People with disability are frequently subject to treatment that may constitute torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, including persistent and severe violence and abuse (see also Article 16), forced sterilisation (see also Article 23), long-term neglect of basic human needs (see also Articles 14, 16, 23, 26 and 28) and painful and degrading behaviour modification techniques or ‘restrictive practices’.183 The UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has expressed concern that:
In many cases such practices, when perpetrated against persons with disabilities, remain invisible or are being justified, and are not recognised as torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.184
Australia ratified the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) on 8 August 1989.185 In May 2010, Australia signed the United Nations Optional Protocol to the CAT. The Optional Protocol is yet to be ratified by Australia.
As part of the process to ratify the Optional Protocol Australia has undertaken an audit of prison facilities but has excluded other places of confinement such as psychiatric facilities.
Australia has legislated against torture when committed by a public official or under their direction. Offences under this legislation include conduct that inflicts severe physical or mental pain or suffering on a person and where such conduct is based on discrimination.186 This means that many practices that occur in disability and mental health services funded or provided by Australian governments could potentially satisfy this definition, given these practices only occur because a person has disability. However, this legislation has not been tested in this regard.
The Victorian and the Australian Capital Territory Governments are the only State and Territory that have enacted legislation that provides a general prohibition on torture and other cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment.187 Both jurisdictions also permit limits on the general prohibition on torture and other cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment.188
While some State and Territory legislation explicitly criminalises acts comprising cruel or inhuman treatment by any public official,189 legislative protection does not extend to acts amounting to degrading treatment.190 Further, legislation in some jurisdictions only applies in respect of the actions of certain public officials.191
In addition, criminal law does not sufficiently deal with specific types of harm experienced by people with disability, including unlawful detention (see also Article 14) and harm caused by restrictive practices.192
The National Disability Strategy (NDS) identifies a future action to “review restrictive legislation and practices from a human rights perspective”,193 but it is unclear when or how this will occur.
