About their problems. They try to find answers for their problems together. For example

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66 ORANGES

Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy. They are in sections, that is, Separate parts, so it is easy to eat them. Some oranges do not have any seeds, i.e. parts which grow into a new part. Some have a thick skin but others' have a thin skin.

The orange tree is beautiful. It has a lot of shiny green leaves The small white flowers smell very sweet. An orange tree has flowers and fruit at the same time.

There were orange trees twenty million years ago. The oranges were very small, not like the Qm5 today. The orange tree probably came from China. Many different kinds of wild oranges grow there today. In other words, these oranges grow in nature. The Chinese started to raise, or grow, orange trees around 2400 B.C.; Chinese art has lovely old pictures of oranges and orange trees.

Farmers in other parts of Asia , such as India and Pakistan and the Middle East, learned to raise oranges from the Chinese. Then they taught the Europeans. The Spanish planted orange trees in North and South America, called the New World .They took them to Florida first. Oranges are a very important crop (farm product) in Florida today

"Orange" is both a fruit and a colour. The colour of oranges is~ very beautiful. Therefore, in English we use the name of the fruit for the colour.
67

THE POSTAGE STAMP

Before the postage stamp, it was difficult to send a letter to another country. The sender paid for the letter to travel in his or her own country. Then the person in the other country paid for the other part of the trip. If a letter crossed several countries, the problem was bigger.
Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with gum on the back. The British Post Office made the first stamps in 1840. They were the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue. A person bought a stamp and put it on a letter. The post office delivered the letter or took the letter to the person. When the person got the letter it was That is, the sender paid for it earlier.

Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain immediately other countries started making their own postage stamps very quickly

However, there were still problems with international mail. Some countries did not want to accept letters with the stamps of other countries. Finally, in 1874 a German organized the Universal Postal System (the UPS). Each country in the UPS agreed to accept letters with prepaid postage from the other members. Today the offices of the UPS are only in Switzerland. Almost every country in the world j₅ a member of this organization. It takes care of any international mail problems.

Today post offices in every country sell beautiful stamps. Collecting stamps is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, and every stamp collector knows about the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue.

68

VOLCANOES

Earthquakes and volcanoes frighten people but they also give them great pleasure. Although volcanoes are mostly beautiful mountains, they have destroyed cities, forests and farmland throughout history. The word volcano comes from the name of the island of Vulcano, just north of Sicily. In classical times, people thought IL was the home of Vulcan - the god of destruction. Science has improved greatly. However, we still know very little about volcanoes.

A volcano is a kind of chimney, or vent. This chimney goes down to a liquid deep in the earth, called 'magma'. Three types of material come out of this vent: a hot liquid (lava), pieces of rock and great quantities of gas. The lava and rock often collect around the vent and form the volcano's 'cone'.

Scientists often classify, i.e. group, volcanoes according to the type of vent and kind of explosion.

CONTAINERS

We can find containers in our homes, schools, and places of work. For example, food and nonfood products are sold in containers. A favourite container of students and teachers is the wastebasket. Of course, containers are an important part of many professions: painters, doctors, biologists, photographers, chemists, and others use many kinds of specialized containers.

In this short article, it is not possible to discuss all kinds of containers. Therefore, let us look at some of the simple and basic containers. We will name them, identify their shapes and the materials they are made of, and say a few words about lids and tops.