A project report submitted to the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of master degree
CHAPTER – II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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CHAPTER – IIREVIEW OF LITERATUREThis chapter deals with the relevant Review of Literature. It enables one to be aware of the past and current trends in any particular branch of research and devotes to examine the review of works relating to various aspects. It could be observed that there are various research studies highlighting the digitization and collection building in Library. Review of related studies further avoids the duplication work that has already been done in that area. It enables the researcher to identify the unexplored areas, in order to create new grounds for research. Stevens, Kimberly Weatherford & Latham, Bethany (2009) described the processes and procedures utilized by Jacksonville State University's Houston Cole Library to digitize an oral history collection and provide access to it through the Library's catalog, web presence, and the state-wide digital repository initiative, Alabama Mosaic (see www.alabamamosaic.org). The paper is based on the Library's experiences in acquiring, digitizing, creating metadata for and making accessible a collection of oral histories. Many institutions are currently digitizing unique collections as part of repository initiatives, both institutional and collaborative. Effective practices and guidelines must be developed in order to streamline the process and provide the most complete access to these unique collections. The paper provides a practical model to address these issues. The paper provides common practices for the digitization, creation of metadata, and provision of access for unique oral history collections; it also provides insights into issues that can arise and how best to address them. Ballard, Terry & Donnald, Edward (2007) pointed out how to encourage other libraries to provide access to their own original content via the web. By way of case study, the process of identifying materials, scanning them and creating web access to original content will be explored. To implement a book digitization project, three major things need to be present. The library must own material that was published prior to 1923, making them safely out of copyright in the USA; the library needs access to server space on the web and the library needs to own. Bond, Trevor James (2007) discussed the challenges involved in collecting and managing digital photographs and provide advice for librarians in appraising, formulating collection development policies, and negotiating gifts of digital photographs. The ideas in the article are based on author's work with digital photographs at Washington State University and research for a workshop taught through the OCLC Western office on digital photograph collections including long term preservation and management. Bond, Trevor James & Walpole, Michael (2006) described developmental work with SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) to synchronize transcript captions with streaming audio.This paper provides an evaluation of the hardware/software required to digitally record oral histories and the methods developed at WSU to customize the presentation of streaming audio and text. Though providing users with streaming media content is not excessively expensive, the multifaceted work-flow of organizing an oral history project, utilizing digital recording equipment, preparing transcripts, and synchronizing those transcripts with their corresponding audio files, is a complex, labor-intensive undertaking. As many libraries enhance digital collections with streaming media, this article provides one approach not otherwise found in library literature. Chester, Bernard (2006) pointed out the ways to archive electronic files for long-term access. It offers some solutions to the problem of preserving important electronic information. The first solution is to turn the electronic information into a physical record like paper or microfilm. The second one is to transform the entire electronic files into new electronic system or application. The third way of preserving electronic information for long-term access is to convert the information to some standard non-proprietary electronic format and store and manage it with technology. But the conversion requires some issues such as choice of format, structural documentation, media and long-term management scheme to be addressed first. The article also presents some formats in which files can be converted. They include text format particularly for alphanumeric information, XML format, still images formats such as TIFF and mixed text and picture formats such as HTML, PDF, and JPEG2000. Besides audio and video, desktop tool formats are also used for conversion. Eisloeffel, Paul (2006) focused on the mechanics of digitizing audiovisual materials. The basic way to bring media files down to a practical size is to reduce the files quality. The data rate like an audio file's bit rate or a flat scan's resolution indicates the amount of digital information to describe the image at a given moment. Through its being visual, a moving image file has frame size, sound component, and the elements of an audio file like sampling rate, bit rate and number of channels. Lutz, Marilyn & Meadow, Curtis (2006) described the evolution of a content management system at the University of Maine Library that would function as a universal, extensible metadata repository, thereby eliminating the need to build separate databases for new digital collections, and facilitating both end-user access and the management of electronic resources in an integrated technology environment. Beginning with the development of a prototype system that mapped EAD encoded finding aids to a relational database, this paper discusses the evolution of this prototype into the design and implementation of a RDBMS (and continuing development of an object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS) system) to actively manage digital objects and associated metadata. The key to the system design is metadata: extracting and mapping, transforming, and managing the processing of MARC-based metadata into non-MARC schemes to build digital collections. Other relevant CMS architecture issues discussed are the design of a functional bibliographic structure and utilities for metadata harvesting and indexing.Zhang, Allison B., Gourley, Don & Cox, Christopher N. (2006) Greenstone Digital Library software is an open source system for building and publishing digital collections on the Internet. Since 2002, the Washington Research Library Consortium has created twenty-two digital collections using the Greenstone software. This case study describes why we chose the software, and how we customized it for our organizational requirements and integrated it into our digital library environment. Michel, Peter. (2005) presented issues related to digitization in the context of the historical role and purpose of academic special collections. Presents a comparison of current issues related to digitization to historical issues related to the management of traditional print special collections.May provide non-special collections librarians with a better understanding of, or different perspective on, the popular notion of “digitizing special collections” and of special collections historically and generally. Smith, MacKenzie (2005) explained the amount of digital content produced at academic research institutions is large, and libraries and archives at these institutions have a responsibility to bring this digital material under curatorial control in order to manage and preserve it over time. But this is a daunting task with few proven models, requiring new technology, policies, procedures, core staff competencies, and cost models. The MIT Libraries are working with the DSpace™ open-source digital repository platform to explore the problem of capturing research and teaching material in any digital format and preserving it over time. By collaborating on this problem with other research institutions using the DSpace platform in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and other parts of the world, as well as with other important efforts in the digital preservation arena, we are beginning to see ways of managing arbitrary digital content that might make digital preservation an achievable goal. Witten, Ian H. & Bainbridge, David (2005) Introduced Greenstone and explain how librarians use it to create and customize digital library collections. Through an end-user interface, users may add documents and metadata to collections, create new collections whose structure mirrors existing ones, and build collections and put them in place for users to view.First-time users can easily and quickly create their own digital library collections. More advanced users can design and customize new collection structures. The Greenstone digital library software is a comprehensive system for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a way of organizing information based on metadata and publishing it on the Internet or on removable media such as CD-ROM/DVD. Jagdish Arora (2004) highlighted the emergence of the Internet, particularly the World Wide Web (WWW), as a new medium of information delivery, coupled with the availability of powerful hardware, software and networking technology, triggered large-scale commercial and non-commercial digitization programmes the world over. During the past decade, great progress has been made in both theoretical and practical research in the digital library. Besides, acquiring and buying access to digital collections, academic and research libraries are exerting efforts to initiate digital library projects in their respective institutions so as to build their own digital collections. Moreover, proliferation of network-enabled electronic information products are exerting ever-increasing pressure on traditional libraries, which, in turn, are committing larger portions of their budgetary allocation to either procuring or accessing web-based full-text search services, CD-ROM products, online databases, multimedia products, and so forth. The increasing commitment for building up network-enabled digitized collections at the Central Library, IIT Delhi coincides with the installation of a fibre optics based campus LAN connected to a 2 MBps VSNL Radio Link enabling faster access to the Internet for the academic community of the Institute. The availability of high-speed Internet connection has led to the launching of a number of sponsored and unsponsored projects for building network-enabled digitized collections within the framework of the traditional library and information services at the Central Library, IIT Delhi. The Library has adopted a multi-pronged strategy to embark upon the digital world. The article outlines various constituents that contribute to the making of a digital library at the Central Library, IIT Delhi. Wright, Richard (2004) explained Digitisation is used for preservation of audiovisual material. This preservation work is a major producer of digital collections – which then need digital preservation for sustainability. EC Project Presto surveyed the holdings and status of ten major broadcast archives – a significant portion of total European broadcast archives, including some of the largest individual collections. The main findings are that approximately 75 per cent of this material is at risk or inaccessible and that the collections are growing at roughly four times the rate of current progress in preservation work. This paper gives further results of the project, and gives practical guidance for preservation of audiovisual material. Presto demonstrated the effectiveness of the “preservation factory” concept for major broadcast archives – a way to reduce cost while still maintaining or even increasing quality. There is now a new EC project, Presto-space, which will make the preservation factory available to small and medium-sized collections. Chang, Sheau-Hwang (2003) “Institutional repositories” is a new concept for collecting, managing, disseminating, and preserving scholarly works created in digital form by faculty and students in individual universities and colleges. It is born out of problems with the current scholarly communication model structured by commercial journal publishers and vendors. To properly implement these repositories, libraries will need to recruit librarians who possess digital collection management and Open Archive Information System (OAIS) management skills. In addition, training faculty and students to use OAIS, helping them prepare their digital products, involving them in institution-wide policy making, and setting repository goals would be some of the new tasks that libraries will face. Falk, Howard (2003) discussed that there has been a growing interest in digital archive development in universities and colleges and in national and international governmental institutions. Reveals that this has come about owing to the rising tide of digital documents created by faculty and students and also because of librarians’ growing dissatisfaction with pricing and practices in traditional journal publishing. Looks at some of the digital archives and software available. Kassim, Ahmad Rafee Che & Kochtanek, Thomas R. (2003) discussed current status in the development of the ongoing project now known as Project i-DLR. The content of this “pointer site” includes resources pertaining to digital libraries organised using an educational framework for access. The paper describes the five-stage evaluation of that educational digital library resource (www.coe.missouri.edu/ rafee/idigital libraryR/index.php). The focus of this particular effort is on the continued development and refinement based on the recent evaluations of this resource by end users seeking to access digital library resources. The five evaluation methods are presented and described, beginning with focus group reviews, Web log analysis, database transaction logs, a Web survey, and most recently, a remote usability evaluation. As the resource continues to grow in both breadth and depth, such analyses are critical to continued refinement of the interface, the sources themselves, and the manner in which they are organised and presented. Mujoo-Munshi, Usha (2003) highlighted that today libraries are at a transition phase where twin processes of paper-based environment and changing information-seeking patterns in the electronic/digital environment go hand-in-hand. Hence, all components of the information chain are in a state of flux. The digitization of documents is now becoming a major activity in libraries and archives. The Academy has initiated several digitization initiatives for content development and management by way of the scanning of publications, image management, and conversion from digital documents to web-enabled resources. The article dwells upon various elements that have contributed to providing services in the changing information seeking patterns of users in the electronic environment, and the building of digital resource bases, while facilitating others to get involved in digital content creation activities. It is hoped that such endeavors shall help in the building up of a national digital knowledge resource base for the country, and INSA would in the process act as a facilitator. Breitbach, Bridget M., Tracey, Rachael & Neely, Teresa Y. (2002) explained digitization has become an important part of libraries because it increases accessibility to the general public via the World Wide Web. Colorado State University Libraries (CSU Libraries) is currently working on a digitization project containing 19,537 wildlife slides. This project is unique because it was managed fully by undergraduate students, from the collection’s donation to the launch of the final Web site containing 1,000 digital images. There were unanticipated set backs and minor problems, but in the end all the pieces fell into place. This paper addresses the process the students took in managing the project and the problems that can occur with such a large collection. Smith, Bernard (2002) explained there is an increasing attention being paid to the problem of long-term digital preservation, and in particular that associated with "born digital" material. This paper was prepared in order to better understand the challenges, identify topics that need to be treated at a policy level, and prepare for a possible action package on the issue. The paper can be seen as a background document to a series of expert meeting that will be held during the year 2002, as such it is not written in a formal style, nor is it intended to have a persistent impact on the subject. The reader is encouraged to Contact the author to obtain up-to-date information on the topic.The overall topic of long-term preservation is a challenge in itself, however it has also been identified in an ongoing initiative sponsored by the European Commission concerning digitisation policies and programmes. Claxton, William (2001) focused the selection, integration and management of digital collections will be affected by current changes in the way audio visual content is delivered on the Internet. Describes a technology shift in audio visual content delivery, which pushes content to the “edge” of the Internet, thereby reducing bandwidth loads and improving user experience. Strategies that will allow information professionals to exploit this change are relevant to librarians and archivists who might otherwise opt for a centralized model of content distribution. Kochtanek, Thomas R., Kassim, Ahmad Rafee Che & Hein, Karen K. (2001) discussed the goal of Project DL is to provide an integrated resource where diverse information sources on the topic of digital libraries may be brought together in a single navigable Web site. The intent is to use the site as a learning tool to support exploration of selected research and development activities associated with digital libraries, and to facilitate end user interaction with the content of these various resources. The focus of this site is on accessing digital library collections as well as information resources related to the study of digital libraries. As such, the Web site is segmented into three distinct but integrated sections: digital library collections, digital library resources and digital library Web sites. This paper presents an overview of those three sections, their development, and the organisational considerations associated with each of the sections. The paper concludes with a special emphasis on the design considerations for creating a searchable Web version of digital library Web sites. Turk, Ziga (2001) Multimedia has been quickly accepted by the engineering community. In the first part of the paper, the author provides a theoretical explanation why multimedia is popular in engineering: because it tries to provide an artificial “being-in-the-world” experience. This explanation is backed-up by Heidegger's philosophy and Winogard's critique of artificial intelligence (AI). Heidegger believed that humans basically act pre-reflectively, depending on the situation into which they are thrown. Such decisions are based on common sense and intuitive knowledge accumulated while “being-in-the-world”, and particularly during breakdowns. Engineering students have few opportunities to observe breakdowns, however, information technology, particularly virtual reality and multimedia provide them. In the second part of the paper, a system to teach earthquake engineering is presented, based on the principles of breakdown-oriented learning. The system is built around a multimedia database that contains digitised photographs of damages caused by some of the recent major earthquakes. To a large extent, such multimedia tools can replace the learning from real breakdowns and complements theoretical knowledge that can be passed on using traditional means. Witten, Ian H., Bainbridge, David & Boddie, Stefan J. (2001) explained the Greenstone digital library software is an open-source system for the construction and presentation of information collections. Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is extensible: software “plugins” accommodate different document and metadata types. Greenstone incorporates an interface that makes it easy for people to create their own library collections. Collections may be built and served locally from the user’s own Web server, or (given appropriate permissions) remotely on a shared digital library host. End users can easily build new collections styled after existing ones from material on the Web or from their local files (or both), and collections can be updated and new ones brought online at any time. Seadle, Micheal (1999) discussed how can digitize the spoken word in a way that maximizes its usefulness and accessibility over as long a period as possible? This editorial lists six issues: copyright and ownership; selection at both the collection and contents level; conversion, formats, and analog input; segmentation and structuring; metadata at both the bibliographic and contents level; and maintenance and refreshing. Fønss-Jørgensen, Eva (1998) As recently as a few years ago, audiovisual documents were not integrated into traditional library activities. However, the growing interest among researchers, teachers and the general public in gaining access to this part of the cultural heritage, combined with the recent “multimedia boom” as a result of Internet and other technological developments has suddenly made sound and images extremely attractive, both inside and outside libraries. This paper deals with the exciting prospects, but also the problems, when historical archives want to go digital and implement new technologies in order to improve access to their holdings. Marcum, Deanna B. (1996) described the emergence of digital libraries and publication is still in its infancy, but is racing towards a maturity which just five years ago would have seemed impossible. The principal problems which must be solved to make digital information a routine part of the information landscape fall into two domains— technological problems and social problems. It is probably not too much to suggest that a solution to most current technological obstacles to this networked world of information can be found in the next five years. Many of these problems have been addressed over the last two years in this column. At the same time the social problems, which are principally institutional and economic—such as, property rights and infrastructure (e.g., responsibility for access over time)—are not so close to resolution and may be harder to solve than those which are technologically based. Similarly, we are just beginning to consider the issues of preservation of digital information. Here the problems reflect not only technical issues but also the social ones which makes them doubly difficult to solve. For libraries and archives to manage digital information successfully over the long-term, these problems must be emphatically solved. If they are not resolved at the outset the legacy of digital information will be enormously more complex than print and the problems of preserving print materials—acid papers and embrittlement—will seem trivial by comparison. REFERENCES:
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