarindoshlar (biologik ota-ona) va ijtimoiy qarindoshlar (bolani asrab olgan ota-ona). Genetiklarni bolani qaysi qaysi guruhdagi qarindoshlariga ko’proq o’xshashligi qiziqtiradi. Va qay darajada o’xshashliklari qiziqtiradi. ²⁰ [3]
For behavior geneticists, nature's second type of real-life experiment—adoption— creates two groups: genetic relatives (biological parents and siblings) and environ­mental relatives (adoptive parents and siblings). For any given trait, we can therefore ask whether adopted children are more like their biological parents, who contributed their genes, or their adoptive parents, who contribute a home environ­ment. While sharing that home environment, do adopted siblings also come to share traits?