About their problems. They try to find answers for their problems together. For example

revoke "(f.), (i.) geri almak, hükümsüz kılmak, feshetmek, iptal etmek; sözünü geri almak; (iskambil)

Senior yasça daha büyük; kidemli; son sinifa iliskin

stylish sik, modaya uygun, moda

take steps girişimlerde bulunmak, önlem almak

traditional geleneksel

156 WHAT IS NEWS?
'All the news that fits' is the company motto displayed on the front page of The New York Times. No form of mass media can carry every newsworthy event. The reason fo? this is that all Are constrained by costs and availability of space and time. For instance, the average daily newspaper fills approximately 62 percent of its space with advertising, leaving only 38 percent for news accounts, along with human interest stories, and pure entertainment features.

Network television news is even more limited. Each half-hour programme contains only twenty-two to twenty-threeminus of news and human interest stories. Contrary to what many people think, news is not simply out there; it must be picked from a multitude of happenings, only a few of which will ever be covered. What then is news? Perhaps the best explanation is that 'news is what reporters, editors, and producers decide is news.'

Doris Graber has identified certain criteria most often used in selecting stories. First of all, to be regarded as news, the story must have an effect on the audience, that is, the events told in newspapers or shown on television must be relevant to people's lives. Events in the Middle East, for example, are news for American people when they have an effect on American hostages there.

Another criterion for newsworthiness is the presence of violence, conflict, disaster or scandal. Violent crime, for example, dominates all contemporary news. Even non-violent conflict makes news. No one pays attention when one hundred members of the Congress come out of a White Rouse meeting and say that the president's programme is great. But if one of the members says, "It is awful." then that's news.

Familiarity is also an element of an event to become news. Events are more likely to be dealt with as news when they involve individuals that the public already knows. Approximately 85 per cent of the domestic news stories on television and in news magazines involve well-known people. Unknown people are most newsworthy as victims of crime or natural disasters.

The final criterion is that stories must be novel to attract the attention of the media. They must be what reporters call 'breaking stories' and they must also be unusual. The routine is considered unworthy even though it may sometimes have a significant effect on people's lives. As a former editor of the old New York Sun put it, "When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news." To this list might be added the availability of individuals for interviews. Reporters rely almost exclusively on interviewing and only occasionally on the reading of documents. The dependence on the interview results partly from the need to personalize the news, especially in television journalism, with its demand for visuals. The fact that most reporters find document analysis dull and boring also increases their dependence on interviews. Whatever the cause, the result is a bias in favour of those willing and able to talk.

These criteria have little to do with the importance of news stories. They stress mainly ways of keeping the audience interested. Because media outlets make their profit from the sale of advertising, they must keept their ratings and circulations high.