75 Questions Bring Pencil and Notecard Study Concepts *names of fashion photographers and their main achievement



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AESHM 272 Final Review
75 Questions

Bring Pencil and Notecard

Study Concepts
*names of fashion photographers and their main achievement

*basic comparison of editorial vs commercial models-types of jobs, prestige, general pay

*places where I compare things side-by-side

*lists

*definitions


  1. History of Fashion Show

Fashion Dolls:

What are they? miniature, to scale figures wearing replicas of latest clothing

How were they used? Sent to potential customers to show clothes

Theatre de la Mode: 1945 exhibit of mannequins 1/3 life size

Gratitude Train: created in response to American aid after WWII, created 228 fashion dolls

-showed fashions from 1715-1906



Barbie: 1959, created by Ruth Handler, 3D

  • Dressed by many designers

  • 50th anniversary=Barbie fashion show with 50 fashion designers


Development of Runway Shows:

Who were big designers and what were their main achievements?

Charles Frederick Worth: credited for using the first in-house, live mannequins, MALE models

Paul Poiret: started promotion of fashion

Lucile: (Lady Duff Gordon) developed first runway show called mannequin parades

  • 1st show in Hanover Square, London

Jeanne Paquin: 1st designer to close shows with finale

Jean Patou: rival of Chanel, known for sportswear

  • held first dress rehearsal for press, buyers, and clients

  • press shows called “repetition generale”

Christian Dior: “New Look” 1947

Mary Quant: innovator of miniskirt, she hired 9 photographic models for movement

  • gave models props

Kenzo: eliminated all previous fashion show rules, stopped half way through show, cross dress show, elephant

End of 21st Century Developments:

1980’s vs 1990’s

What is important in 21st Century:

Victoria’s Secret: 1999 first online show, 2 mil ppl watched and crashed server, aired annually

Forever21: series of holographic shows in 2011


  1. Fashion Weeks

How was fashion week started?

  • 1943- Eleanor Lambert

    • after WWII, US hired Lambert to bring attention to Am designers

    • held July 20, 1943 at Plaza Hotel in NYC

    • 150 fash journalists invited, only 56 showed up

    • event became semi-annual

What are the 4 most famous fashion weeks?




New York

London

Milan

Paris

Known for:

Ready-to-wear

Fresh, new designs

tradition

Prestigious & important

Who is in charge:

IMG Fashion

*Mercedes Benz sponsor



British Fashion Council

National Chamber of Italian Fashion

French Federation of Fashion

NYFW:

Who runs it? IMG Fashion

Who sponsors it? Mercedes Benz

Where is it? Lincoln Center

Who is it’s biggest competitor?

MAC at Milk/Milk Made, individual shows

Types of Fashion Weeks:


  • Men’s (Jan/June)

  • Ready-to-wear (March/Sept)

  • Haute Couture (Jan/July)



  1. Important Fashion Shows

Alexander McQueen: paint squirting

Marc Jacobs: Penn State Marching Band sang “Smells Like Teen Spirit”

Alexander McQueen: glass and holographic illusion

Hussein Chalayan: garment changing shape

Pierre C & Fendi: dessert and Great Wall of China

Moncler Grenoble: flash mob in Grand Central Station

Louis Vuitton: escalators, black, very choreographed

Rick Owens: MAD, dancing models


  1. Fashion Shows as Promotion

Promotion: a comprehensive term used to describe all of the communication activities iniated by the seller to inform, persuade, and remind customers about products, services, etc

Co-operative Promotion: Multiple channel reps partnering in financial support and production of a fashion show presentation

Magazine tie-in: Cooperative fashion show between major fashion publication and individual retailer

      • Ex: Front Row Fashion at Bellevue Fashion Week


Levels of promotion:

Primary: fiber/fabric-notions

Secondary: apparel manufacturers-accessory manufacturers

Tertiary: retailers

Types of fashion shows:

What are the main types of shows?

    • Production Shows

      • Most elaborate type

      • Also called “dramatized” or “spectacular”

      • Purpose: create impact

      • Often use special entertainment, scenery, live music, choreography, etc.

    • Formal Runway Show

      • Conventional presentation of fashion similar to parade in which merchandise is presented in consecutive order

    • Informal Runway Show

      • Casual presentation of garments and accessories; no theatrical elements are used

      • Includes potential formats and presentation styles

      • Require least amount of planning


Types of informal fashion shows:

Trunk show, mannequin modeling



Specialized fashion shows: Presented by one market level, aimed specifically at the next market level

Haute couture vs ready-to-wear

        • Haute Couture Shows

          • French for “high fashion” source of leadership and innovation

          • Often controversial

          • ONLY occurs in France

          • All have Ready-To-Wear lines

        • Ready-To-Wear

          • Mass produced fashion includes many different prices

          • Includes fashion weeks

Trade shows: Groups of temporary exhibits of vendors’ offerings for a single merchandise category or group of related categories

          • Two Purposes:

            • Sell raw materials to manufacturers

            • Sell manufactured goods to retailers

          • Dates are publicized through Market Calendars

          • Correspond with seasonal delivery dates

          • Commonly called “trade fairs” internationally

Trade association shows: Groups of individuals and businesses acting as a professional, non-profit collective in meeting their common interests

          • Purposes:

            • Info exchange, political clout

Consumer shows: Fashion shows aimed directly at consumers

          • Huge range of purposes and locations

          • Often aimed at niche markets

  1. The Plan

The leadership team:

What are the potential roles in industry vs. retail shows?

In the industry

Public relations officer

PR/Event Planning Firms

Show Production Team

Show producer

Stylist

Make-up Artists/Hairdressers



Models

Behind the Scenes/Stage Crew

Retail Stores/Charitable Organizations

In-house PR Director

Leader within organization

Show Production Team

Fashion Show director

Budget coordinator

Promotion coordinator

Merchandise coordination

Model coordinator

Stage manager



What is involved in those roles? (responsibilities and skill requirements)

Show producer: the individual or firm hired to bring all the fashion show elements together, translating the designer’s vision into a 3D live show

Responsibilities-

Casing the models

Overseeing the set design/construction

Supervising hair/make-up artists

Directing the light and music crew

Skill Requirements-

Organizational skills

Communication skills

Good industry contacts

Creativity
Stylists:

Editorial Stylist: Providing creative input, Planning how to highlight key pieces of the collection through editing and accessorizing, Supervising the merchandise and dressers

Grace Coddington: Vogue Magazine, in movie ‘The September Issue”, held auction with favorite nude portraits

Brana Wolf: Editor-at-Large for Harper/s Bazaar, collaborator on Italian Vogue

Edward Enninful: W Magazine, Youngest fashion director for an international publication in history (director at age 18 for ID magazine), The Black Issue for Vogue Italia in 2008

Celebrity Stylist: individual responsible for dressing his or her clients for special events

Rachel Zoe: Partnership with Piperlime, famous to public

Elizabeth Stewart: Former stylist at W Magazine and The New York Times Magazine

Ryan Hastings: styling introverts

Know jobs of:

Fashion Show Director: individual charged with the responsibility of producing a school or charitable organization’s fashion show

Plans for all arrangements

Delegate responsibility

Accept accountability

Must have good communication skills

Make sure everyone is clear on directions

Keeps track of decisions/activities for the future

Keeps everyone informed

Needs good flexibility/problem solving skills

Ability to analyze status while in progress

Delegate!

Model Coordinator: responsible for selecting and training models

Coordinate all activities involving models

Making arrangements for hair and make-up

Stage Manager: oversees use of the venue

Front of house: stage, runway, seating

Back of house: equipment, stagehands, audio-visual

Supervises announcers/commentary

Sometimes on staff at venue; sometimes provided by organization

Promotion Coordinator: accountable for the distribution of all promotional materials for the show

Includes news releases, photographs, posters, invitations, advertisements, etc (social media)



Merchandise Coordinator: in charge of the selection of merchandise for the entire show

Often times this role is filled by designer, with help of the stylist, if the show launches a collection

If for a retail store, need to pick apparel and accessories to create a cohesive vision

Works with model coordinators for fittings



Budget Coordinator: responsible for keeping track of all revenues and expenses

Plans estimated budget

Keeps fashion show director informed

Create final budget after the show



Planning considerations:

Scheduling

Selecting a Venue

Creating a Theme

Setting a Budget


  1. Scheduling

Timing is crucial

Considerations: will time/date allow audience to travel there?

Are other events conflicting with the date?

Does the date enhance you promotional goals?

Once date is established, make the most of the time you have

Begin constructing a timeline

Benefits:

Keeps everyone involved up-to-date on progress

Provides visuals to ensure everything is considered


  1. Selecting a Venue

Venue: the location where the show will take place

Things to consider:

What date has been selected?

How big is the audience?

What type of seating arrangements?

Is food service needed?

What is needed for lighting, A/V, staging, dressing, etc?

Types of Venues to consider:

Retail stores/ showrooms

Hotels


Restaurants

Auditoriums/theaters

Non-traditional choices: museums, empty loft spaces, outdoors, etc

Hotel Pros:

Provide all rentals (chairs, tables, linens)

Provide staff for event

Have in-house catering

Event staff to help with logistics

Legally binding contracts

Hotel Cons:

No flexibility with catering

Often have size limitations

Little flexibility in aesthetics

Restaurant Pros:

Creates a social atmosphere

Rentals included (likely)

All catering needs covered

Useful for on-the-go shows, such as over a lunch hour

Restaurant Cons:

Additional regulatory concerns

Age limitations for bars

Space limitations

Little flexibility in aesthetics

Expensive, if during business hours

Auditorium Pros:

Lighting and A/V capabilities

Ample seating

Great flexibility in use of stage

Auditorium Cons:

No flexibility in seating

Often little flexibility in runway shape

Far more considerations if food/drink are served

Must be scheduled far in advance


  1. Theme

What story are you trying to tell with your fashion show?

Potential Sources of Themes:

Seasons/Holidays

Current events

Fashion trends

Niche interests of audience



  1. Setting a budget

Venue, Stylist, Production and PR, Hair and Makeup, Models ($150-$1000), Celebrities ($15,000-$100,000 per celeb), Livestreaming

Grand total: approximately $200,000 at NYFW

Some spend way more

Marc Jacobs $1,000,000

Victoria’s Secret $10,000,000

Budget: an estimate of the revenues and expenses necessary to produce a fashion show

PR Shows: no plan to turn a profit

Charity and School shows: need to actually make money

Possible Expenses:

Venue Rental, Food/Catering, Show Personnel, Promotion, Photography/Vidoe, Technical/Support Staff

Venue Rental: one of the most single expenses

Need to consider rehearsal days

Questions to ask: What is included?/Seasonal pricing?/Time of day pricing?

Food/Catering: need food service for audience and crew

Get a contract signed

Model Expenses: huge variation

Many work freelance- being paid in clothes

Top models can ask for huge fees

Hair and Makeup: potential for great variation

Can pay a salon or have planning committee do it (still have to pay for materials)

PR and Promotion: must include payment for all duties from designing to producing to distributing PR materials

Consider costs of printing and mailing

Other considerations (color paper, printing, type of paper)

Photography: What photography is required?

Staff photographers vs. press

Videography of show

Budgeting-Support Staff:

Set build: carpenters, electricians, etc

Music: DJ, sound system, music rights

Backstage: dressers, alterations, security

Front of house: hosts, ushers

Budgeting-Miscellaneous: always expect the unexpected

Guest designers, transportation of garments, pre-parties, damaged merchandise


  1. The Message

Every aspect of your show must consider: THE AUDIENCE

Guaranteed audience vs. created audience

Guaranteed Audience: individuals who will attend the show regardless of the fashions displayed

Ex: regular store customers, students in AMD department, attendees of a meeting, etc

Created Audience: an audience that is established after the show in planned, as a result of promotional activities

Ex: potential customers for a new store, students in other majors

In general it is best to promote to a specific audience, rather than the general public


Demographics vs psychographics:

Demographics: statistics used to study a population

Age, gender, income, education level, (facts, comparable)

Psychographics: profiles the lifestyle of consumers based upon activities, interests, and opinions

Ex: hobbies, political beliefs, religious beliefs, leisure activities, (more subjective, personality based)
Visual elements of brand image:

Brand: name, term, design, symbol that identifies one seller’s goods or services different from another’s; represents implicit values, ideas, even personalities)

Logo: a graphic symbol or word mark using the company’s name

Font: a range of letters and numbers with particular type face

Color Schemes: repeated use of hues (ex: Barbie pink)

Symbol: non-verbal imagery (ex: chrome symbol)

Sound: unique tune or set of notes

Advertising: any non-personal message paid for and placed in the mass media, and controlled by the sponsoring organization

Product Advertising: promotion of specific goods or services

Institutional Advertising: focused upon building the reputation of the company or sponsoring organization

Commercial Advertising: advertising with the purpose of making a profit; can include product or institutional

Non-commercial advertising: directed toward gaining support for non-profit activities; can include product or institutional

Avenues for advertising: know potential types, know basic pros/cons of each

Newspapers: one of the most common forms, easily reaches a local audience, relatively cost effective, pay based on size and position in paper

Standard advertising unit (SAU) 2 1/16 x 1 inch

Preferred position: advertisement run at a specified page or position within the newspaper

Full run: advertising shown in all editions of paper

Zoned editions: advertising shown selectively only in one or a few geographically selected regions

Magazines: one of the best ways to reach a national audience

Great photographic reproduction

Not widely used for national fashion show promotion—to much lead time

Purchased by percentage of page—full-page, 2/3 page, half page, etc

3 Parts of Newspaper Advertisement:

Copy- includes headlines, sub headlines, body, slogan, and/or logos

Art- illustrations, photos, graphic designs, clip art

White space- space between copy and art

Television: most expensive and most influential

Based on length of ad and time the ad will run

Network Advertising: time bought on one of the major networks during a specified show

Spot Advertising: time bought on independent stations

Local Advertising: time bought on local television stations

Radio: Most cost effective than television

Based on length of ad and time frame for airing

Potential times: 10,20,30,60 seconds

Most expensive times: when people are in their cars (6-9 AM) (4-7PM)

Advertising vs. public relations:

Advertising: non-personal message, paid for and controlled by the sponsoring organization

Public Relations: management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the public on whom its success or failure depends

Differences: Advertising is paid for, PR doesn’t require placement

Brand controls advertising, media outlet controls PR



Public Relations:

Publicity: information with news value, uncontrolled by the source and provided by public relations specialists for use in mass media

Publicist: the individual hired to publicize a client or client’s product in the media

What are the different jobs available in PR?

3 ways to work as a publicist in fashion:

1. Work for a fashion PR agency

Provides the widest range of experiences

Lots of Variety

Requires intense time and client management skills

2. Work in house for a brand/retailer

Integrated member of a team

Access to latest news and updates

Can be monotonous

3. Work as an independent contractor

Project-by-project basis

Must find own work

Get to choose own clients/projects



Other Types:

Direct Marketing: marketing process by which organizations communicate directly with target customers to generate a response or transaction

Can be direct mail, apps, banner ads, spam, etc



Personal Selling: direct interaction between the customer and the seller for the purpose of making a sale

Social Media: web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into interactive dialogue

Ex: Facebook, Twitter, Insta AND

Reddit: AMAs provide companies or individuals with a chance to interact directly with the public (celebrities use)

Blogs: useful for building lifestyle brands, bloggers offer free interaction for visitors and are paid for product placement



Visual Merchandising: physical presentation of products in a non-personal approach

Most common: window displays or interior displays




  1. Fashion Photography

Timeline: basic idea of how photography developed

1826: first successful photograph “View from Window at Le Gras”

1839: the daguerreotype was developed as the first commercially available photography(first on metal)

1839: Calotype process introduced paper printing

1861: first color photographs cerated by three different color projection filters

1868: first printed color photographs is made, but isn’t at all practical

1887: first celluloid film base

1935: first commercially viable color photography equipment produced

1948: introduction of the Polaroid instant camera

1957: first photographs scanned into computers

1996: the first digital camera is introduced

1990: photoshop 1.0 is introduced, sold under the name “Barneyscan XP”



(Do not need to know specific years)

Fashion Photographers:

Edward Steichen: first to display fashion as fine art, treated photography like painting

Richard Avedon: famous for both portraits and fashion photography

Irving Penn: Known for shooting portraits of creative guests

Also known for still life photos in very modern style

Hugely influential on stylist development of fashion photography

Herb Ritts: made music videos that looked like fashion photography

Mario Testino: One of the most famous contemporary fashion photographers, Preferred photographer for the British Royal Family


  • Annie Leibovitz: one of the most influential contemporary photographers, Rolling Stone, Photographed by John Lennon 5 hours before death

Painterly approach to photography

Tends to create complex, color compositions in current work


Three primary categories:

1.) Catalog Photography: easily accessible, clean and subdued styling, simple backgrounds, main purpose is to sell the wardrobe

2.) Editorial photography: typically “out on location” or interacting with a lifestyle, not as posed tend to show events over the course of a time period (morning/night), most commonly seen in fashion spreads

3.) High fashion photography: feature models with extreme height and angular features, exaggerated poses, very dramatic clothing and styling



Types of photographs:

Action shot: features a model or product in action

Head shot: small photo of only a person’s face, typically a portrait, usually simple styling

Group shot: photograph of several people lined up

Product shot: photograph emphasizing a fashion item without models (accessories/shoes)
This stuff will make up half of exam:


  1. Modeling

Why are models important?

Promote the desired brand image of clothing

Public face of company

Display clothing in manner desired by designer


Types of models: main categories: editorial vs commercial Editorial Models:

Primarily seen on runways or in editorial magazine spreads

Typical jobs: runways at fashion weeks in fashion capitals, advertisements for prestige brands

Tend to be: younger, thinner, 13-22, 5’9”-6”, 00-4, edgy, strange, skinny

More prestigious, lower pay

Commercial Models:

Primarily seen in mass-market or for profit side of fashion

Typical jobs: catalogs, showroom displays, TV commercials for non-apparel goods

Tend to be: older, larger, 18-30, 5’6”-5’7”, 2-6 size, classic beauty, “attractive”

Less prestigious, higher pay

Additional subcategories

Mature/Classic Models:

Women who continue modeling jobs well into their 30s-50s

Often combine modeling with other professional pursuits

Petite Models:

Models between 5’2”-5’7”

Have a niche market for designers who offer petite lines

Plus Size Models:

Size 10-20+

As typical woman is getting larger, plus size models are finding more work

Child Models:
Models displaying merchandise for baby, toddler, children’s, and preteen markets

Most often featured in back-to-school ads



Male Models:

Commercial or editorial, earn much less than women

Job opportunities:

Runway, advertising, body parts modeling, tv acting, catalogue, fit/showroom


Careers in modeling: what are basic steps in starting modeling career?

Modeling Agency: companies that represent a variety of fashion models and act as scheduling agents for them, reputation for running scams

May have different agencies for different cities



Bookers: also known as agents, the individuals hired by the agency to promote, coordinate schedules, and negotiate fees for the models

What agencies are looking for: the “look” (a reference point, a theme, a feeling, an era, or even an essence), difficult to define, not necessarily beauty



2.) Put together a portfolio

3.) Try to book work
What are elements in a modeling portfolio?

Portfolio:

Test Shots: photos to show off versatility

Composite Shots: includes photos, names, stats, and agency

Tearsheets: examples of editorial work


What are steps in booking a job?

Go-see/Casting Call: meet with a client for a potential job

Callback: also called fit-to-confirm, give the client a second look

Option: a temporary hold on a model

Booking: books a job for a runway show or photo shoot

Professional vs. Amateur models:

Professional Models:

Pros:


Can handle the confusion

Pick up choreography quickly

Professional attitude

Know how to show off the clothes

Cons:

Must be paid



Amateur Models:

Pros:


Can be paid in different ways than just money

May be an audience draw

Cons:

More challenges with good runway presentation



Demand more time and attention

More likely to damage merchandise

Less standard sizing
Main components of model training

Walking: smooth, light pace; straight, but not stiff; arms loose and easy at sides; shoulders down, back, and relaxed; imaginary straight line on the floor

Timing: Stage manager runs the timing of the show; Many amateur models walk too fast

Posing: May occur at end of runway to slow pace overall; Train model to pose in way that best shows off garments

Turning/Choreography: The plan for the models’ runway routines; Should enhance the theme of the show and the garments; incorporates their style of walk, poses, and travel patterns

Includes: opening the show, entering the stage or runway, planning paces, pivots, and pauses, exiting the stage or runway, ending of the show/finale

*Huge difference between amateur vs. professional models
Controversies in modeling (sizing, child models, pay of models)

Sizing of models: Models are getting skinnier and skinnier; today’s plus size models wear the same size as the supermodels of the 1990’s; 20 years ago, the average model weighed 8% less than the average woman; today, the average model weighs 23% less than the average woman; most fashion models have BMIs that categorize them as anorexic

2006: Madrid banned models smaller than 18 BMI

2012: Israel banned models smaller than 18.5 BMI

Use of child models:

Most of the time, child models looks just like children—little controversy over this

Controversy when child models are not shown as children

Thylane Blondeau- 10 years old in Vogue Paris

According to Model Alliance:

54.7% of models begin their career at ages 13-16

52% of parents rarely or never go to model casting with their children

Only 9.3% responded “Always”

New York passed law to protect child models in October 2013

Protections include: limitations on working hours, parents/guardians must set up trust funds—employers contribute 15% of gross earnings, time set aside for homework



Pay of Models:

Bureau of Labor Statistics:

$9.02 per hour; $18,750 per year

Ex: Model Ashley Stetts: cover of Women’s Health magazine; paid $250

Runway shows are hugely variable

Some brands pay, others just offer merchandise

Pay ranges from 0-$1,000

Models are considered independent contractors

No union for models

Many agencies are not trustworthy


The model Alliance: who are they? What are their main causes?

The Model Alliance: non-profit group advocating for models’ rights; led by Sara Ziff (current model); addresses all three controversies (pay of models, use of child models, sizing of models)

Models Bill of Rights: Professionalism, transparent accounting practices, control their career, negotiable commissions, rights to models under 18




  1. Merchandise Selection

Difference in merchandise for industry level vs. consumer show

Industry level shows:

Shows broad concepts within a current season

Typically involve only one designer

Consumer level shows:

Show specific trends within a current season

Typically involve pieces from many designers of retailers
Steps to determining merchandise selection:

Step 1: Determine what you want to show

Merchandise Categories: merchandise divisions presented in the show

Ideal Chart: a plan listing categories of merchandise to be presented in the show

Important to define what you want to include; list trends, accessories, garment categories, etc

How many pieces necessary? One look=one minute

Step 2: Determine scenes and merchandise flow; how does it go together?

Merchandise flow: the order that looks are presented in a fashion show to create an overall sense of rhythm

Helps audience visualize how things are worn

Creates connections between pieces

Builds excitement

Step 3: Construct merchandise/Source merchandise

Merchandise Pull: physical removal of merchandise from the sales floor to an area reserved for storage of fashion show merchandise

Try to do far in advance

Things to consider: relationships with retailers are important; create a loan record to ensure merchandise is cared for and returned



Step 4: Set up line up/hold fittings

Tentative line-up: the proposed order of the models and the merchandise, prepared before fittings

Model order: the rotation in which the models will appear throughout the show

Fittings: matching the models to the merchandise

Put together a toolkit including fitting sheets, garment tags, straight pins, scissors, measuring tapes, etc

Have miscellaneous materials like garment bags, hangers, scarves, etc

Develop a tentative plan before fittings based on garment sizes and models’ measurements



Final line-up: a complete listing of merchandise and models in order of their appearance, determine after fittings

Might change because looks don’t fit the line-up, clothes would look better on a different model, models have to change too quickly



Merchandise categories and idea chart


  1. Backstage/ Showtime

Staging: the process or manner of putting on a performance on a stage; also called set design for fashion show production

Incorporates many parts:

-Stage/runway design

-Background design

-Lighting design

Stage: a raised floor or platform on which theatrical productions are presented

Runway: aka catwalk, an extension of the stage or a freestanding unit that normally projects into the audience

Note: the stage and the runway aren’t the same thing


Layout components: Staging Components: Runway, background, props, lighting, music, dressing area

Why take time to develop a detailed layout?

-Communicates dimensions to stage crew

-Allows choreography development

-Considers proximity to dressing area

Runway: consider height, shape, and size; typical unit is 4x8 ft; think about how long you want the garments in view

-T-shape; H-shape



Background: main purpose is to enhance the garments; either stark to make the garments stand out, or dramatic to communicate the theme

Props: again, there to highlight the garments; cyclical trend; may be mobile or stationary

Lighting: method and/or equipment to illuminate the stage and runway; necessary to show clothing, set the mood, accentuate the theme; careful not to blind audience

Music: a combination of sounds to enhance the atmosphere for the audience AND the models; should communicate theme and inspiration source; beat of music controls pace of models

-Sound designers and music directors make LOTS of money to create soundtracks for runway shows; consider way more music than you think you will need; plan music for each scene; best BPM: 95-125; avoid avant-garde music



Live Music: more exciting, more personal, more expensive

Pre-recorded Music: more convenient, more cost effective, more easily “on-trend”

Dressing area: area designated for changing clothes, applying make-up, and styling hair; needs to accommodate LOTS of people and LOTS of clothing racks

-Must have enough room that clothing can hang without wrinkling; remove all excess clutter; plan space to accommodate models entering and exiting stage; group garments by model

In the days leading up to the show: crazy with rehearsals, backstage prep, the show itself, and wrapping things up
Rehearsal: a practice performance held in private, in preparation for public performance

Types of rehearsals:



Run-through: practicing sequences and choreography

Dress rehearsal: walk-through with garment exchanges

Full dress rehearsal: walk-through with everything (full garments, music, timing, set, etc)

More rehearsals needed: complex choreography, dramatic staging, amateur models

Less rehearsals needed: simple choreography, simple staging, professional models

Considerations:

All necessary spaces must be reserved; set up stage/runway; inform personnel of timeline; organize clothing and accessories; finalize line-up


Backstage staff

Dressers: the individuals who help the models change garments

Incredibly important people; each model should have own changing area; good dresser can handle multiple models; have garments ready (buttons undone, zippers open); must know looks intimately; must know how to care for clothing



Starter: aka cue person, individual responsible for cueing the models onto the stage in the correct order at the right time using the final line-up

Works closely with fashion show director; understands overall timing and knows auditory cues; gives models final inspection; sometimes multiple starts are used


Last minute backstage prep

Last minute backstage prep:

Make sure everything is done 30 minutes before start; if you have an MC, make they have final script; distribute program to seats or ushers; garments/accessories prepped; final check on stage, runway, and set



Showtime: make sure to start on time; keep communication throughout show; pay attention to audience reaction

Closing the show: make sure to include something that clearly indicates to audience that show is closing; ideas: most dramatic look, designer appearance, remarks by MC or fashion show director

After the show:

Stage Strike: physically disassembling the show; location should look like your show never happened; communicate with venue-make plans in advance; many hands make light work

Merchandise Return: carefully checking inventory; perform necessary repairs and cleaning; make sure to use vendors approved by owner of merchandise; complete these tasks as quickly as possible

Write thank you notes



Evaluate your performance
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