Assessment of motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs in ngo sector and their impact on economic development case Study

Source: Field Survey, 2007

The above table shows the summary of the findings from the hypotheses formulated in chapter one and test in chapter four of this study. The following are presented in the table: (i) the hypotheses formulated in chapter one of the study; (ii) the independented variables used in measuring the hypotheses; (iii) the inferential statistical tools used in testing the hypotheses; (iv) the findings from the tested in chapter four and (v) the literature indication of each of the findings. The table is expected to act as a guide and blue print to the entire work.

4.5 Women Entrepreneurial Motivation and Environmental Concentration

To examine the extent of women industrial concentration in the environment of the states of this study, Lorenz curve is employed. Lorenz curve is a graphic method of studying dispersion or otherwise of wealth or income distribution.

Table 72: Distribution of Responses According to States

Frequency Distribution	Lagos	Ogun	Oyo
0-4	11	9	20
5-9	4	6	9
10-14	2	2	2
15-19	2	2	1
20-24	1	1	0
25-29	0	1	0
Total	20	21	32

Source: Field Survey, 2007
Table 73: CALCULATION FOR DRAWING THE LORENZ CURVE

			Lagos (A)			Ogun (B)			Oyo (C)
Median of group	Cum	Relative Cum (%)	No	Cum	Relative Cum (%)	No	Cum	Relative Cum (%)	No	Cum	Relative Cum(%)
2	2	2.3	11	11	55	9	9	42.9	20	20	62.5
7	9	10.3	4	15	75	6	15	71.4	9	29	90.6
12	21	24.1	2	17	85	2	17	80.1	2	31	90.9
17	38	43.7	2	19	95	2	19	90.5	1	32	100
22	60	69.0	1	20	100	1	20	95	0	32	100
27	87	100	0	20	100	1	21	100	0	32	100

Source: Field Survey, 2007

Interpretation

From the graph in the appendix, it can be seen that among the three curves (A, B and C) the Ogun State curve (A) is the closest to the straight line or line of equal distribution, followed by the Lagos State curve (B) then the Oyo State curve (C). The farther the curve to the diagonal line, the greater the inequality of concentration of the enterprises in their areas of location. Among the three curves, C which represents Oyo State is the farthest from the diagonal line. This shows that curve A and B are more concentrated than curve C. This means that women entrepreneurs are more concentrated in Ogun State, Lagos state than in Oyo State. See appendix three (3) in page 336 for the graph that shows the Lorenz Curve for the concentration and diversification of the enterprises in Lagos, Oyo and Ogun States.

4.6 Content Analysis

Apart from the descriptive and hypothesis analysis, this study was analyzed using content analysis (Holsti, 1969). Content analysis entailed open coding (line by line examination) and axial coding (identification of emergent patterns) of narrative data as delineated by Strauss and Corbin (1998). The respondents were asked to express their opinions on open-ended questions such as (i) what are the challenges, since you started this business? (ii) How do you think these challenges will be solved? (iii) What are the five main things that motivated you into business (iv) What are you advices to Nigerian women entrepreneurs?. The findings of the content analyses are shown below.

Table 74 shows the results of the open-ended questions that was addressed to the respondents which focused on the major challenges they face in business. In responding to the question, Table 74 shows that majority of the women 190 (22.28) responded that financial problem and lack of capital was the major challenge they face in business, this was followed by lack of electricity/infrastructural problem 119 (14.58%), customers dissatisfaction/complaints which 77 (9.43%)and lack of government support 69 (8.49%), untrustworthy personnel 62 (7.60%), unconducive business environment 53 (6.50%), high degree of competition 51 (6.25%) and lack of managerial skills 50 (6.12%).

Table 74: Respondents’ Major Challenges in Business

Statement	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Financial problem and lack of capital	190	22.28
Location and high tenancy rate	40	4.90
Unconducive business environment	53	6.49
Government policy and support	69	8.48
Lack of resources, labour, material and time	31	3.79
Lack of managerial skills and competence	50	6.12
Lack of trust worthy personnel	62	7.59
Lack of electricity /infrastructural problem	119	14.58
Customers dissatisfaction and complaints	77	9.43
High degree of competition	51	6.25
Nature of business/lack of diversification	16	1.96
Lack of training and development/inexperience	25	3.06
Lack of family support	26	3.23
Lack of access to Information technology	8	0.98
Sexual harassment	3	0.86
Total__816__100__Source:_Field_Survey,_2007'>Total	816	100

Source: Field Survey, 2007
These responses confirmed the result of this study from the interview conducted with thirty six (36) women entrepreneurs which focused on finding out the major challenges they face in business. Out of the 36 women entrepreneurs, 85% of them responded that finance was the major challenge they were facing in business, 64% mentioned power as their major challenge, 56% said that customers dissatisfaction and compliants was their major challenge, 51% need Government intervention, 49% said that competition in their business was so high while 42% regretted not having much experience before going into the business and this was a problem to them. Below is a response given by one of the women interviewed;

Since I started this business 6years ago, the major challenges I face is finance and how to raise capital to run my business. Again in my area, we hardly see light, since our transformer spoiled five months ago, nobody is asking us anything and it has been so terrible. As a result, my customers decided to go somewhere else when they discovered that I could not afford generator to cool my drinks. Apart from that, the business I’m into is men’s business and I did not anticipate that I had to compete with men as my competitors. Again, my going into business was a sudden one. “I never took out time to meditate on the challenges facing other women entrepreneurs before going into this business”. I will say I lack managerial skills required for the success of this type of business (35years old woman involved in the sale of drinks at Ikeja, Lagos).

Table 75 shows the responses of the respondents with regards to the question “how do you think the challenges will be solved?” Out of the total number of 605 responses, financial assistance/provision of loan has the highest point of 137 (22.64%). This was followed by six others items which include having good government policy/governance 108 (17.86%), provision of electricity/infrastructure 94(15.53), meeting customers’ satisfaction 38 (6.28%), motivation of staff 49(8.10%), adoption of new management approach/customer responsibility 33(5.46%) and training and development 32 (5.28%).

Table 75: Respondents’ Opinion on How to Solve Specific Challenges

Statement	Freq.	Per. (%)
More efforts to develop managerial skills	21	3.47
Involvement in advertisement	20	3.30
Financial assistance/loan	137	22.64
Motivation of staff	49	8.10
Good government policy/ governance	108	17.86
Meeting customer satisfaction/ high product quality/price	38	6.28
New management approach/customer responsibility	33	5.46
Access to information technology	12	1.98
Networking/co-operative society	10	1.66
Training/development	32	5.28
Family support	30	4.96
Supply of electricity/infrastructure	44	7.27
Availability of infrastructure	50	8.26
Self motivation/determination	21	3.47
Total	605	100

Source: Field Survey, 2007

The response from the above table confirmed the result of the interview conducted with some (36) of the respondents. 89% of them were of the opinion that if only they will be given access to loan and micro credit that will help them out, 74% of them said that government need to change some of their policies and the way they do things, 69% of them were of the view that if they have constant power supply, that will help in satisfying their customers, 62% of them need training and seminar to be equipped with required skills while 51% of them wanted to know how to stop high rate of labour turnover. This, according to them will help a great deal. Here is the response from one of the respondents:

I believe there is a way out of every problem. Our people usually say that where there is a will there is a way. I feel if the government will give me small loan and capital for doing the business, I think it will help out. Also the government must give us light because it is one of the things that is giving us headache. We also need to be trained for us to know how to do business well. I think if all these are taken care of, our business go better (40 years old woman in food selling business in Sango, Ogun State).

Table 76 shows the responses to the question on “what motivated you into business” Out of the 548 responses from the respondents, 112 (20.44%) agreed that they entered into business because they attended women empowerment programme which motivated them to start their business, 84 (15.33%) of them accepted that they went into business because they needed extra financial assistance, 74 (13.50%) agreed that they were self motivated, 65 (11.86%) went into business through their friends’ advice and creating of awareness, 64 (11.68%) agreed that the government organized a training through NDE and SMEDAN, this helped them to get started, 50 (9.12%) saw their family as a motivator for their going into business.

Table 76: Respondents’ Entrepreneurial Motivation

Statement	Freq.	Per. (%)
More enlightment /creating of awareness	65	11.86
Ensuring of gender equality	37	6.75
Financial assistance	84	15.33
Women empowerment programme	112	20.44
Government involvement through good policy	64	11.68
Self motivation	74	13.50
Availability of infrastructural facility	10	1.82
Confidence/competitiveness	19	3.47
Elimination of cultural/religious barriers	3	0.56
Handling of environmental hazard e.g sexual harassment	13	2.37
Family support	50	9.12
Involvement of women in networking	13	2.37
Availability of information technology	4	0.73
Total	548	100