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89 STRESS
Stress is the response of the body to any demand. Stress is the state you are in, not the agent that produces ft, which is called a stressor. Cold and heat are stressors. However, having a highly developed central nervous system, man most frequently suffers from stress due to emotional stressors. The thing for the average person to remember is that all the demands that you make - whether on your brain or on your liver or your muscles or your bones -cause stress. For example, stress can occur under deep anesthesia, when your emotions are not engaged, or in animals that have no nervous system, or even in plants. There are two ways of telling when someone is under stress. One, not accessible to the public, is biochemical and neurological -measuring blood pressure, hormone levels, the electric activity of the brain and so on. Nevertheless, there are other indicators that anyone can judge. No two people react the same way, but the usual page 191 responses are an increase in pulse rate and an increased tendency to sweat. You will also become more irritable and will sometimes suffer insomnia, even long after the stressor agent is gone. You will usually become less capable of concentrating and you will have an increased desire to move about. There are various causes of stress. They differ in various civilizations and historical time periods. At certaIn times, disease and hunger were the predominant causes. Another, now and then, is warfare or the fear of war. At the moment, the most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological, e.g., lack of adaptation or not having a code of behaviour. The secret code to coping with stress is not to avoid stress but 'to do your own thing'. It implies doing what you like to do and not what you are forced to do. It is really a matter of learning how to live, how to behave in various situations, to decide: “Do I really want to take over my father's business or want to be a musician?" If you really want to be a musician, then be one. 90 BAD WATER Few things are as insidious as bad water. It's dangerous for you and your children, but you usually can't tell if you have it. And if you do, you may not be able to find out where the problems are coming from. Water can carry some of our most serious diseases -typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis - yet still look clear in the glass. We may do battle over how we get our water and develop it, but we fear for its quality. This issue is being dealt with currently. There is a necessity to prevent pollution by passing laws which will maintain safe drinking water. However, this is difficult because it has become increasingly apparent that the sources of pollution are not just institutions that can be controlled by specific laws. The burden of pollution belongs to all of us. Water's nature itself is a part of these complications. This simple structure of hydrogen and oxygen has even been called the universal solvent. It takes into solution a vast number of substances, that is, dissolves them, but those it cannot dissolve are simply carried along. Human beings have put this characteristic to work in thousands of ways. We wash with it; we flush with it; we mix it with chemicals to spray on our fields. We use it to make paint and plastic. We wash our workshop, garage and factory with it4 But this remarkable utility also means that it's very hard to put anything out of water's reach. Consequently, a lot of things we don't want in water get there anyway. If you pour poison on the ground, even in the most barren desen, water will pick it up molecule by molecule, page 193
and because water is always going Somewhere , it will take ft away. Technically, water pollution can be divided into two types: point-source pollution (waste dumped by factories or sewage plants) and nonpoint-source pollution. In many ways, the second is the larger problem. Nonpoint-source pollution is what happens when you spill oil on the garage floor, then wash it down. It happens when a soybean field is sprayed with pesticides and then it rains. It happens when someone throws a dead battery into a valley. Water picks it all up and adds it to the system. Water is in serious jeopardy because we're not paying much attention to anything except pollution from a pipe1 All this shows that a change is coming - a fundamental change in the way we use and think about water. It's no use pointing fingers at industry. The only way to make progress is to have Everyone realize that nonpoint-source pollution is the major cause of water pollution and to convince them that it is no longer possible to ignore fresh water. 91 VIDEOS FOR KIDS: FUN YES- FACTS YES- VIOISENCE NO
The series is hosted by Spin, a cartoon globe-on-the-go who introduces young viewers to the ways Earth's inhabitants live, use their environment, and care for one another. For instance, children see renowned scientist Jane Goodall studying the social structure of chimps and discover that these primates, just like humans, comfort their young1 Really Wild Animals begins with three video cassettes: Swinging Safari, Wonders Down Under, and Deep Sea Dive. Six more are scheduled. The videos are entertaining and educational, ~and packed with animals - from African lions to Australia's spiny anteater. Spin roams the world, speaking in the many voices of actor Dudley Moore1 Spin presents a soap opera about colobus monkeys, a Western about sea horses, and a segment on lifestyles of tile weird and little: about a fish called a mudskipper, a marsupial called a quoll, and a mammal that flies - the fruit bat. Each video includes mini-documentaries about animals. Original music accompanies the stories. Andrew Wilk, executive producer and vice president for Children's Television, says: "We chose to start with a home-video series because we wanted involved viewers. When kids run VCRs themselves, they watch with concentration Instead of zapping from channel to channel." Children four and under will soon have their own home-video series in a format designed to appeal to that age. Called Geo Kids, the series will premier in the fall of 1998. "With this major new commitment, we hope to give children a running start toward a future where they can connect with the exciting, living world in all its variety and fullness." 92 MIDDLE EAST WATER: CRITICAL RESOURCE
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region’s population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth. My journey starts in Spring-time, high in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey. The generous snows of the Turkish mountains have brought little wealth to the semiarid plains of the southeast. Without irrigation, they have yielded only one crop a year But now Turkey has finally begun to harness its waters. I can see the Euphrates swelling with backup from the great Atatürk Dam. Soon its waters will rush through the world's two largest irrigation tunnels - 25 feet in diameter - to revitalize the Harran Plain 40 miles away. The 'Atatürk' will also generate nine billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. Eventually, 22 dams will impound the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris, which also rises in eastern Turkey, all part of an ambitious and diverse development scheme called the Southeastern Anatolia Project. On the Harran, now lush with spring grass, the mood is optimistic. At a government experimental farm at Koruklu, agronomists test patches of peaches, pecans, nectarines, pomegranates, and grapes as candidate crops for the coming waters. Local farmers attend irrigation classes with anticipation. page 199 The massive 'Atatürk' sits 40 miles north of the city of Urfa. It is essentially an immense pile of rocks guarded by men with machine guns. With officials, I drive along its mile-long top. What looked like pebbles from a distance grow into car-size pieces of rock, each placed according to size, like a mosaic, by a machine with a monstrous arm. The blue-green Euphrates thunders below the dam with power that seems closer to electricity than water. When nations share the same river, the upstream nation is under no legally binding obligation to provide water downstream. But the downstream nation can claim historical rights of use and press for fair treatment. In 1989, President Turgut Ozal alarmed Syria and Iraq by announcing that Turkey would hold back the flow of the Euphrates for a month to start filling the 'Atatürk'. To offset the loss, Turkey increased the flow for two months before the cutback, but even this did not prevent an outburst of criticism. If seen as a commodity, water can be packaged, bought and sold, and may soon move between nations like wheat. But political mistrust hampers many promising schemes. In 1987, Turkey proposed a "peace pipeline" of water from two Turkish rivers - the Ceyhan and the Seyhan - that flow south into the Mediterranean. The dual pipelines would deliver potable water to millions in Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab Gulf states. Nevertheless, few nations were receptive, and the concept sits in limbo. "In this region," Turkish Foreign Ministry official Burhan Ant told me in Ankara, "interdependence is understood as the opposite of independence. Every country here seeks a kind of self-sufficiency in every field because they don't trust the others.” 93 THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE (1) Around 1975, a number of books were written about strange things which occurred in the Bermuda Triangle, a part of the Atlantic Ocean off the southeast coast of the U.S. They told the stories of planes and ships that disappeared for no understandable reason and were never found again. They told about ships which were found undamaged but with no one on them. According to these books, more than 1,000 people disappeared in the Triangle from 1945 to 1975. Yüklə 2,03 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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