Ecological Indicators 122 (2021) 107218
12
An additive function is used to aggregate
the final WQI value as
follows:
WQI
=
[
w
1
s
1
+
w
2
s
2
+
w
3
s
3
+
⋯
.
+
w
n
s
n
w
+
w
2
+
w
3
⋯⋯
+
w
n
]
m
1
m
2
(9)
where m1 and
m
2
are the coefficients of temperature and obvious
pollution, respectively. If the temperature is lower than 34
◦
C then m
1
=
0.5 is used and when the temperature is greater than 34
◦
C then m
1
=
1.0
is used. The obvious pollution applies to factors that make sight and
smell offensive.
Such conditions include, but are not limited to, the
creation of sludge deposits, the presence of oil, debris, foam, scum or
other
liquid materials, and waste discharge causing a disturbance of
colour or odour. When the apparent signs of emissions are present, then
m
2
is taken as 0.5 otherwise 1.0.
In 1970, Brown completed a critical
study on the Horton index
(
Brown et al., 1970
). This study concluded that since the two additional
parameters temperature and obvious pollution used in the aggregation
function were not rated, the index only
shows gradations in water
quality. Brown also reviewed the model parameters taking into account
the expert opinions and their recommended weight values and proposed
a weighted average index formula for stream water as follows:
BrownWQI
=
∑
n
i
=
1
w
i
s
i
(10)
where the weight values summed to 1. Brown concluded that this index
function worked well if all water quality parameters were considered
independent of each other.
(5) WQI evaluation
The Horton model recommends the following
five water quality
classes for the value of the final water quality index:
1) Very good (WQI
=
91
–
100)
2) Good (WQI
=
71
–
90)
3) Poor (WQI
=
51
–
70)
4) Bad (WQI
=
31
–
50)
5) Very bad (WQI
=
0
–
30)
4.2. National sanitation Foundation WQI (NSF-WQI)
The NSF WQI was developed by Brown in 1965 (
Abrah
˜
ao et al.,
2007
) as a modified version of the Horton model (
Lumb et al., 2011
). It
has been used to evaluate surface water quality in various domains (see
Appendix 1 and
Fig. 3
for details). Like the Horton model, it contains the
four basic WQI components.
(1) Parameter selection
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