30th, 2013 at cea ines, Le Bourget du Lac (France) summary
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SOPHIA Project WORKSHOP  
What are the Requirements of Solar Photovoltaics in Buildings? August 29th – 30th, 2013 at CEA INES, Le Bourget du Lac (France) SUMMARY The workshop took place at CEA INES site (Lynx 4 – Room 107) from 29th to 30th of August 2013. 43 participants have attended this event, coming from France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Austria and Spain. The participants were composed of Research Engineers and Technicians, Architects, Industrials, Installers and Associations. (See annex 1 and annex 2) On the first day, through the presentations, participants have defined a list of requirements concerning Solar Photovoltaics in Building (See annex 3). Thus, the requirements of BIPV systems come from different actors (Architects, Engineers, Construction companies and workers, building users and operators and Building Authorities) and are related to quality standards (mechanics, electrical safety, waterproofness, mechanical strengthening…). Many deviations exist between the PV world and the Construction world. The main solution proposed during the discussion is to harmonize BIPV requirements in each country considering standards and products design. On the second day, the technical presentations showed the urgent need for improvement since the topics of the first projects on BIPV system (from nearly 20 years ago) are still relevant. The existing softwares and general equations, the usual time steps are not always suitable for BIPV systems. There is a necessity for harmonization of testing and analysis (in IEC standards) methods. Thus, training sessions should be organized in order to diffuse results and information through common channels of communication and according to the audience. Some actions were proposed in order to improve BIPV and BAPV systems current situation. (See detailed minutes in annex 4) ANNEX 1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ANNEX 2: SPEAKERS BIOGRAPHIES
Chair: Alessandra Scognamiglio Architect, PhD in Technologies for Architecture and Environment, since 2000 she works as researcher at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Photovoltaic Technologies Area (www.enea.it). Her main interest is working on the hybrid border between scientific research and design, to create a domain of common understanding and possibilities for experimentations in the real living environment. Her main fields of activity are: Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), Landscape Integrated Photovoltaics (LIPV), Net Zero Energy Buildings and Smart Cities. She writes papers, she collaborates with the architectural magazine Domus, she patented innovative photovoltaic components for buildings and the urban environment, she edited books, and she participates and organizes several scientific events and conferences. After having worked at the architectural scale, since 2007 she investigates the topic Energy-Landscapes, with a special focus on Photovoltaics and agricultural greenhouses. Since, he is a teacher at the Italian National Institute of Architecture for a post graduate master “Designer of sustainable architectures”. She is involved in European Project aiming at the development of special photovoltaic components for buildings. She is also involved in several IEA (International Energy Agency) research groups. In particular: 2008-2012 IEA SHC Task 41 “Solar Energy and Architecture”; 2008-2013 IEA SHC-EBC, Task 40-Annex 52 “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”, 2013-2017 IEA SHC Task 51 “Solar Energy in Urban Planning”.
- Vincent Fiaccabrino is an engineer specialized in photovoltaics and construction. He received his Master degree in Renewable Energies from Heriot-Watt University in 2009 and his Engineer degree from Arts et Métiers Paristech in 2010. He has worked before at EDF and CSTB in projects involving energy efficiency and renewable energies modeling. Vincent is currently working at the French Building Federation. - Yves Jautard, DPLG architect and manager of SOLARTE, involved in the design and implementation of photovoltaic systems since 1993 on isolated site, first and then grid connected systems. He has the willing to adapt the technical and aesthetic integration to the specificity of each project. Another major personal concern: the energy performance of buildings - M.Sc. Maria Roos Maria Roos studied Environmental Protection in the Advanced Technical College (Fachhochschule) in Bingen, Germany and worked as a trainer and educational project manager in the fields of Solar Technology, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection. In 2006, she received her Master’s Degree in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the University of Kassel, Germany. Since 2009, she works for ISET, Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (Institute of Technology for Solar Supply) now known as Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy Systems Technology IWES in the field of integrated photovoltaic systems in buildings, yield exercises of pv plants and hybrid systems. - Michele Pellegrino (chemical engineer). He is a senior researcher at CR- Portici ENEA laboratory with a long experience in photovoltaic sector. He is the reference person responsible for Enea lab testing for PV modules. He is the Italian representative both at WG7 (Concentrator Modules) of IEC and at CENELEC TC-82 as well. He has been involved in the development of the project prEN 50583:2012 for a new European Standard “Photovoltaic in buildings” within the TC 82- Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems.
Chair and speaker: - Hans Bloem is working over 28 years for the European Commission, Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy. He is a member of the Renewable Energies Unit of the Institute for Energy and Transport and member of several EU research networks. His expertise is in the area of: • Energy Performance of Buildings; calculation, regulation and standardization • Renewable Energy for the built environment and in particular on • Solar energy; the integration of solar technologies in the building envelope. Speakers - Françoise Burgun is an energy engineer (1988) and PhD (1991) in heat transfer and fluid mechanics. She had been working for ten years in the R&D on energy management and energy efficiency; thermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality in the automotive industry, within the Renault Group. She then extended her experience and field of competence by acting as Purchasing and Product manager during 3 years in Renault Corporate. She took a new orientation in the field of solar energy and construction in 2005, taking the opportunity of the launch of the new National Institute for Solar Energy in France. She involved in the development of R&D activities and the expansion of INES by setting up projects and programs on solar integration in building. Prior to coming to the University of New South Wales, for 2 years as a visiting fellow, she was the head of the Energy in Building Laboratory, at CEA-INES.
- Andreas Semmel, MBA is Sales Manager at Ertex solar in France - Jean-Pierre Reyal is Development manager at Aperam Alloys Imphy in France - Andoni Aresti is currently working as Project manager at SIARQ. Degree and M.Sc. in Environmental Sciences and Renewables, field where he worked for many years. After a specialization program on PV with the Spanish Energetic Research Centre, he decided to join SIARQ to continue with PV projects. - Ludwig Kronthaler is a researcher at the EURAC Institute for Renewable Energy in Bolzano, Italy. He received an Engineering degree from the Munich University of Applied Sciences in 2005 and a M.Sc. degree from the Technische Universität München in 2011. From 2002 to 2009 Ludwig worked for the business unit “Transportation Systems” of the Siemens AG, focussing on system & requirements engineering of locomotives and trains. Last year he switched to the field of PV at the EURAC Photovoltaic Systems Research Group, doing his PhD in cooperation with the Free University of Bolzano. - Germain Gouranton – TCE – Terre Ciel Energies – President of the company – 42 years Franco-German, graduate of Arts & Crafts and having a Master degree in Finance from Paris Dauphine University and a Masters in Sciences-Po Paris, Germain Gouranton began his career in project financing at BNP in Germany and in East countries. He joined the Suez Group where he held various operational positions in France and Germany. Before creating TCE at end of 2006, Germain was Regional Director for Suez Environnement. In TEC Gouranton Germain is in charge of business development. He is also Vice-Chairman of the Solar Trade Association. His hobbies: Ice Hockey and Rugby
Chair and speaker: Professor Ménézo is Head of Chair Research and Education “Habitats and Energy Innovations”, INSA of Lyon/Electricity of France. He is also head of the Solar Group of the Energy and Thermal Centre of Lyon (CETHIL-INSA of Lyon/CNRS). He is one of the deputy of the CNRS Solar Energy Federation associating the national academic competences in this field. Since 15 years, his research focuses on building integration of solar components (especially on photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal components) and redefinition of the envelope (roof and facades) conventionally concerned with insulation and sealing to include dynamic (seasonal or daily variation) and active features (energy production and augmented ventilation). Co-Chair: Wendelin Sprenger (Fraunhofer ISE, Germany) Speakers - Hans Bloem (European Commission, Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy). - Dr. Assoa Ya Brigitte is a Research engineer and Project manager at CEA INES since 2009. In 2008, she receives her PhD and Masters of Science in Civil Engineering with an expertise in Building Thermics and integrated solar PV and Thermal systems at INSA of Lyon (CETHIL Laboratory) Her main activities concern actually the thermal and electrical modelling and measurement of BIPV and BIPV/T systems. - Dr. Maider Machado works as a researcher in Tecnalia Research & Innovation (Solar Photovoltaics group) from 2008. She received her degree in Theoretical Physics in 1997 and her PhD in Solid State Physics in 2003 at the University of the Basque Country (Spain). She made a postdoctoral stage at the Nanoscience Group in CEMES-CNRS (Toulouse, France) and later on she worked as a researcher in the Energy Efficiency group at Tecnalia. Currently, she is mainly involved in BIPV systems, optical design & characterization of PV components. - Nuria Martín is a Senior Researcher at the Photovoltaic Unit of CIEMAT, in Madrid (Spain). Since 1990 she has been working in national and international research projects related to PV systems and components, becoming an expert in PV modules, their optical characterization and BIPV having published two related books. She has participated as the Spanish delegate in the IEA Task VII, Photovoltaics in the Built Environment and since 2008 in the IEC WG1 Terminology group. - Anna Carr has more than 20 years’ experience in Photovoltaics. In 1993 she started working in solar cell research at the Australian National University, where she stayed for five years. She received her PhD from Murdoch University on the topic of PV Module monitoring and modeling in 2005 and she has been with ECN Solar Energy since 2006, starting in the cell processing group, and now working in the Module and Applications group. - Bruno Soria started his PhD at INES in 2011. He received an engineering degree in photonics in 2009 from the University of Strasbourg (France) and a Master of Science in 2010 from Durham University (UK). His research activities concern the indoor and outdoor characterization and simulation of bifacial PV modules.”
Chair: Assoa Ya Brigitte (CEA INES, France) Speakers - Dr.-Ing. Norbert Henze has studied electrical engineering at the University of Kassel. Between 1998 and 2001 he worked at ISET in the Division Engineering and Power Electronics within the European project ESDEPS (Electromagnetic Compatibility and Safety Design of Photovoltaic Systems). From 2001 to 2005 he was with the University of Kassel where he received his Ph.D. from the department of Radio Frequency Technology and Communication Systems. Since 2005 he is again with ISET as a member of the power electronics group. In November 2008 he assumed the leadership of the group Engineering and Measuring Technology at ISET. He is member of ISETs team of the accredited EMC testing laboratory. Furthermore, he is leader of the European project PVMIPS (Photovoltaic Systems with Integrated Power Conversion and Interconnection System) and several national projects in the field of PV systems technology and building integrated PV. - Francois Sauzedde is a research technician. He works at CEA INES since 2009, especially on BIPV systems. He has worked previously in a laboratory and in societies on environment and building acoustic for 15 years.
CIMNE (www.cimne.com) is an autonomous Catalan research center, created in 1987 and dedicated to promoting advances in the development and application of computational techniques for the solution of engineering problems. Jordi, jointly with the BEEGROUP, focuses his activities in developing methodologies and software tools to provide an overall vision of the real energy performance of buildings including the understanding of building pathologies and occupant behaviour. His background comes from the application of numerical methods for the analysis of air flows and thermal heat transfer in active building components and urban environment. It has more than ten years’ experience in collaborating with municipalities and building owners through national and international cooperative research projects. He has participated in more than 25 European funded collaborative projects acting as active partner or coordinator. He is author of around 20 publications in international scientific journals and congresses. Some of the most representative projects are focused on the rolling out of user awareness services in public buildings (www.smartspaces.eu) and housing sector (www.beca-project.eu). He is also actively working in projects aiming at improving the quality of information given to citizens to increase their energy awareness (EMPOWERING and ENCERTICUS). Last field of activity is focused on promoting energy positive habitats by means of integration of small scale Renewable Energy Sources and improving energy demand control (www.aidaproject.eu and PARANAT projects). Jordi is also one of the founders and member of the board of directors of the energy service company INERGY (www.inergybcn.com), promoted by CIMNE and RSM Gassó.
- Fiaccabrino Vincent (GMPV-FFB, France): Presentation of Guidelines for the development of integration of solar Photovoltaics into buildings in France Abstract In order to ensure the quality of the integration of solar photovoltaic systems on building, industries of GMPV-FFB, actively and collectively contribute by proposing a set of practical and pragmatic guidelines. Thus, these guidelines must ensure competence (training, qualification, and certification), expertise in consulting and maintenance of solar photovoltaic installations on building. - Yves Jautard (Solarte, France): What one should expect from a BIPV system: point of view of an Architect Abstract A quick definition of integration in terms of functions (physical contribution to the building envelope ...) and in terms of aesthetics (and social acceptability) will be presented. An integration system: - Intrinsic properties (mechanical strength with exceptional weather conditions, security, power efficiency…). - Flexibility and facility of installation in particular on the existing building (concept layout plan, recovery of flatness, easy management of reflection ...) - Aesthetic quality and adaptability problem on sensitive sites, including position of National Architects France. - Technical versatility, open system capable of integrating various functional or structural elements (PV, thermal…) - Interface with the global building management, nuisance or optimized thermal management, ventilation systems… - Maria Roos (Fraunhofer-IWES, Germany): Non-Electrical Requirements of BIPV (Building Regulation and Cost Compensation) Abstract Apart from electrical behaviours and safety, the additional requirements from building sides are needed for the integration of PV systems into the building envelope. Most parameters are taken from conventional construction, but so far few test results are available. In the research project 'MULTIELEMENT', therefore, the results of fire and mechanical behaviors BIPV modules will be presented. By replacing the conventional building products with BIPV module, moreover, the cost compensation has been calculated. - Michele Pellegrino (ENEA, Italy): Applicable standards to BIPV, R&D of new products and some preliminary tests Abstract BIPV and BAPV represent the best solution for PV, since they save occupancy of land and provide added values to the building. BIPV in addition can provide more specific functions adding other values to the buildings. Although BIPV definition could be applicable to all PV modules, nevertheless special components are now specifically designed. To this purpose ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Sostenibile, participates to two projects both funded from EU: Construct-PV “Constructing buildings with customizable size PV modules integrated in the opaque part of the building skin” and Bfirst “Building-integrated fibre-reinforced solar technology”. The former project aims to develop and demonstrate customizable, efficient and low cost BIPV modules for opaque surfaces of buildings. Opaque surfaces are selected representing massive wide-area spaces of untapped harvesting potential across Europe. Opaque surfaces also present the opportunity to retrofit building envelopes at the same time of harvesting energy. The latter project is focused on the design, development, demonstration and qualification of a portfolio of innovative photovoltaic products for building integration, based on cell encapsulation within fibre-reinforced composite materials. The produced modules are monolithic, lightweight structures, in contrast with currently available glass-based multilayer modules. A high versatility regarding complex geometries, transmittance levels, colours and surface texture can be achieved from different materials (resins, fibres, additives) and processes ( infusion, etc.). New standards for these products and new methods of testing are so necessary. The presentation gives an overview of the new standards and present preliminary results of testing especially focused on optical and thermal requirements.) Keywords: BIPV; Standard; Testing - Cécile Miquel (Hespul, France): Feedback From Clichy-Batignolles Photovoltaics Projects Abstract Integrating photovoltaics into buildings requires paying careful attention to the set of rules and nontechnical problems to which the work will be submitted. Even if system makers develop and sell a wide range of products, some modifications can be necessary to integrate the photovoltaic products into the considered building. In particular, the fat roof configuration presents a reduced number of commercial solutions. City planning rules of the ZAC (special planning district) Clichy-Batignolles in Paris imposes environmental targets on building contractors, and in particular photovoltaics electricity generation on every new building. Hespul accompanied the conception stages of 14 projects on behalf of the publicly owned development company of the area, 6 of them being currently under construction. Urban planning document (PLU): The first point designers have to take into consideration concerns urban planning rules. Paris Local Town Planning (PLU) legal provisions gives permission to solar equipments to exceed building envelope dimensions and specifes for the Clichy-Batignolles area building height, defining that PV systems compose specific volumes by this way. Competition with other uses: A second obligation in designing buildings comes from competition with other uses that can be dedicated to roof surfaces: traditionally ventilation systems and exhausts, and more recently green (organic) roofing, specifically required for rainwater abatement. A two-meter canopy can also take place of a living floor, a layout in which renewable electricity generation must be balanced with the potential for selling more floor area. Architectural value: A major blocking point for architects is that a PV module looks like a PV module, and is often considered as technical equipment with no aesthetic value, that should consequently be hidden or kept to restricted areas. This stereotype often results in PV integration with lower performance of solar equipment in or on a building. However, when an opposing point of view is taken, some teams design systems noticeable from ground level, giving a strong visual identity to their buildings, thanks to the crystalline PV modules. Safety considerations: Because a PV field on a roof needs to be installed and maintained in safe conditions for workers, entrance and maintenance walkways are part of the whole system design. PV technical solutions on medium rise buildings should consider flashing elements and shadowing by balustrades and parapets. FIT integration criteria: French feed-in-tariff is not favorable to fat roof systems, in which PV modules are often laid on the roof instead of facing the sun. Technical solutions review for fat roofs and medium rise buildings: A review of technical solutions will be proposed to illustrate how project management teams dealt with all these requirements, and how PV systems modified in some cases architectural designs. Keywords: urban plan rules, architectural value, safety, fat roof -1-
- Wendelin Sprenger (Fraunhofer ISE, Germany): Pr EN 50583 Abstract The European Committee for electrotechnical standardisation (CENELEC) currently works on a European standard for building-integrated photovoltaic modules, which will be called EN 50583. As soon as the standard is finalized, it will be of major importance for the whole research field of BIPV. In the presentation, the status of the prEN 50583 in October 2012 is presented. At this point of time, an official preversion has been sent to the members representing the participating countries. The preversion of the standard can be divided into electrical requirements and building-related requirements. While the electrical part does not require major changes to standards that are applied to common PV modules, the building-related part is divided into those that are to be applied for PV modules containing glass and those who do not. The PV modules that contain glass are specified for five categories of building-integration. Finally, test procedures for the uplift resistance and the rain-penetration are presented.
- Hans Bloem ( JRC - REUnit, Italy): Thermal characterization and pre-standardization of Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic Systems Abstract Integration of renewable energy sources for heating and electricity in the built environment is stimulated through national regulations in a few Member States only. The Renewable Energy Sources Directive and the recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive [1] require all European Member States to implement national regulations within the near future. Solar energy will contribute importantly on the success in reaching the requirements set for nearly-Zero Energy Buildings by 2020. This paper presents a proposal for standardized outdoor testing and the evaluation of the impact of photovoltaic systems integrated in the building envelope in relation to improving the integral energy performance assessment of buildings. Integration of PV systems in the building envelope requires that the PV products are considered as building construction products. Therefore the aim of this work is to define thermal and electrical performance characterization of a PV integrated building component that is of highest priority. The recommended approach starts from the integral energy performance assessment concept and assessment of the boundary conditions.
- Australian BIPV Potential: high regarding the solar resource and the building stock - Roadblocks and challenges
- Barriers to widespread deployment of BIPV
- BIPV functional and constructive aspects - BIPV potential of Hybridization - Solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid collector technology - BIPV: A path to a dynamic envelope and a smart built environment
- Integration of BIPV in each steps of the building development DESIGN process - Opportunities for all types of building - Opportunities for Retrofit - Markets of specific interest
- Key features for a successful integration in the building sector - Recommendation for development of new products
- SWOT analysis Need to develop Certification and Regulation Recommendation for development and implementation of new products
Common testing procedures for energy yield measurements have been set up so far in the DERlab Technical Guidelines for Long-term Photovoltaic Module Outdoor Tests. These guidelines recommend a basic protocol for measurement procedures of PV modules under outdoor conditions. The test setup is described for fixed, free mounted PV modules at optimal orientation – towards equator and optimal tilt angle dependent on the geographical latitude. The increasing demand in BIPV and BAPV poses the question for application specific test methods to measure the energy yield. Different applications, orientation angles, thermal isolation and multi-functionalities of BIPV modules have decisive influence on their energy yield. The main application areas of BIPV and BAPV have to be identified and specific testing procedures to be defined.
Presentation of Ertex solar new BIPV products 
- Jean-Pierre Reyal (Aperam Alloys Imphy, France): Multifunctional facade SolarStyl Technologies Abstract New concept of multifunctional façade "SolarStyl Technologies" was developed in partnership between Aperam engineers, architects and installers. - Ludwig Kronthaler (EURAC, Italy), Andoni Aresti (SIARQ, Spain): Definition of the general system requirements for Building- and Product-integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV/PiPV): experiences from the SolarDesign project Ludwig Kronthaler1,2*, Laura Maturi1, Andoni Aresti3, Alessandro Caviasca3, Eric Pilat4 1Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Via Luis Zuegg 11, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano (BZ), Italy 2Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano (BZ), Italy 3SIARQ, Studio Itinerante Arquitectura S.L., Via Augusta 4, 5ª Planta, 08006 Barcelona, Spain 4Département Technologies solaires, Laboratoire Modules Photovoltaïques, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), 50 avenue du Lac Léman, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France *Phone: +39 0471 055628; Fax: +39 0471 055699; E-mail: ludwig.kronthaler@eurac.edu Abstract The vision to use Photovoltaics (PV) as a decentralized and sustainable source of energy in their products is shared by thousands of designers, architects and manufacturers world-wide. In principle, PV can be integrated directly in products, such as devices, vehicles and buildings. However, the development of PV modules is still primarily driven by the idea of economies of scales which leads to unvaried PV modules that are only good for large- area installations or Building-applied PV Systems. These PV modules are not suitable for the integration into building skins, roof tiles or electric devices because of their rigidness and their electrical constraints. Even companies which could provide a solution for these applications (flexible thin-film PV manufacturers) are not providing customized PV modules because of the associated set-up times. [1] The SolarDesign project addresses these obstacles by the development of novel solar cell materials, manufacturing processes and supportive actions to improve communication in the design value chain. The novel PV material will be demonstrated in design driven prototypes ranging from solar charged mobile devices, solar lighting, Building Integrated PV to full integration in smart textiles. [1] However, to be able to develop and produce the materials and devices for innovative BiPV and PiPV applications, it is essential to identify the requirements of the system. These are plentiful, reaching from general requirements over customer- and country-specific requirements to a whole plethora of standards and regulations. Besides, also own requirements, such as manufacturing constraints, have to be considered. That is why the first phase of the SolarDesign project is dedicated to the definition and specification of the general requirements and the exploration of the design possibilities for BIPV and PIPV. Our presentation will give a brief introduction to the methodology applied and the experiences collected so far.
The SolarDesign project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 310220. Theme: NMP.2012.4.0-1 The consortium is made up by Technische Universität Wien (Austria), Sunplugged GmbH (Austria), Faktor 3 ApS (Denmark), Innovatec Sensorisatión y Comunicación S.L (Spain), Studio Itinerante Arquitectura S.L. SIARQ (Spain), RHP Technology GmbH & Co KG (Austria), Asociación de Industrias de las Technologias Electrónicas y de la Información del País Vasco (Spain), Munich University of Applied Sciences (Germany), Accademia Europea Bolzano (Italy), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy) and Commissariat à l’energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (France). For further information on the project please refer to http://www.solar-design.eu/. References [1] SolarDesign Project, Nadja Adamovic (Coordinator), “Solar Design - On-the-fly alterable thin-film solar modules for design driven applications”, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.solar-design.eu/. [Accessed: 05-Jul-2013]. - Germain Gouranton (TECSOLAR, France): Active envelop and zero energy building Presentation of the impact of BIPV in a Zero Energy Building behavior. 
- Hans Bloem (JRC - REUnit, Italy): Analytical Approach for Characterization of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Double Skin Systems C. Lodi 1, J.J. Bloem 2, P. Bacher 3 and H. Madsen3 1 Applied Physics Section of the Environmental Science Department, University of Lleida, Spain 2 Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, RE Unit I- 21020 Ispra, Italy 3 IMM, Technical University of Denmark, Building 321, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark Abstract Integration of renewable energy sources in the built environment is stimulated through national regulations in European Member States. Solar energy will contribute heavily on the success in reaching the targets set for Nearly-Zero Energy Buildings by 2020. This paper presents a proposal for an analytical approach to evaluate the impact of double skin photovoltaic systems integrated in the building envelope. The thermal and electrical performance characterization of a PV integrated building component is therefore of highest priority. The recommended approach starts from the integral energy performance assessment concept and the assessment of the boundary conditions. To produce reliable input data for evaluation an outdoor Test Reference Environment [1] is used. The outcome of the analytical work from several academic studies for model validation using experimental data from these test sites is presented. It includes the required input data for evaluating the electrical and thermal performance by means of dynamic calculation techniques. This paper is focused on the characterization of double-skin applications of Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) systems. The evaluation of the thermal and electrical performance of the system is very complex due to highly variable and dynamic aspects. Different authors have studied analytical approaches for the energy performance evaluation of a double-skin BIPV system based on data from the TRE [2-4]. This evaluation work is based on grey-box models, which allow for the estimation of unknown parameters of the system. These grey-box models are composed by stochastic differential equations (SDE’s), which hold the physical description of the system, combined with a set of discrete time measurement equations, which represent the data driven part. The analytical work based on the experimental data originated from the TRE will be presented. Requirements for the input data for evaluating the electrical and thermal performance are also presented. References [1] J.J. Bloem, Evaluation of a PV-integrated building application in a well-controlled outdoor test environment, Building and Environment, vol. 43, 2008, pp. 205-216. [2] M.J. Jiménez, H. Madsen, J.J. Bloem, and B. Dammann, Estimation of non-linear continuous time models for the heat exchange dynamics of building integrated photovoltaic modules, Energy and Buildings, vol. 40, 2008, pp. 157-167. [3] N. Friling, M.J. Jiménez, J.J. Bloem, and H. Madsen, Modelling the heat dynamics of building integrated and ventilated photovoltaic modules, Energy and Buildings, vol. 41, 2009, pp. 1051-1057. [4] C. Lodi, J. Cipriano, P. Bacher and H. Madsen, Modelling the heat dynamics of a monitored Test Reference Environment for BIPV systems through deterministic and stochastic approaches, International workshop on Whole Building Testing, Evaluation and Modelling for Energy Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, 2011, Lyngby, Denmark, http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/events.htm, last access date 27/01/2012
Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are fast becoming an integral part of urban architecture in Europe. The need for accurate simulations of such systems is of paramount importance, both to provide credible predictions of energy generation, and to enable the establishment of appropriate standards. Here we present a coupled thermal-electrical model of residential BIPV systems installed on rooftops with air cavities to cool PV modules by natural convection. The model was developed for use in the TRNSYS software environment. Both flash-test data and monitoring data were used to validate the model. A set of 7 BIPV stands were monitored for one year, including 5 different systems commercially available in France in 2010. Thermal interactions between PV components and the underlying building are an important feature of BIPV system behaviour. Modules regularly operate away from reference or NOCT temperature and radiation conditions; predictions of electricity generation are therefore sensitive to the inherent dependence of a model on these variables. A full BIPV system model also requires the treatment of heat transfer through the building envelope. Therefore for the present study, a coupled model was developed, combining current state-of-the-art thermal and electrical system-level models. This approach allowed electrical and thermal models to be independently developed and tested, thereby facilitating studies of the coupled model. The individually validated electrical and thermal models were combined by coupling heat dissipation of PV modules and the temperature of PV modules. Data-model comparisons of typical days are presented to show the accuracy of the combined model under a variety of conditions. Finally, a set of recommendations are proposed for the design of future BIPV systems and their simulation. Keywords: BIPV, coupled model, thermal, electrical, experimental validation - Christophe Ménézo (Chaire EDF- CETHIL, France): Development and Modelling of A High efficiency Photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) hybrid collector P. Haurant1,2, C. Ménézo1,2 , P. Dupeyrat3 1 Centre Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL UMR CNRS 5008 / INSA Lyon / UCB Lyon 1), Lyon, France 2 Chaire INSA/EDF « Habitats and Energy Innovations », Lyon, France 3 EDF R&D, Département Enerbat, Moret sur Loing, France Abstract Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV-T) collectors are hybrid components that convert solar energy into both electricity and heat. In 2012, the project PHOTOTHERM was launched by the Centre for Thermal Sciences of Lyon (CETHIL) in collaboration with EDF/R&D and supported by ADEME. The aims of the project are develop, monitor and model an improved PV-T system providing electricity and hot water. At the present stage, the project is focussed on the monitoring and simulation of a full scale PV-T system under real climatic conditions. The system comprises an array of efficiency prototype PV-T modules that were developed and have already been tested under controlled laboratory conditions in a previous study. We present the numerical simulation of the PV-T system with a purpose-built model initially developed in Matlab. Experimental data obtained in both controlled and real climatic conditions were used to validate of the model, which predicts the temperature fields of each layer of the collector. The model calculates the state of the system by solving 3D energy balance using the method of finite volumes. Adapted meshing based on Voronoï tessellation has been implemented in order to reduce computation time. Since PV-cell temperatures can differ according to their position on the module, PV temperature-dependant electricity output is calculated for each cell. The overall output of the module is obtained by taking this thermal mismatch into account. The final objective is to implement this new simulation tool in an integrated heating system in order to optimize strategies for component interconnection, management of the cogeneration system, and adapting of the system to requirements of the building. Keywords: Photovoltaic-thermal collector dynamic model - Maider Machado (TECNALIA): Analytical model for optical calculation of BIPV multiple glazing systems Maider Machado1, Tomás Baenas2 1Solar Energy Department, Tecnalia Research & Innovation (Spain) 2Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante (Spain) Abstract Solar and luminous transmittance and reflectance, together with the total solar transmittance (solar factor) are a usual reference for the comparison of spectrophotometric and thermal performance of glazing systems. These magnitudes are also commonly used as inputs for the simulations of energy performance of buildings. At normal incidence, they can be easily measured by means of UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometers, and integrated global factors are obtained by following the procedures stated in the relevant standards. Given the multiple configurations that may be conceived and manufactured to comply with different building requirements (mainly related to aesthetical issues, energy efficiency, safety and security and/or acoustic insulation), measurement is not in general a practical option. In relation to PV simulation, knowledge of the real amount of absorbed radiation by the PV cell once it has been encapsulated is a valuable input for electrical and thermal simulations. A theoretical model based on transfer matrix method for the calculation of the optical properties of a complex multilayer glazing system will be presented. Transfer matrices for each component (glass -or other materials- substrates, polymeric films, selective coatings) have been explicitly derived, together with the total transfer matrix. Application of the model to the case of encapsulated PV cells in glass-glass configuration will be described, together with a detailed calculation of layer-by-layer radiation absorption. Keywords: BIPV simulation, optical model, cell absorption Nuria Martín Chivelet (CIEMAT, Spain): Optical characterization of PV modules for BIPV Abstract The optical characterization of photovoltaic (PV) modules is especially interesting in BIPV applications. PV modules may become very active in daylighting of buildings and, at the same time, affect their heating and cooling energy needs. Rain-screen or curtain walls are some examples in which the measurements of the spectral transmittance and spectral reflectance of the integrated PV modules are of interest. Besides, the special working conditions of the PV modules in such applications affect their electrical behavior. Not only because of the different operating temperatures of the PV modules, but also because of the increased optical angular losses they undergo at tilt angles and azimuths different from the optimums. These optical losses can be also measured and characterized. This presentation summarizes some related works and experiences performed at CIEMAT. Anna Carr (ECN, The Netherlands): BIPV at ECN: Investigating non-optimal orientation, shadowing and thermal effects. Bruijne, M. de (Maarten) Eerenstein, mw W. (Wilma) Abstract Historically ECN has conducted several studies into BIPV systems and components. Monitoring and modelling the output of various systems on our terrain. These include:
These issues are all still relevant and current topics for the application of BIPV. In this presentation we will re-visit some of this work, and present an overview of current topics of interest at ECN. Bruno Soria (CEA, France): Vertical facade integration of bifacial PV modules: small scale study & perspectives Bruno Soria, Eric Gerritsen, Paul Lefillastre CEA-INES: National Institute for Solar Energy, Laboratory for Photovoltaic Modules 50 avenue du Lac Léman F-73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac (France) +33 (0)4 79 79 22 78 bruno.soria@cea.fr
Modules based on bifacial PV cells can collect irradiance from both sides, taking advantage of natural albedo reaching their backside. Depending on the installation configuration, an annual gain up to 25% has been reported in standard ground mounted applications. Here we focus on BIPV applications where modules are vertically integrated onto facades. We have set up an adjustable test bench for 2x2 cell modules which allows outdoor studies on the influence of the reflective inner facade, the vertical position of module and reflector, and the distance between them. In addition, a ray-tracing model allowed us to study seasonal effects (solar elevation angles) and non-uniformity of the rear irradiance. Applying the optimal configuration we monitored IV parameters and temperatures for different bifacial module architectures (cell size & interconnect, front & rear glass texture) during spring and summer. We show that requirements in this specific application must be focused on the simulation of opto-geometrical parameters and on the design of adapted module architectures. In the configuration studied the bifacial modules can obtain a 15-20% annual power gain over mono-facial ones. Part of this gain can be attributed to the favorable thermal behaviour of bifacial modules. Moreover we applied an innovative interconnect using half-cut cells in order to limit resistive losses and become less sensitive to non-uniform irradiance on the module backside. A gain up to 6% (strongly depending on the irradiance) compared to standard interconnect with full size cells has been established with this novel architecture. Finally, our evaluation of modules with textured glass on module front- and backside gave a 5% gain compared to standard glass. This is due to the reduction of reflective losses of the diffuse backside irradiance as well as that of frontside irradiance at grazing incidence in morning and evening. Keywords: bifacial, BIPV, vertical facade, module architecture, outdoor performance, glassglass, c-Si N-type, double envelop, reflector, semi-transparency, ray-tracing
- Norbert Henze (Fraunhofer IWES, Germany): PV-roof-integrated systems vs. Best- and Worst-Cases, Novel Measurement for Long-term Outdoor Measurement of PV Roof-Integrated System Abstract The penetration of the PV-roof-integrated still remains a small scale compared to the fast growing PV on-roof system, except the special feed-in tariff for PV roof-integrated system in France. One of the most significant obstacles is technical barrier (electrical, thermal and mechanical behaviors). In the national research project MULTIELEMENT supported by BMU, the electrical, thermal and mechanical measurements have been performed under long-term outdoor measurement. Following are the comparison measurements at Fraunhofer IWES. - Three rooftops with different tilted angles (15°, 30° and 45°) (Figure 1a). - Best- and Worst-Case measurement of PV-Modules at 30° tilted angle (Figure 1b). - Three different PV-roof-integrated systems (Figure 2) There novel measurements are very useful for characterize the total system performances, system design especially for mounting systems and life cycle assessment of PV roof-integrated systems. - François Sauzedde (CEA, France): Monitoring of thermal behavior of rooftop BIPV systems For all correspondence: Thierry Guiot, CSTB, 290 route des Lucioles BP 209 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex FRANCE Tel: + 33 (0)4 93 95 64 09; fax: +33(0)4 93 95 64 31; e-mail Address: thierry.guiot@cstb.fr Author and co-author: Thierry Guiot, Simon Boddaert: CSTB Brigitte Assoa, Benjamin Boillot, François Sauzedde: CEA INES Léon Gaillard, Christophe Ménézo : CNRS LOCIE, Chaire INSA-EDF « Habitats et Innovations Energétiques » Abstract The purpose of this work is to obtain key data on the thermal and electrical behavior of photovoltaic systems integrated into rooftops typical of residential buildings in France. These data are used to calibrate a bespoke coupled thermal-electric model developed to establish guide lines of good practice for simulations of BIPV systems. This analysis also permits the identification of effective methods to characterize and compare different technologies and installation choices, in terms of electrical energy. Seven 2 kWc BIPV arrays (all comprising polycrystalline silicon modules), identical to commercially available systems in France in 2010, were mounted on experimental platforms according to manufacturer and installer specifications. Each installation was instrumented to record component temperatures (at the underside of PV modules), environmental conditions (inclined and horizontal total irradiance, air temperature, wind velocity and direction), and DC/AC electricity generation controlled by grid-tied inverters with built-in maximum power point trackers. Minute-wise data (average value for a sampling rate of 1 Hz) were recorded in a centralized MySQL database during the first year of operation. Before installation, the reference electrical parameters of each module were measured by flash-test. The presentation focuses on the instrumentation and monitoring of these tests benches.
Current trends towards energy-efficient homes and tertiary buildings require a redefinition of building envelopes as dynamic components of integrated energy systems. In this context, naturally ventilated photovoltaic double skin facades are interesting for renovation projects as well as new buildings, because they offer local electricity generation and improved thermal efficiency (by acting as a thermal barrier and source of natural ventilation), whilst meeting other needs such as shade, sound insulation and aesthetic requirements. The Ressources project was launched to provide critical experimental data for the electrical and thermal response of photovoltaic double skin facades, and in particular the behavior of full-scale installations built to according to multiple criteria. To date, three prototypes were designed and constructed in France with the participation of Jacques Ferrier Architectes, Tenesol, HBS-Technal, and EDF R&D. The Ressources project is led by the Centre for Thermal Sciences of Lyon (CETHIL) and supported by ADEME within the PREBAT programme. We present a comparative evaluation of the Ressources prototypes monitored during one year of operation. Their experimental analysis presents similar challenges to those encountered by building management systems that utilize monitoring data. Their performance must be characterized (and hence predicted) as a function of external and internal environmental conditions, typically with only a limited or simplified description of the system. It is important to distinguish between normal and anomalous behavior, and moreover to identify the causes of such features. The analysis methods developed through the course of this study are presented with a view to their general application to similar building integrated photovoltaic systems.
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