A note on on verb/object order and head/relative clause order

Kachi [qu-yku-ma-nqa-yki-ta] muna-n (Lehmann 1984,58)

Salt [give-0-Obj.1-Nominalizer.Real-2]-Acc want-3

‘He wants the salt that you gave to me’

Sandawe (Khoisan - M&B, 282)⁶⁰

postverbal complement clauses:

manaasi* [happu n/emesuts'i tl'ape iE]

manaa-si* happu n/emesu-ts'i*-i tl'ape ie-~

know-1sg. you woman-?-2sg. beat stay-and

"I know you are beating a woman"
postverbal adverbial clauses:

haanga-sa [ tl'wAgaa iE //'oosi'sa]

haang-sa tl'wA-aa ie-~ //'oo-si'-sa

wake up rain (N)-nom. stay-and rain (V)-when-3f.sg.

"she woke up [when it was raining]"

postnominal RCs:

hă:w lá?´mū: [ k ^hùⁿdésē:-gà?] ?i:é (Elderkin 1991,98)

that goat who.butted-3Pl give.him

‘and they gave him the goat which butted (the chicken)’
Santali (Munda (Austro-Asiatic) – Neukom 2001)⁶¹

postverbal complement clauses:

cekate am-dɔ-m badae-kid-iŋ-a [iŋ-dɔ-ŋmaraŋ-ge-a mεnte] (Neukom 2001,183)

how you(s)-TOP-2sS know-PST:Act-1sO-IND [I-TOP-1sS big-FOC-IND COMP]

‘How did you know about me that I am the big one?’
postverbal adverbial clauses:

thir-thir-te bɔlɔ-k’-me, [jεmɔn alo-ko disə-me] (Neukom 2001,196)

quiet-Red-Conv enter-MID-2sS in_order PROH-3pS notice-2sO

‘Go in quietly that they may not take notice of you’

postnominal RCs:

ona dare [oka-m mak’-akat’] (Neukom 2001,200)

that(Inan) tree which-2sS cut-PF:ACT ‘the tree you have cut’

Sentani (Papuan (Trans-New Guinea) - Hartzler 1994)

postverbal complement clauses:

nebei reyæ ubene nekaise [reyæ e-me-i] (Hartzler 1994,61)

that I thoughts I.think.them he neg-come-Nt ‘I think he will not come’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

ako næi holo-na mæi fafa-re a lækei helen sele eweyei jæ, [na hibi-hibi

fathers their group-poss your children-to word strong much very don’t say, pos immediately

kena beko konaiyende bele-ne] (Hartzler 1994,59)

desire bad they.will.do.it not-because

‘Fathers, don’t speak strongly to your children, so that they will not want to do bad things.'
postnominal RCs:

nane anuwau [ere-i-me-i-en-le] eyæ kena okoikoi.. (Hartzler 1994,54)

that place see-Nt-come-Nt-3dsR-VE we want do not

‘We don’t want any of the places we have seen so far..’
Shipibo-Konibo (Panoan – Valenzuela 2003)

postverbal complement clauses:

E-n-ra onan-ke [nato ochiti-nin bake natéshama-a] (Valenzuela 2003,491)

1-Erg-EV know-CMPL this dog-Erg child.Abs bite.Neg-PP2.Abs

‘I know that this dog did not bite the child’
postverbal adverbial clauses:

xontako-bo-ra jawen papa betan ik-ai [beno-ai kaman] (Valenzuela 2003,497)

unmarried.girl-PL.Abs-EV Pos3 father COM do.I-INC marry.PP1 until

‘Young girls live with their parents until they get married’
postnominal RCs:

jono [(ja) papa-n rete-ibat-a]-ra moa non-n keyo-ke (Valenzuela 2003,247)

c.peccary 3.Abs father-Erg kill-Pst2-PP2-EV already 1p-Erg finish-CMPL

‘We already finished the collared-peccary father killed yesterday’

Skou ((Non-Austronesian) Papuan – Donohue 2004)

postverbal complement clauses:

Nì=lúe=te mè=ong fa. (Donohue 2004,432)

1SG=hear=DIR 2SG=deceive use ‘I know that you’re fooling (me).’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

Nì=re pá=fue a pále=ing a nì=fu-fu li. (Donohue 2004,482)

1SG=go house=the pig=the 1SG=see.F-RED do ‘I went to that house to look at the pig.’

postnominal RCs:

naké hòe-nì=ne ke=k-ang=ing a (Donohue 2004,271)

dog sago-1SG.GEN=1SG.DAT 3SG.NF=3SG.NF-eat=the ‘the dog which ate my sago’

Somali (Cushitic) (Antinucci 1981; Antinucci and Puglielli 1980; Svolacchia and Puglielli 1999)

postverbal complement clauses:

wax-ay doonaysaa [in-ay bish-a dambe tagto ] (Svolacchia and Puglielli 1999,109)

Thing-SCL want-Pres.3sgF that-SCL month-the next go-Subj.3sg ‘She wants to leave next month’

postverbal adverbial clauses: (Antinucci 1981,251)

Af Soomaaliga waan baranayaa [ maxaayeelay waxaan rabaa inaan Soomaaliya aadó]

language Somali-the Foc.Prt-I am-studying because Foc.Prt-I want that-I Somalia go

‘I am studying Somali because I want to go to Somalia’

postnominal RCs:

akhri buugagga [Cali kuu keenay] (Antinucci and Puglielli 1980,87)

read books-the Ali you-to bring.PAST ‘Read the books that Ali brought to you!’
Svan (Kartvelian – Tuite 1997)

postverbal complement clauses:

mi lo:kar {xw-le:kar}, [ere mxar-iž an-qd-en-i-x] (Tuite 1997,40)

I S1-say-Aor that tomorrow-QT PV-come-Pass-Sm-Pl

‘I said that they would come the day after [lit. “they will come tomorrow”]
postverbal adverbial clauses: (Tuite 1997,35)

xexw-s dæ:r ž-a-hwed-da [hawe mi moma læ-m-(i) –maržw-æ:n]

wife-Dat nobody-Nom O2-ObjVers-give-Imperf except I not PV-O1sg-ObjVers-help-Plpf

‘Nobody would have given you a wife, if I had not helped you’
postnominal RCs: (Tuite 1997,42)

ež ma:re, [xedwæ:j ætγwæč ( ad-x-e- γwæč)], gæč-d æd-(i)-sip’- æ:n

that man-Nom which-Nom PV-O3-ObjVers-pursue:Aor knife-Adv PV-sbjVers-turn-Pass.Aor

‘The man who was pursuing him turned into a knife’
Teribe (Chibchan – Quesada 2000)

postverbal complement clauses:

Woydë-r [ga pa worong] pa llëbo shärio-no bor kong owa li kĩ (Quesada 2000,160)

Want –1sg CONN 2sg die 2sg thing do-PERF 1sg to bad REL because

‘I want you to die because of the bad things you did to me’

postverbal adverbial clauses:⁶²

Yë-y dlo shko [dan wlo] (Quesada 2000,164)

Put-1pl.INCL sun in dry PURP ‘We put it under the sun so it dries’

postnominal RCs:

Domer [bor ĩ-ga li] (Quesada 2000,129)

Man 1sg see-ABIL REL ‘The man who saw me’

Tol (Jicaque) (Hokan – Holt 1999a)

postverbal complement clauses:

ma kelél [ wa mó?o hák-ca] (Holt 1999a,50)

Neg Aux-want house into 3s.Pres.come-Imperf ‘S/he didn’t want to come into the house’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

?amá k’a way [ma híβe mpes] (Holt 1999a,51)

land dry Cop Neg Pres.rain.3 because ‘The land is dry because it doesn’t rain’

postnominal RCs:

híβe mpes nop^hh [?îsî́s way t’-y-î́na] (Holt 1999a,52)

Pres.rain.3 because corn good Cop gr-Pres-ow.3s ‘Because it rains, corn that is good grows’

Tùnεn (Bantu – Dugast 1971)

postverbal complement clauses:

m`εko lεfεkak [a sε? ikit báka menyama y’ iŋgìn] (Dugast 1971,311)

leopard thought that ram is an animal strong

‘The leopard thought that the ram is a strong animal’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

mέ ŋòka muŋgl εtà^?, [mbà bá s’ ìbil ka ton] (Dugast 1971,321)

I will medicine take, so that they Neg the palm nut cut nolonger

‘I will take the medicine so that they will no longer cut the palm nut’

postnominal RCs:

bùέl [ò bóa nà bwsú tksk]… (Dugast 1971,312)

thing that has us bothered… ‘The thing that bothered us…’

Turkish (Turkic – M&B,283; Andrews 1975; Veld 1993; Kornfilt 1997; Kural 1997):⁶³

postverbal complement clauses:

isti-yor-um [ki yann ben-im-le sinema-ya gel-esin] (Kornfilt 1997,46)

want-Pr.Prog-1sg that tomorrow I-Gen-with cinema-Dat come-2sg.Opt

“I want you to come to the movies with me tomorrow” (Literally: “I want that you should come..”)
postverbal adverbial clauses:⁶⁴

o kadar yorul-muş-tu-ø [ki konuş-ma-ya güç-ü yet-mi-yor-du-ø] (Veld 1993,304)

so much tired-perf-past-3sg that talk-mE-Dat strength-3sg be.enough-neg-progr-past-3sg

‘He was so tired that he could not speak’
postnominal RCs:

bir adam [ki çocuk-lar-ın-ı sev-me-z] yalnız yaşa-malı-dır (Kornfilt 1997,60)⁶⁵

a man [that child-pl.-3sg-Acc love-Neg-Aor alone live-Neg-Ep.Cop.

“A man who does not love his children must live alone”
West Greenlandic (Eskimo-Aleut - Fortescue 1984)

postverbal complement clauses

ilisima-vaa [urni-ssa-giga] (Fortescue 1984,36)

know.3s-3s.ind. come-to future 1s-3s.part. ‘He knew I would come to him’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

uqar-puq ikinnguti-ni irniinnaq tiki-ssa-sut [taku-juma-mmatigit] (Fortescue 1984,95)

say 3s-indic. friend his-refl.-pl right-away come fut 3p-part see want 3p-3p-caus

‘He said his friends would come right away because they wanted to see them’

postnominal RCs:

niviarsiaq [kalaallisut ilinnia-lir-suq]… (Fortescue 1984,49)

girl Greenlandic learn-begin-intr.part…. ‘the/a girl who has begun learning Greenlandic…’

Wichita (Caddoan – Rood 1973; Dryer 1980)

postverbal complement clauses:

tac-i?í:khi::taw [kíri-?i:s-?ir?i:sti-s] (Dryer 1980,131)

I-know neg-neg,3-steal-impf ‘I know that he did not steal it’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

kiya?a:?ákicta:ras?ak?ari:k [hikica:riyarih] (Rood 1973,84)

person-past-horse-pl-stand-cause they graze ‘Someone took his horses to graze’

postnominal RCs:

ka:hi:k?a [na:wi:c?i::s?áskih] a:kihi?inck (Rood 1973,86)

woman sg.-man-see-come sg.-past-sleep ‘the woman who came to see the man slept’

Xakas (Turkic – Anderson 1998)

postverbal complement clauses:

min xinminčam, [aniŋ paribisxanina] (Anderson 1998,82)

I be.satisfied.w/-Neg-Pres.I.1 3-Gen go-Perf-Past.I-3.Dat ‘I wasn’t happy that he left’

postverbal adverbial clauses:

kirleste turγan, [xažan orîs sem’yazî čaγdapčatxanda] (Anderson 1998,78)

porch-Loc stand-Past.I when Russian family-3 approach-Pres.Loc

‘(he) stood on the porch when the Russian family was approaching’

postnominal RCs:

ol tayγada, [ xaydar pIs taŋda pararbis], aŋ daa xuzux taa köp (Anderson 1998,84)

that taiga-Loc to.where we tomorrow go-Fut-1pl animal Emph nut Emph a lot

‘there are a lot of animals and nuts in the taiga we’re going to tomorrow’