1-nashr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta’limi

II BOB. HAYOTNING EKOSISTEMA DARAJASIDAGI
UMUMBIOLOGIK QONUNIYATLARI
3-§. Hayotning ekosistema darajasi xususiyatlari. 
Biogeotsenoz – biologik sistema
.....................................................................................
14
4-§. Ekosistemalarning tarkibiy qismlari
........................................................................18
5-§. Organizmlarning yashash muhiti. Suv muhiti.
.......................................................
23
6-§. Quruqlik-havo, tuproq, tirik organizmlar yashash muhitlari sifatida
....................
30
7-§. 
Muhit omillari va ularning tasnifi
...........................................................................
39
8-§. Y
orug
‘
lik
– 
muhitning
ekologik
omili
..................................................................
47
9-§. Harorat – muhitning abiotik omili
..........................................................................
53
10-§. Namlik ekologik omil sifatida
...............................................................................
58
11-§. 
Tuproq
va
topografik
omillar
.................................................................................
63
12-§. Muhitning biotik omillari. Tirik organizmlar o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar
.............
67
13-§. Antropogen omillar
.................................................................................................
76
1-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti
................................................................................................79
14-§. Turning populatsion strukturasi
.............................................................................81
15-§. Turning populatsion strukturasi (davomi)
.............................................................
86
16-§. Ekotizimlarning trofik strukturasi
..........................................................................
93
17-§. Ekotizimlarning mahsuldorligi
.............................................................................100
18-§. Ekologik piramida qoidasi. Biomassa va energiya piramidasi
.........................102
2-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti 
............................................................................................
106
19-§. Tabiiy ekosistemalar.
............................................................................................107
20-§. Markaziy 
O
siyo va 
O
‘zbekistonning tabiiy ekosistemalari
...............................112
21-§. Sun’iy ekosistemalar
.............................................................................................117
22-§. Biogeotsenozlarning barqarorligi
..........................................................................122
23-§. 
I
nson
ekologiyasi
..................................................................................................
126
3-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti
..............................................................................................
131

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