A historical Perspective During the Reign of

Part I Article #1

During the 6th month, 9th day of the same year an imperial 12 part edict issued by Jin Shin "O” Sairei who was an imperial prince to the Chinese emperor under the Manchu's was entrusted to the then German ambassador Baron Von (Kana romanization of the last name is Ketsuteru English romanization is unknown by translator).

This edict was very difficult to initiate and deliver due to the nature of the article, which was written as an apology to the German Emperor for the senseless killing and massacre of Germans under the reign of the Manchu's.
Jin Shin "O"s mission was fulfilled upon the delivery of this important document. It took about one month’s journey to deliver form Peking.

Part II Article #2

The Chinese government emissary Baron Von (Ketsuteru) for his Excellency the butcher wanted the people who were killed to be commemorated in Germany for their valor in dying in the service of their country. This would show concern and apology on part of the Chinese. It was so decreed.

Article #2 first in series

During the year of 1901, 2nd month, 13th day through the 21st day imperial edicts #4, 5 and 6 stated that certain laws would be passed prohibiting harm to fall upon foreign visitors. Enforcement of these laws would strict and punishment severe. This was mandated and agreed upon by Zui Gun "0" and Sai I Kyuho a country prince and Zan Kansho.

But the new young emperor made many other radical changes during this time towards the already signed edicts. For example different punishments were changed to read imprisonment and death in most cases for violations against foreigners.
An incident occurred when So Shi "0" Saikun and Tosatsu Insa and Togo Shieinen wanted the death penalty initiated for the death of Shou Chao Jiao Giao.
Sanseijun Buikuken, Rairei Busho, Sho Keishu along with Senkei Busajiro managed to get the offense upgraded to capital crime with death for the penalty. Ribusho Shokyuben a college man of great fortitude and Daigaku shi Joto Senshigawa Riheiko who held the rank of governor were driven out of office for trying to cover up the crime/death of Shou Chao Jiao Giao.

Part #3

Due to these circumstances the Japanese legation clerk Shosugiyama shi was against massacres, was honor bound by the emperor of China to gain reparations for the senseless deaths of foreigners. The emperor signed this mandate during the year 1901, 6th mo, 18th day. It was carried out by means of a special envoy appointed by Sugiyama shi. The emperor of Japan also endorsed it.

Part #4

This part talks about the limit on arms and munitions manufactured on Chinese sovereign territory. Also prohibitions on certain imports were also agreed upon. However there would still be two (2) items of interest that still needed to be clarified as proclaimed by imperial edict.

Part #5

China under the Manchu’s during the year 1901, 8th mo, 29th day by means of imperial edict proclaimed that the Rekkoku must pay reparations to China in the amount of 105,000,000 Yen for Maritime Customs Fees. This amount was supposedly agreed upon and signed during the year 1900, 12th mo, 22nd day at a national country corporation and witnessed by a third party.

Part #6

China under the Manchu's government and all countries had special representatives to monitor this agreement. Also in hopes of making things better police agencies were set up to ensure proper enforcement/abeyance of the agreed upon laws by all parties, wherever they may be in China.

Shozen Nensho enforced this hope or aim. The limits listed in the enclosure were however law and were made known to all Chinese during the year 1901. In addition all countries within China had a right at their legation to have agreed upon military escorts to protect the legation personnel.

Part #7

The Chinese government in 1901, lst mo, 16th day a letter accompanied by a Giteisho (Protocol) that all countries who reside in China would be responsible for upkeep of their own property, equipment and personnel on legation grounds. All countries who reside in the following areas: Koson, Robo, Yoson, Amatsu, Gunryo jo, Toko, Shodai, Toyama, Ranshu, Shorei, must pay maritime customs taxes to Shin “O” Shima Oyoyama.

Note #8

The Chinese government had two other items of discussion during this era in the locality of Kokushifu. The following Joyu (Imperial Edict) or bulletin is as follows:

a. All anti foreign corporations will cease and all parties wanting to join or support anti foreign efforts will also cease. This proclamation will be deemed as binding. There will be severe punishments for those who deal in such affairs and were signed by Imperial Edict in the year 1900, 2nd mo, lst day.
b. Any person guilty of such an offense as stated above will be prosecuted according to decree dated in the year 1901, 2nd mo, 13th day thru the 2nd mo, 21st day and the 4th mo, 29th day by edict.
c. The massacre of foreigners and or maltreatment of such individuals will also cease. As stated in the as stated in the area of Kakushiku. Also in this edict an area pertains to Chinese civil exams. Anyone caught buying or selling such positions will also be punished.

d. The governorship of Jinbukyu will be monitored by each ministry. Government officials will be controlled by an in place system, which will be used to protect against anti foreign disorder. This item will serve also as a first example to criminals who want to try to circumvent the system and or newly placed laws. Any officials caught during this time would result as a first offense, would be dismissal. In addition all assigned government or city officials would be tested periodically to ensure incumbents are qualified to hold their current position.

This is so stated in the government edict signed and dated the year 1901, 2nd month, 1st day.
More than this the imperial edict was so written that there was little room for misinterpretation. All appointee's for government service would have rigorous background checks performed to ensure that the candidates were qualified to enter government service.
This is signed as a diplomatic document. Item #33 Volume #3 of the Boxer Rebellion, Pages 149 155 were agreed to by verbal agreement and handshake. The editor.
Oyama Ei Henyakusha

Doki Yume Sotari

Chugoku Kindaisha

Asian Jiten

Son Bon/Sun Wen (1866 1925)
China's fight for democracy opened up the era of "Republicanism" in the name of Sun Wen. He was the originator of "Republicanism”.

Kotosso Koyama (Chuyama) Kensui Kyosan no nin.
Item #1
• Issen Sun Yatsen (Chuyama)
• Yomei Tokumei
• Ji Teisho
Two sons born in a remote farmhouse in Hong Kong recently the father a needy peasant is explained in general. This man lived in a poor rural environment. This area was divided into two districts.
This father was he was 14 years old went to Hawaii to find his brother. He went to an area where a church was located in Hawaii to start his journey.
He returned to Hongkong at the age of 18 on his own using his own resources, still using his own resources was still searching for his brother in Hongkong in the area of Queens. He attended Koshu no Hakusai I Goku for a good learning experience. He received his education from the 3rd person in charge of that school.
In 1887 he was an idealist of reform and fame. Later he married his wife in Hongkong. There he built a hospital and a medical science professional school. His wife helped him in this task. By studying abroad in America and Europe he broadened his technical skill and knowledge. He had a specific liking for the theory of evolution.
Sometime ago during the Seibutsu Senso (China/Buddhist War) an encounter happened. The Chinsho Haku, which was associated with the national salvation plan, came about. The individual responsible was head of the Medical Science Professional School for 92 years.
He opened another business in Koshu, which was in public favor. Soon after this he commanded esteem for his efforts toward the political movement efforts blossoming.
During this time Rokukoto headed east to look for Rikosho who was back stage directing portions of the Nisshin Senso. He also had passage on an 11-month journey to (Ko Chue E) to set up and take over for the Manchu government. During the next year 2nd month Hongkong ship engineers were vying for control over the inland waterways. Hojin Bunsha joined with an agricultural association group in Kosho during the 10th month of that year to prepare for an insurrection to try to enhance the return from exile Sonbun who wanted to defeat Rokuhoto.

Sonbun during the spring of the next year found passage to America and England. When he was in England he was unexpectedly confined at the Chinese legation in England. His old teacher confined him. It was difficult for his old teacher to do what he did. While confined in England he laid the groundwork for these theoretical principles.

During the year 1897 in America after staying a while in Japan he was learning many new things form many varied areas and disciplines. During the 5th calendar year during the year of the dog many political changes came about during his exile/ confinement. During the year 1900 around the time the Giwaden Jiken was active Kukan Inso helped save the revolution during the 10th month of that same year. This was good for Keishu as noted in note #2, who was raising an army and re supplying them for support for the revolution. But this was in the end the downfall for the Keishu Jiken.
During this time the Manchu Dynasty's new government regime was in adopting a constitution allowing increased travel, starting of new industrial businesses, changes or reforms in the education system were being developed. At the same time a student of 3 years involved in the Giyu Gun Kessei, which was, the foundation for the all volunteer Corp (Para Military) supported the Soho Jiken. Shortly after this the Chinese Intelligence Services were gradually gaining support within the revolution all groups and agencies associated with the revolution were pooling all their assets to support this effort.

The Soho Jiken Ha involved (3) three Buddhist Sects, The Kyochu E, Gekyo E, and the Kofuhu E sects.

After leaving Europe and America, Sonbun met in Japan with these Chinese Revolutionary Buddhist Alliance Groups, and started an organization with Sonbun as President. In this organization there were (3) three representatives, one from each Buddhist Group. These three would dictate policy, form and initiate various plans. This first meeting took place during the 5th year 8th month.
During the end of the 6th year the Kyoyuho could not translate first ideogram of this name, place or thing) was raising an army every year in different places. During this time various insurrections were initiated. During the 10th year 2nd month the Koto Shingun Jiken took place. There were rumors that stated the Chinese Navy at one point was supporting these insurrections. There were those who also stated that they were against these types of actions.
During the 11th year 4th month the Kokako Jiken took place. This incident proved to be a very strong group with significant influence with current movements. During the rest of the year the remainders of these insurrections were starting to fragment. Most of these actions were driven underground both in the north and the south. Money was given to Sonbun in support of his efforts both by the Americans and the Europeans.
Sonbun became a great leader in 1912 in an area called Chuka Minkoku or the Chinese Republic of Taiwan. This is his power base from which he would develop later on. This would happen only after Ensegai gave up his power base to Sonbun. Ensegai proclaimed himself temporary leader of the revolution. In the center was Sonbun who was operating the Chinese Nationalist Party, and organizing a party cabinet. After the realization that Sonbun was for new social reform and actively promoted industry and guided there party toward autocracy. Plans were afoot by an individual named Sokyojin who was associated with another revolutionary sect to drive Sonbun from power and exile him in Japan again during the 14th year 7th month.
Once again China was trying to establish a new center in the middle kingdom. During the 16th year Ensegai and the imperial government exercised against the #3 revolution. Sonbun was positive of his required destiny. From this point on it was established that he established the Chinese Militant Party in a fight for freedom for all those oppressed.

Sonbun in defense of his new constitution held exercises regularly to establish as much political power as possible in support of his activities. Sonbun's rise in political power was just catching momentum as he was establishing a new nation with national plan as written by a national magazine publication. This movement was a trend during these times toward a new discipline. The following year the new movement changed radically. The Chinkeimei Hanran started during the 21st and 23rd years and seemed to never end. Sonbun political pressuring continued in spite of the current situations.

Many Army cliques were absorbed into this new system even during the Great War (1st WW). The revolution in Russia, which was starting up, wanted to be involved in the events in China. This backwater country seemed to have a vested interest in the events in China. Sonbun had paid a visit to Lenin's private secretary during the 21st year. After the 23rd year son (Yotsufue) a corporation was declared between Moscow and Taiwan. Moscow sent provided swift cooperation toward this endeavor. This endeavor was initiated I believe to strengthen Sonbun's base and destroy the communist party. Guidance was given to the common workers and farmers to enlist their aid and support toward this new effort.

It was clear that the communist international line in China and the Russian Bourgeois Democratic Principle Party in cooperation with Ridaisen's Chinese nationalist Party collaborated to initiate an action to form a one government party.
Sonbun looked for assistance in criticizing this new movement. During the 23rd year the Nationalist Party made a declaration announcement concerning the Toko and Sosho reorganization.
In the same month a treaty concerning cooperation concerning a leader named Borodean took place in Kogawa.
Sonbun during the 10th month during the summer in Koshu a temporary committee organized a system to enhance the party's influence. Borodean who was supreme advisor toward the nationalist school reorganization started his organiztion during the llth month of that same year.
During the 24th year lst month the national ruling school during the first infancy period became a very popular front for the common man especially with the Hontei, Honfuken, Kokumin, Kakumei and the Kokumin Gakko groups.
The three democratic revolutions were changed into oppressors of the common man and directed by the new democratic system the Kosha Yukiden and the following are the details:
Koto's power was to give the farmers and common workers support toward the new era. However a problem arose with the Shodan Jiken or Shoden incident, which caused a quarrel with Sonbun and his group. This then led to the Hojiki Senso or the Hojiki War.
With this done Koto acted in concert with the Hoku Batsu declaration during the llth month of the war and finally got the quarrel under control.
Enroute to Japan the oppressor of races kept company with imperialism, which was his downfall later. The discontented classes wanted oppression abolished and wanted assistance from Japan.
During the 12th month of Amatsu a chronic illness plagued the revolution and its people. The simple people wanted to be a cohesive union in the struggle for cooperation by all men. They wanted the downfall and abolishment of Peking and its 60 years of oppressive rule.
During the 29th year the dead remains of the incident in Hongkong were buried near Shikinyama and Chuyama. These revolutions brought about significant changes for all men. Most of this was also due to the efforts brought about by the National School Peoples Revolution.
Sonbun's theory of Sanminshugi and a new government rule was the process toward a new world order. Sonbun's whole works 'Uhanminken" as leader of a new era began with the simplest of ideas, which developed a complex living system, which would be remembered for all times. These excerpts were taken from various history books and historical records surrounding Sonbun's life.
From the Asian History Dictionary

- INFORMATION ON OKINAWA AND FUKIEN PROVINCE  
Thoughts on Budo (Martial Way) and Dento (Tradition)
Kami or (Gods), Ju (Confucianism), and Sankyo

(Buddhism) are deeply rooted into the art of Budo. These ideologies were especially important during the Edo era from which came detailed information concerning Gods and Confucianism.

The direction of study of Budo was deeply imbedded within these concepts. But the Zen Priest Ryusei Shushiko who was a Confucianist and Budo adept adhered to these important principles. Ryusei Shushikyo said that thru the use of these principles a oneness with the sword could be accomplished. The first to write about the art of war was a Budo man named Yamako Soko who wrote about Shushokyo Budo Zen Principles. There was a lot of criticism about this written treatise during the latter days of the Tokugawa era by Confucian Teachers and Buddhists alike. The world of martial arts without fail held fast to these Zen principles. There was a big demand to learn these important basics.

The direction these principles were taking was not widespread at first. But eventually these principles attracted many Budosha. These techniques were refined to the point of enlightenment. Truth and reason were two topics greatly discussed. The Confucianist wished that these precepts be used by the Samurai to achieve an ultimate goal.

There were schools set for samurai children that had been set up by the Shogunate through military treaties. This system of teaching incorporated Budo and Confucianism, and Zen principles. The idea behind these teachings was that there was no wondering about what is was, but it was learned and put into practice.
After all during recent times in reference to schools on Budo there were various theories and opinions expounded upon especially how one should conduct himself in becoming a Budosha.

In the beginning guidance in this relatively new area seemed strange when told of the supposed outcome. The tendency was to question these new theories. The tendency in today's schools of Budo is to develop and bond the mind, body, and spirit.

Moreover, the use of Zen Theory in Budo is different with each person in modern life. The meanings are deep and sometimes unfathomable. From the start of the 20th Century more and more people were becoming enlightened through the use of this special system. The spiritual effect of this type of teaching is hard to master. It cannot be gleaned or fully understood from book reading this system can be learned through the utilization of proper breathing techniques. This area cannot be ignored.
There are other scientific principles, which must be learned about in this system in order to be beneficial. Sometimes teachers and students alike despise some of the teaching methods or outcome of this type of arduous training. But the drive must be there to learn this traditional method of bonding the mind, body and spirit. The value of cultural assets within Japan must be sought out and studied thoroughly by the user for many years before any understanding is found.
Nihon Budo Gakkokai Kaicho

Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku Meiyo Kyoju

Nihon Budo Japan Budo Publishers

Dai Ichi Setsu Fukien Sei   Foochow Shi

Fukien Bunka no Eikyo
A calligrapher from the Hishi Kawa Kako river area Togu Chiko went with Uechi Kanbun on a Chinese ship called the Yamahara Fune, which was a government leased Ming Trading Ship. The ship always passed through a pre arranged route via Kubei Shima where they stayed a short while at a Buddhist temple overnight.
They had to wait for favorable weather and winds. They finally left on the 10th day of that month and had a safe journey over water to Fukien Province to the city of Foochow.

In those days the ocean route was very hazardous. Boat shapes had to be modified for sea travel. The Chinese as one of the three treasures classified this ship. The ships shape was of the basic junk style. The Yamahara Fune was modified just for sea travel. This was at a time when trading routes were just established and only the smaller modified classes of ships were allowed to use the trading or shipping routes from Okinawa.

Uechi Kanbun's cross over into China during the 30th year of Meiji was an important journey for the Yamahara for a number of reasons. One was that trading had just opened and two cultural exchanges had just begun.
The Ryukyu kingdom had many military arts vanish from existence during this time. However, other arts flourished on Okinawa as they did at Fukien. For example tradespersons in Foochow involved in laquerware, techniques in weaving, music and dance were in high demand. Also other arts especially the martial arts i.e., Tote (old name for Karate), Kobushi Ho, Kobujutsu, Bo, Sai, Nunchaku, Teinbe were other art forms which were also in high demand. Additionally other art forms popular were the Lion Mask Dance, Sugar Farming, Sacred Rites and other customs (for example funeral/grave and tomb rites).
If one were to look deeper into the cultural aspects of these arts and the contributions they made a deeper understanding would be found.

  Ryukyu Kan Ju En Eki -

Ryukyu Castle Ju En Way Station
The system for tribute paying between Okinawa and China was first initiated in the year 1372 in China by the founder Chuyama no Satsu Do a senior delegate named Shisoshoshin and deputy delegate Kankokan during the coronation of Shotai “0” signed the agreement.
During the year 1866 the agreement was still in place and successful. This treaty was initiated also because China was fearful of certain art forms becoming extinct. This treaty had been effect for 503 years.

When all this began in 1372 there was concerns that Japan might want once trading was established Japan would want a bigger foothold both north and south during this period or destabilization might occur during this time. The Bushi rank or class who were a dominate power during feudalism. During this time there were many changes occurring in many areas. With the re emergence of power within the Northern Dynasty and within the Ashikaga era (1392 1573) that was also flourishing a key figure stood out in a possible power struggle was Kyoto Seihi. He was a member of the imperial court during these changes. Also during this era the Izumo Shrine had a powerful influence in China's southern area. Go Dai Go Tenno was the influence behind this push for gaining more of a foothold in certain areas in China.

There were people within the imperial court and government who were opposed to these actions. Opposed as to what should be done and how to do it, and who should do it.

Okinawa and China during the time of Satsu Fu’s 18-year period and during the reign of the Ming Dynasty (1368 1662) and during the flourishing in Fukien and Foochow, Ryukyu Kan (Ryukyu Castle) Ju En Eki was established. Since ancient times the Ryukyu Kan's Ryuchu Tsusho initiated many personal interchanges between the two countries. This castle was utilized as a tribute-paying center for both countries. The castle could hold 200 or more people. Some stayed for short periods, some stayed for longer periods depending on their business. In the city of Foochow there was a certain area for another Ryukyu Kan Ju En Eki. This castle's security was entrusted to an elite guard, which was arranged for by China. The Chinese from an elite cast of people normally employed these guards.

The officers were generally learned men (Chinese Bushi or Bujin equivalent) who were professionals in the military/martial arts.
Okinawa had a deep historical lineage, which was rooted deep in art forms. During Uechi Kanbun's arrival into Foochow he brought some of that lineage with him.
In the big land of China there were three big rivers within its borders, The Yellow River, Yangtze River, and one other larger tributary which flowed through central China from end to end. The big rivers boundaries went north to south. The Yellow River got its name from the color of the earth. It's almost like a yellow ochre color. Most of the rivers bulk comes from the heavy yearly precipitation.
From north and south people in both regions tell tales of how the river was formed. They will always differ though. The river at both ends it is noted as having deeper shades of yellow in the north and lighter shades in the south.
Reference to the newly initiated cultural exchanges between Japan and China, which was still in its infancy. Many new things had to be learned by both sides
Fukien Shi (Fu Chien/Cheng)
These big three rivers flow an approximate length of 560KM from the northern province down through the south at Min Kiang. Also these three big rivers have many tributaries, which flow, into many different areas. All these tributaries at some point empty into a huge basin. Fukien Shi has two big mountains, Bui Yama and Taiun Yama. The former is located west of the Yangtze and at its highest point faces northward and toward the southeast it joins the latter at this juncture. As a matter of fact they almost run parallel. These mountains are situated between Foochow and Nanhei at a point near Minkiang. The main current of these big rivers intersected in the area of these mountains.

Fukien Province is located southeast of near Buengan Province sometimes known as Min Province. To the east is the eastern seaboard, which is in an area of quite a large gorge, which empties into the ocean. From this area if looking straight out onto the ocean one can see Taiwan and its outer islands. The lower Yangtze also flows into the area also. In the north it also borders the Hoko Province and in the south Koto Province.

The province of Foochow as of 1957 had an average population of 14,650,000 people.
During the year 1958 the city of Foochow and Amoy were two large cities, which had five wards Fukuan, Shinko, Kyukei, Kyogan, and Nanbyo. Three other cities of interest are Senshu, Changchaw and Nanbyo. In these areas were 63 other prefectures.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century there were changes made to consolidate the 63 prefectures into eight urban prefectures with two states. Thusly, the new configuration would be Foochow, Fukumei, Koka, Senshu, Changchaw, Koshu, Enbyo, Shaobu, Konei, and Taiwan. Additionally, three other urban prefectures were also being considered as additions, which were Raishu, Ryuganshu, and Eishushu.
Fukien Province topographically will be discussed next. Fukien has hilly type terrain, which covers approximately 95% of the province. Extreme hilly portions are located in the northwest part of Fukien near Koyama. This area is also known for its high winds. To the southeast is the ocean from in which Fukien receives air temperatures around 19 degrees centigrade. Other surrounding areas receive about the same amount. On Okinawa the average air temperature is 22 degrees centigrade.
These mountain areas have a reasonable amount of snowfall each year. In the dead of winter around January the average air temperature is around 8 degrees centigrade. During the winter season on Okinawa the average air temperature is around 16 degrees centigrade.
The yearly average rainfall for Fukien is about 2000mm. Okinawa has about 2117mm; this is due to the many typhoons in the area. Consequently in these areas there are seasonal wind and tidal damage to the lower area farmlands.
About 15.5 percent of these lands are farm producing. Rice is the main crop in these lowlands, which is affected by this type of this weather. The hilly rice producing areas are normally unaffected.
The many crops such as tea, tobacco, and sugar were important crops normally grown in the hilly areas away from the bad weather.

The mountain forest areas were another important issue. The natural forests were developed and watched for a number of years. About 19 percent of the land is occupied by natural forest especially the large forest areas, which is located in the river basin area where a lot of stands of Japanese cedar are located.

Along the eastern seaboard to the southern seas the coastal waters are alive with commercial fishing industry. Foochow and Kamon are the two popular ocean ports in this area. Originally fishing trade was located in the upper area of Fukien. This area was popular pass thru points by the Overseas Chinese Merchants. Many traders traverse this area between China, Korea, and Japan. The merchants opened stores were the most frequent traders who deal in i.e., tea, bamboo ware, tree tools, laquerware and tailoring.
Overseas Chinese Merchants tried to monopolize these areas. Thusly, in this area is where Uechi Kanbun worked and learned his tradecraft in Kobushi Ho.

- INFORMATION ON OKINAWA AND FUKIEN PROVINCE  

Addendum to page 587

Ban Ju Kyo

Bridge of 10,000 Congratulations
As the envoy that was leaving Ryukyu's new harbor for China calmed himself as he faces the castle rests on the bridge the railing, and recites a poem referencing Shiyama then recites three prayers to the east for goodness, generosity, and consecration. He keeps his feelings to himself. Poems were said from this bridge as one departs hoping Buddha would bless them on their sojourn. They bow and shed a tear before leaving their homeland and not knowing when they will return. They think of their home and friends.

They know they are departing for a strange place and that the feelings they have cannot be exactly explained in words. This photo shows the daybreak departure and the prayers being said for them and others who would travel on such an arduous sojourn. This is transcribed from a photo from the Showa era.

From the Asian Rekishi Jiten

(Historical Dictionary)

A Map of 8 common shrines

From the Asian Historical Dictionary

Uechi Kanbun traveled with a variety of professional merchants on his sojourn to Fukien. The Overseas Chinese Merchants originally came from China. These merchants kept abreast of the current political and domestic situations and monitored changes very closely because any overt/covert changes could affect their trading or traveling statuses.
This next narrative is about the present day situation involving religion, life and work.
The Overseas Chinese Merchants (OCM) had a certain strictness about themselves and their work ethics. There were certain areas they would not deal in. They had a certain pride or specific principles they operate with or under. Some ventures they had were long term, but a majority of them were short term in nature.
Most overseas travelers who came were researchers, art students or just plain overseas students. The OCM who resided in the various cities in China were often foreigners. They resided with local Chinese, who often resented or mistrusted foreigners. There were opposing viewpoints to the actions of some of these traders. Most of the problems were customs concerning money, language, and political ideals. These merchants had to overcome these problems in order to survive. However, from the OCM a lot of good information was gleaned as to current situations in country. The Chinese closely observed class and rank. This was strange to most newcomers. For that reason the world of OCM also involved distribution of goods and circumstances surrounding the selling or procurement of goods or services. Population statistics played an important role here also in that merchants had to be patient with the general populace when dealing, acting or trading.
Generally the numbers of OCM were reduced in certain areas as time went on. The general trend was of these groups was to apply influence both north and south to gain trade. Reductions were also being considered in America.
The former situation of OCM was that in population terms in whatever region the percentage of people dealing in trading are as follows: 75 percent were Singaporean and rest were from Malaysia.
There were upper and lower layers in the bureaucracy who new of the importance of the OCM and the effect they had on their country and their economy. A large source of the countries funding came from the OCM.
In central Europe the circulation of money was on the rise due to increased trade in the Far East. Money was a key factor, which came from OCM. This money the OCM earned also helped them maintain their large households. It also enabled their children to receive an education based on their social standing.
The northern part of China provided a cheap source of reliable labor for specialized tasks. Without this use of available labor the economy would not survive. Since the Shingai revolution the traditional OCM were comprised of an intellectual class of people. The people were part of the main current of the new communist party.
There were many groups of people from Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines who were familiar with this new party. Public opinion and support from the government opposed this new idea due to the influence it may have in the future.
The latter half of the 19th century America received coolie labor from the Asian continent to develop there, farming industry, railway construction, and its mining industry needs. Coolie labor came because of a promise for a new life in the west for themselves and for their children. During the prewar and postwar days studying and working abroad was new trend. Migration of diverse groups became a new business. Aside from coolie labor, intellectuals were making a beeline for Europe, England, and America to study and develop knowledge to benefit themselves, their families, and their country. Most intellectuals studied the natural sciences. The idea was to gain information on new technologies. The attitude toward China was not good at this time.

When technology was just getting its start, people in related fields and governments were hesitant about giving this information away to foreigners. Nixon changed this negative view during his term in office.

Foochow Shi
Foochow (Fu Chou) city was the main city in Fukien Province. According to the ministry department the population in 1957 was 616,000 people.
During the golden years the cities of Foochow, Kokan, Chosho, Reko, Ragen, Koden, Heinan, Minsho, and Eifu were the ten main prefectural cities in Fukien. Min and Kokan areas were combined to form Minko Prefecture. The government at the request of the city leaders changed this.
It is stated then that were two prefectures Fukien and Minko. Foochow during the Ming and Manchu eras was glorious times compared to present day. Fukien Province is one of the largest provinces with lumber being its largest commodity.

Fukien Province and Foochow City provided other materials for another important area; shrine building according to the Asia Rekishi Jiten (Asia Historical Dictionary). From comparisons of historical reports and data detailed maps were constructed of Fukien and other provinces along with the associated cities in great detail. The next sectional narrative will show important statistical data about Fukien Province.

Fukien Sei no Kaisetsu

A detailed explanation of Fukien (Fu Chien)
From the sea gorge facing Taiwan northwest and south there were three surrounding provinces Setsuho, Kosei and Koto.
Fukien Province

Statistical Data
Surface Mass: 120,000 Km/2
Population: 1,465 Density 122 A (lKm/2)
Capital City: Foochow
Main Wards: Minko, Fuan, Shusho, Ryusan, Nanhei, Sanmei
Number of Prefectures: 62
Topography: The coastal region topography is a very hilly terrain with a rather large mountain range system. From the north and west there are the Senkarei and Buiyama mountains, which are bordered by the provinces of Koto and Kosei. Then the divisions east west and north have Kokan, Taiun and one other mountain range. In addition there were two other older Japanese Provinces Hako and Konan.
The main river that flows through this area was the Minka and the Kyuryo. These were situated in the western mountain area. Toward the eastern and southern borders there were three rivers, which flowed into Foochow Bay, Koka Bay, and Kaman Bay.

The four seasons in this area are of the normal variety. Springtime is usually mild, with warm winds and rain. In the early fall the typhoon season comes and usually inflicts heavy damage.

    Industry: Agriculture products such as rice

were the #1 product. Fukien is the chief rice

producer for the area. There are normally two

crops a year. Wheat harvest is once a year.

Both are grown and harvested in the rich hilly

country area. Other goods such as tea, tobacco,

hemp, peanuts, soybeans and a variety of

vegetables are produced in abundance. The

specialty crop is Bui no Gan Cha (Bui Mt. Tea)

and Konkuko no Sui Seri Cha (Hermit Water Tea), and

Ankei no Tetsu (Iron Tea). These are the 3 prize

teas produced in this area. The earth there is

very rich enabling the inhabitants to also produce a

fine quality of tobacco. Other items grown in

this rich soil are citrus fruits, olives,

and litchi nuts. In other areas the underground

mining areas produce an abundance of coal, iron,

salt, alum, gold, copper, graphite, gypsum,

sulphur, lime, talc, and mica all coming from

the Juyama region.

    Coal: Coal is mined form five places Ryugan

in the south, and Sobu, Shuan, and Konkucho in

the north.
    Iron: This is derived from Ankei and Gean

near the northern part of the Yellow River area.

    Salt: This is extracted from the Etsuto and Choan areas.
    Alum: This comes from the Bonyama region.
    Forestry: Lumber products come from the

fertile Konan region and another area that produces

timber for domestic projects is the Monko river

basin area. This constitutes 70/100 of the total

amount of lumber produced. The tree types are

pine, cryptomeria, and camphor wood. The

collection and distribution center is Foochow is

the Choshu area. Some by products from the

forestry products are bamboo, charcoal, dried

bamboo, pine resin, lacquer, wood oil, tea, and

a variety of other oils.
    Marine Products: Products from the fishing

industry center come from San Sha Wan, Foochow­

Wan, Kaidan Shima, Kaisha Mon Wan, and Toyama 

Shi.
The four big industries are Cha (Tea), Mokuzai (Wood), Kami (Paper), and Sato (Sugar). Other products are Kanjun, Banannas, and various confections. Other big producing areas are in paper manufacturing, white rice, and timber cutting. The machines that enable industrialization to come about were just being put on line.

Manual labors of goods in Foochow were lent towards lacquerware, umbrellas, wisteria, combs, and wood block prints. Some other areas are as follows:
    Jiki (porcelean) & (moral reform)
    Chawan (rice bowls)
    Red lacquerware
    Traffic and Communications: The railway

and ocean travel were starting to boom during

this time. The center of action for the railway system

was in the Gaifuku and Koshi regions.

The line passes through Minko, Foochow, and between

Nanking, Kyuryuko, and Honan, then from Eishun to Senshu

Shi Kan, then from Teiko to Chotei then on to

Kotoseikan. The steamship line also services

many of the waterways into these areas.
--- Shoyo Toshi (Main Cities & Towns)
--- Foochow Shi     Seibu The governments economic center and the countries three big Cha (Tea) producing areas.
--- Kamon Shi   An important place after the Opium Wars. Also, an old ocean port. Present day it is an important fishing port. Commerce has been successful in this area. This is a port of embarkation for the OCM. Population 20
--- Senshu Shi   An area which is old in which the Pekings Kaikojo and Rokokyo reside. This area is also were the Hokuso Jidai originated. The Ankyo area here is also important.
--- Choshu Shi   This area is famous for its sugar cane and residential area for the OCM's.
--- Nankei Shi     (Enkei) Minko An upstream main distribution center for natural resources.
--- San (3) Toiku     Three natural Sand Bays There are (3) good harbors or naval ports in this area. Foochow, Kamon and another port not named in the text.
--- Chotei     Province Saibu This upper stream area is the centdr for waterway commerce. It is also a popular production port.
--- Konku --- Setsuko, Kosei Provinces

These were strategic open points used by the military.