Ancient society

Footnotes

1. The Rotuman is herein for the first time published. It was worked out by the Rev. John Osborn, Wesleyan missionary at Rotuma, and procured and forwarded to the author by the Rev. Lorimer Fison, of Sydney, Australia.

2. a as in ale; a as a in father; a as a in at; i as i in it; u as- oo in food.

3. “Systems of Consanguinity,” loc. cit, p. 445.

4. 1b, pp. 525, 573.

5. “ Systems of Consanguinity,” etc. 1, c., Table iii, pp. 542, 573.

6. Among the Kafirs of South Africa, the wife of my father’s brother’s son, of my father’s sister’s son, of my mother’s brother’s son, and of my mother’s sister’s son, are all alike my wives, as well as theirs, as appears by their system of consanguinity.

7. “Races of Man,” Appleton’s ed. 1876, p. 232.

8. Bingham’s “Sandwich Islands,” Hartford ed., 1847, p. 21.

9. lb., p. 23.

10. “Systems of Consanguinity,” etc., p. 415.

11. lb., p. 432, where the Chinese system is presented in full.

12. “Timaeus,” c. ii, Davis’s trans.

13. “Descent of Man,” ii, 360.

For Hawaiian System of Family Relationship, see the Tables appended.

System of Relationship of the Hawaiians and Romans

G= grand, M= male, M sp= male speaking F= female, F sp= female speaking,

	Description of persons	By Hon. Thomas Miller Relationship in Hawaiian	Translation	By Rev. John Osborne Relationship in Roman	Translation
1	My G grandfather	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandparent, M
2	My G grandfather’s brother	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandparent, M
3	My G grandfather’s sister	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa-hon’-i	My grandparent, F
4	My G grandmother	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa-hon’-i	My grandparent, F
5	My G grandmother’s sister	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa-hon’-i	My grandparent, F
6	My grandfather	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fu	My grandparent, M
7	My grandmother	Ku-pu’na	My grandparent	Ma-pi-ga fa-hon’-i	My grandparent, F
8	My father	Ma-ku’-a ka’ -na	My parent, M	Oi-fa hon’-i	My father
9	My mother	Ma-ku-a-wa-hee’-na	My Parent F	Oi-hon’-i	My mother
10	My son	Kai’-kee-ka’-a	My child, M	Le’-a-fa	My child M
11	My daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child F
12	My grandson	Moo-pu’-na ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild M
13	My granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na wa-hee’-na	M grandchild, F	Mai-pi-ga fa	My grandchild F
14	My G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Mai-pi-ga fa	My grandchild M
15	My G granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Mai-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild F
16	My G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na’-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild M
17	My G G granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Mai-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild F
18	My older brother (M sp)	Kai-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, older	Sa-si-gi	My brother, older
19	My older brother (F sp)	Kai-ku-na’-na	My brother, older	Sag’-ve-ven’-i	My brother, older
20	My older sister (M sp)	Kai-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, older	Sag-hon’-i	My sister, older
21	My older sister (F sp)		Kai-ku-na’-na	My brother, older	Sag’-ve-ven’-i
22	My younger brother (M sp)	Kai-ka-I’-na	My brother, younger	Sa-si-gi	My brother, younger
23	My younger brother (F sp)	Kai-ku-na’-na	My brother, younger	Sag’-ve-ven’-i	My brother, younger
24	My younger sister (M sp)	Kai-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, younger	Sag-hon’-i	My sister, younger
25	My younger sister (F sp)	Kai-ka-I’-na	My sister, younger	Sa-si-gi	My sister, younger
26	My brother’s son (M sp)	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e’-fa’	My child, M
27	My brother’s wife (M sp)	Hu-no’-na	My son-in-law	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
28	My brother’s daughter (M sp)	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
29	My brother’s daughter’s husband (M sp)	Hu-no’-na	My daughter-in-law	Le’-e’-fa’	My child, M
30	My brother’s grandson (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild M
31	My brother’s grand-daughter (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na’-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	“ hon’-i	My grandchild F
32	My brother’s G grandson (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild M
33	My brother’s grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	“ hon’-i	My grandchild F
34	My sister’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e’-fa’	My child, M
35	My sister’s son’s wife (M sp)	Hu-no’-na	My daughter-in-law	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
36	My sister’s daughter	Kai-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
37	My sister’s daughter’s husband	H-u-no’-na	My son-in-law	Le’-e’-fa’	My child, M
38	My sister’s grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild, M
39	My sister’s grand-daughter (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
40	My sister’s G grandson (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild, M
41	My sister’s G grand-daughter (M sp)	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
42	My brother’s son (F sp)	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-a-fa	My child, M
43	My brother’s son’ wife (F sp)	Hu-no’-na	My daughter-in law	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
44	My brother’s daughter (F sp)	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
45	My brother’s daughter’s husband F sp	Hu-no’-na	My son-in-law	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
46	My brother’s grandson F sp	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga fa	My grandchild, M
47	My brother’s grand-daughter +	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
48	My brother’s G grandson F sp	Poo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, M
49	My brother’s G grand-daughter F sp	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
50	My sister’s son F sp	Kai’-kee-ka-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
51	My sister’ son’s wife	Hu-no’-na	Daughter-in law	Le’-a-hon’-i	My child, F
52	My sister’s daughter	Ki’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-a-hon’-i	My child, F
53	My sister’s daughter’s husband	Hu-no’-na	My son-in-law	Le’-e’fa	My child, M
54	My sister’s grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
55	My sister’s grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
56	My sister’s G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
57	My sister’s G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
58	My father’s brother	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
59	My father’s brother’s wife	Ma-ku’-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
60	My father’s brother’s son (older, M sp)	Kai’-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, older	Sa-si-gi	My brother
61	My father’s brother’s son (younger, M sp)	Kai’-ka-i-na	My brother, younger	Sa-si-gi	My brother
62	My father’s brother’s son’s wife	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
63	My father’s brother’s daughter (older M sp)	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
64	My father’s brother’s daughter (younger M sp)	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
65	My father’s brother’s daughter’ husband	Kai’-ko-wee’-ka	My brother-in-law	Sa-si-gi	My brother
66	My father’s brother’s son’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
67	My father’s brother’s son’s daughter	Kai-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
68	My father’s brother’s daughter’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-a-fa	My child, M
69	My father’s brother’s daughter’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
70	My father’s brother’s G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
71	My father’s brother’s G daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa’-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, f
72	My father’s brother’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
73	My father’s brother’s G G granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
74	My father’s sister	Ma-ku’a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
75	My father’s sister’ husband	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
76	My father’s sister’ son (older, M sp)	Kai’-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, older	Fa-fi-gi	My brother
77	My father’s sister’ son (younger, M sp)	Kai’-ka-i-na	My brother, younger	Fa-fi-gi	My brother
78	My father’s sister’ son’s wife	Wa-hee’-na-	My wife	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
79	My father’s sister’s daughter	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
80	My father’s sister’s daughter’s husband	Kai-ko-wee’-ka	My brother-in-law	Sa-si-gi	My brother
81	My father’s sister’s son’s son	Ki’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-a-fa	My child, M
82	My father’s sister’s son’s daughter	Ki-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
83	My father’s sister’s daughter’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
84	My father’s sister’s daughter’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’i	My child, F
85	My father’s sister’s G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
86	My father’s sister’s G granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
87	My father’s sister’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
88	My father’s sister’s G G granddaughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa - hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
89	My mother’s brother	Ma-ku-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
90	My mother’s brother’s wife	Ma-ku-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
91	My mother’s brother’ son (older M speaking)	Kai’-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, older	Sa-si - gi	My brother
92	My mother’s brother’ son (younger M speaking)	Kai-ka-i-na	My brother, younger	Sa-si - gi	My brother
93	My mother’s brother’ son’s wife	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
94	My mother’s brother’ daughter	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
95	My mother’s brother’ daughter’s husband	Kai-ko-ee’-ka	My brother-in-law	Sa-si - gi	My brother
96	My mother’s brother’ son’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
97	My mother’s brother’ son’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
98	My mother’s brother’ daughter’s son	Kai’-kee-ka-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
99	My mother’s brother’ daughter’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
100	My mother’s brother’s G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
101	My mother’s brother’s G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa’-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
102	My mother’ brother’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
103	My mother’s brother’s G G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
104	My mother’s sister	Ma-ku-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
105	My mother’s sister’s husband	Ma-ku-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
106	My mother’s sister’ son (older, M Sp)	Kai-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, older	Sa-si-gi	My brother
107	My mother’s sister’ son (younger, M Sp)	Kai’-ka-i-na	My brother, younger	Sa-si-gi	My brother
108	My mother’s sister’ son’s wife	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
109	My mother’s sister’s daughter	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
110	My mother’s sister’s daughter’s husband	Kai’-ko-wee’-ka	My brother-in-law	Sa-si-gi	My brother
111	My mother’s sister’s son’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Ie-e-fa	My child, M
112	My mother’s sister’s son’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
113	My mother’s sister’s daughter’s son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Ie-e-fa	My child, M
114	My mother’s sister’s daughter’s daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Ie-e-hon’-i	My child, F
115	My mother’s sister’s G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
116	My mother’s sister’s G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi - ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
117	My mother’s sister’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
118	My mother’s sister’s G G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi - ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
119	My father’s father’ brother	Ku-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandparent, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandparent, M
120	My father’s father’ brother’s son	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
121	My father’s father’ brother’s daughter	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
122	My father’s father’ brother’s grandson (older)	Kai’-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, Elder	Sa-si-gi	My brother,
123	My father’s father’ brother’s grand-daughter (olde)	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, Elder	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
124	My father’s father’ brother’s G grandson	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
125	My father’s father’ brother’s G grand-daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
126	My father’s father’ brother’s G G grandson	Moo-pu-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
127	My father’s father’ brother’s G G grand-daughter	Moo-pu-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
128	My father’s father’ sister	Ku-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandparent, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandparent, F
129	My father’s father’ sister’s son	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
130	My father’s father’ sister’s daughter	Ma-ku’-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
131	My father’s father’ sister’s grandson (older)	Kai’-ku-a-a’-na	M brother, Elder	Sa-si-gi	M brother
132	My father’s father’ sister’s grand-daughter (older)	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, elder	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
133	My father’s father’ sister’s G grandson	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Ie-e-fa	My child, M
134	My father’s father’ sister’s G grand-daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
135	My father’s father’ sister’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
136	My father’s father’ sister’s G G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
137	My mother’ mother’s brother	Ku-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandparent, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandparent, M
138	My mother’ mother’s brother’ son	Ma-ku-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
139	My mother’ mother’s brother’ daughter	Ma-ku-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
140	My mother’ mother’s brother grandson (older)	Kai-ku-a-a’-na	My brother, elder	Sa-si-gi	My brother
141	My mother’ mother’s brother grand-daughter (older)	Kai’-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, elder	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
142	My mother’ mother’s G grandson	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
143	My mother’ mother’s G grand-daughter	Kai’-kee-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
144	My mother’ mother’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
145	My mother’ mother’s G G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
146	My mother’s mother’s sister	Ku-pu-na-wa-hee’-na	My grandparent, M	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandparent, M
147	My mother’s mother’s sister’ son	Na-ku-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
148	My mother’s mother’s sister’ daughter	Ma-ku-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
149	My mother’s mother’s sister’ grandson (older, M Sp)	Kai’-ku-a-a-na	My brother, Elder	Sa-si-ga	My brother
150	My mother’s mother’s sister’s grand-daughter	Kai-ku-wa-hee’-na	My sister, elder	Sag-hon’-i	My sister
151	My mother’s mother’s sister’s G grandson	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-a-fa	My child, M
152	My mother’s mother’s sister’s G granddaughter	Kai’-kee-ka’-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-a-hon’-l	My child, F
153	My mother’s mother’s sister’s G G grandson	Moo-pu’-na-ka’-na	My grandchild, M	Ma-pi-ga-fa	My grandchild, M
154	My mother’s mother’s sister’s G grand-daughter	Moo-pu’-wa-hee’F spna	My grandchild, F	Ma-pi-ga-hon’-i	My grandchild, F
155	My husband	Ka’-na	My husband	Ve-ven’-i	My husband
156	My wife	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Hoi-e-na-and-hen	My wife
157	My husband’s father	Ma-ku’-a-hu-na-ai	My father-in-law	Oi-fa-	My father
158	My husband’s mother	Ma-ku’-a-hu-na-ai	My mother-in-law	Oi-hon’-i	My mother
159	My wife’s father.	Ma-ku’-a-hu-na-ai	My father-in-law	Oi-fa	My father
160	My wife’s mother	Ma-ku’-a-hu-na-ai	My mother-in-law	Oi-hon’-i	My mother
161	My son-in-law	Hu’-no’-na-ka’-na	My son-in-law	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
162	My daughter-in-law	Hu-no’-na-wa-hee’-na	My daughter-in-law	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F
163	My brother-in-law (husband’s brother)	Ka’-na	My husband	Hom-fu’-e	My brother-in-law
164	My brother-in-law (sister’s husband, F sp)	Ka’-na	My husband	Me-i	My brother-in-law
165	My brother-in-law, (wife’s sister’s husband)	Pu-na-lu-a-	My intimate companion
166	My brother-in law, (wife’s brother	Kai-ko-a’-ka	My sister-in-law	Me-i	My brother-in-law
167	My sister-in-law (wife’s)	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Hom-fu’-e	My sister-in-law
168	My sister-in-law, (husband’s sister)	Kai-ko-a’-ka	My sister-in-law	Me-i	My sister-in-law
169	My sister-in-law, (brothers wife)	Wa-hee’-na	My wife	Hom-fu’-e	My sister-in-law
170	My sister-in-law, (brother’s wife, F sp)	Kai-ko-a-ka	My sister-in-law	Hom-fu’-e	My sister-in-law
171	My sister-in-law, (husband’s brother’s wife)	Pu-na-lu-a	My intimate companion
172	My sister-in-law (wife’s brother’s wife)	Wa-hee’-na	My wife
173	My step father	Ma-ku’-a-ka’-na	My parent, M	Oi-fa	My parent, M
174	My step mother	Ma-ku’-a-wa-hee’-na	My parent, F	Oi-hon’-i	My parent, F
175	My step son	Kai’-kee-ka’-na	My child, M	Le’-e-fa	My child, M
176	My step daughter	Kai’-kee-ka’-wa-hee’-na	My child, F	Le’-e-hon’-i	My child, F