Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house

Gregory Thaumatnrtras

No final discussion of Gregory's works is possible until more critical labor has been expended upon them than they have yet received. References to the personal history of the author demonstrate the authenticity of a considerable number

Works. of them, including, besides several let­

ters, the "Hexaerleron," the "Ma­

king of Man," the "Life of Moses," "Against Usu­

rers," "Against Eunomius," "On the Soul and the

Resurrection," "Eulogy of Basil," "Letter to

Peter," and the "Life of the Holy Macrina." An­

cient external testimony comes to the support of

internal evidence in the uses of others, such as "On

the Song of Songs," "° On Prayer" (five homilies,

the last four a careful exposition of the Lord's

Prayer), "On the Beatitudes," the "Great Cate­

chetical Oration," "Against Apollinaris," and the

"Antirrhetio against Apollinares." But, on the

other hand, the works either omitted or marked as

doubtful by Migne are by no means all the spurious

ones which have passed under Gregory's name.

Among his dogmatic works special attention is deserved by the "Great Cathechism," an apologetic­dogmatic treatise on the Trinity and the Incarna­tion with instructions on baptis•n and the Lord's Supper; the "Soul and the Resurrection"; the treatise against Eunomius, his most extensive work; and the "Antirrhetic," the most important of the extant anti Apollinarian treatises. Of the exeget­ical writings, the "Hexaemeron" and the "Making of Man" are the most sober and valuable; in the ethically interesting "Life of Moses" and "On the Superscriptions of the Psalms" the allegorizing tendency runs riot. Among the sermons, those on the lives of Basil and Macrina are the most inter­esting.

The personality of the man Gregory is difficult to grasp; his works are too rhetorical and too little individual to give a clear conception of it. As far, however, as is determinable, he seems to have had a more harmonious, calm, and

Person  self controlled character than his

ality and brother or Gregory Nazianzen, and to

Teaching. have been less forceful but more amia­

ble than either of them. His theo­

logical position stands out more clearly than his

personal character, though it, too, is lacking in dis­

tinction. He has few new thoughts, and the form

which he gives to the old bears little mark of ge­

nius. But he was an accomplished theologian, who

succeeded in reconciling to a certain extent the Ori­

genistic traditions with the demands of a theology

which had grown narrower and more realistic. He

had sufficient acuteness to work among his formulas

with technical correctness while satisfying the tend­

encies of a mystical nature by avoiding precise

definition at the right time and rising above the

terminology in which the dogmatic controversies

of his age expressed themselves. His teaching on

the Trinity is so similar to that of Basil and Greg­

ory Nazianzen that in the case of three works it is

safe to predicate the authorship of one of the three

men, but impossible to determine which. For his

doctrine of the Lord's Supper, see LoxD's SUPPER,

II. His Christology also is substantially the same

as that reached by Gregory Nazianzen in his later

life. A fuller investigation of his whole Christo­

logical doctrine would need to go deeply into the

connection of his thought with those of Origen and

Athanasius. It is worth mentioning that he held

the Origenistic belief in the final restoration of all

things, so that the patriarch Germ anus of Constan­

tinople in the eighth century imagined his "Soul

and the Resurrection" to have been interpolated

by the heretics, instead of containing, as it does,

genuine Origenism; and here, as with Origen, the

foundation of this doctrine is ;,o be sought not in

the "generic" conception of the humanity of

Christ but in his idea of God. (F. Loolrs.)
BIHwoaEAPnrT: The earlier Latin editions of the Opera were Cologne, 1537, Basel, 1582 and 1571, Paris, 1578, all sur­passed by that of Paris, 2 vols., 1803. The Greek text, with Let. tranel., appeared 2 vole., Paris, 1615, with ap­pendix, 1618 2d ed., ib. 1638, the 2d edition inferior, however, to the first in many respects (contents see given in Hauck Herzog, RE, vii. 146 147). New material was discovered and included in the collection in A. Gallandi, Bibliotheca veterum patrurn, vi. 515 716, Venice, 1770. MPG, xliv. xivi. included all that had then ben dis­covered except what the editor rejected as of doubtful authenticity. An excellent edition, .with critical appa­ratus, was begun by G. H. Forbes, but only two parts ap­peared, Burntieland, 1855 81. A selection of the works has been edited by F. Oehler, with Germ. tranel., Halle, 1864, and in the Bibliothek der Kirchenvater,'•vols. i. iv., Leipeic, 1858 59. An Eng. tranel. of selected treatises and letters, with a sketch of the life, activities and char­acteristics, is in NPNF, 2d ser., vol. v., and the Cate­cAdical Oration, ed. J. H. Srawley, appeared London, 1903.

Consult: J. Rupp, Grepore du Bischofs won Nyssa Lo­ben and Meinunpen, Leipsie, 1834; E. W. Moller, Greporii Nymeni doctrinam de homisis natura, Halle, 1854; J. N. Stigler, Die Psycholopie des heilipen Gregor von Nyssa, Regensburg, 1857; J. Huber, Die Philosophic der Kir­chenvoter, Munich, 1859; L. Kleinheidt, Sancti Gregorii . doetrina de anpeiis exposita, Freiburg, 1860; P. Bouedron, Doctrines psychologiquea de 8. Grdpoire, Paris, 1861; F. BShringer, Die Kirche Christi and ihre Zeupen, trol. viii., Stuttgart, 1876; S. P. Heyne, Diaputatio

de Greporio Nysseno, Leyden, 1885; F. W. Farrar, Lives of the Fathers ii. 57 82, New York, 1889; A. Krampf, Der Ursustand des Mensehen nach der LeAre des ... Gregor von Nyssa, W6reburg, 1889; F. Hilt, Des ... Gregor van Nyssa Lehre vom Afenachen, Cologne, 1890; W. Meyer, Die Gottealehre des Gregor von Nywa, Leipsie, 1894; F. Diekamp, Die Gotteelehre des . . . Gregor von Nysea, Mfinster, 1896; F. Preger, Die Grundlagen der Ethik des Gregor von Nywa, Leipsie, 1897; W. Vollert, Die Lahre Gregor# von Nyssa vom Guten and Bdsen, ib. 1897; F. Loofs, Eustathius, Halle, 1898; Ceillier, Auteure saer€j, vi. 119 258, cf. iv. passim and v. passim; DCB, ii. 781­768; Neander, Christian Church, vol. ii. passim, of. In­dex; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 903 908 et passim.
GREGORY THAUMATURGUS ("the Wonder­Worker "): Bishop of Neocaesarea in Pontus and an important ecclesiastical writer of the Eastern Church; d. about 270. His name was originally Theodore, and he came of a prominent heathen family in Neocaesarea, becoming acquainted with Christianity only after his father's death, when he was fourteen. With his brother Athenodorus, he studied law in the famous school at Berytus, but on a visit to Cmsarea he came under the spell of Ori­gen, who had arrived there a short time before, and became his enthusiastic disciple, first in philoaophy and then in theology. The oration in which he expresses his gratitude to his teacher is valuable as affording an insight into Origen's methods of teach­ing, and as the first attempt at a Christian autobio­graphy. Returning to Neootesarea with the in 

k Gregory Thanmaturgue THE NEW SCHAFF  HERZOG 74

Qregory

tention of pursuing the legal career for which he

had been educated, Gregory was consecrated bishop

of his native city about 240 by Bishop Phsedimus

of Amasia. According to tradition, there were

then only seventeen Christians in the town, and

Gregory is considered the founder of the Church

there. Of the marvels which were believed to have

accompanied his labors, there are three or, it

may be said four, accounts. These are the "Life

and Eulogy" by Gregory of Nyssa (MPG, x1vi.);

Rufinus' account of the miracles (Hilt. eccl., vii.

25); and the Syrian "Narrative of the Glorious

Deeds of the Blessed Gregory," preserved in a

manuscript of the sixth century, besides the account

contained in Basil, De Spiritu sancto, lxxiv. The

differences seem to exclude the hypothesis of a

common written source, as the similarities make

for that of a common oral tradition. The personal

and local knowledge of Gregory of Nyssa makes his

version apparently the most trustworthy; but the

legendary element is strong in all of them. Greg­

ory governed his diocese for thirty years, took part

in the first, and probably the second, council held

against Paul of Antioch, and, according to Suidas,

died in the reign of Aurelian, leaving, it is said,

only as many pagans in Neocaesarea as he had

found Christians.

A memorial of his work is found in his Epistola

canonica, on the regulation of church life in Pontus

after it bad been troubled by the invasion of the

Goths. Apparently, however, the demands of

practical life left him little time for literary activ­

ity. His "Exposition of the Faith" was evidently

written to meet practical needs. A "Metaphmse

of Ecclesiastes" is attributed by some manuscripts

to Gregory Nazianzen, the most famous Eastern

bearer of the name; but Jerome (De vir. ill., lxv.;

In Eccl., iv.) definitely ascribes it to Gregory Thau­

maturgus. It is more difficult to decide the ques­

tion of authorship in the case of two treatises

ascribed to him in their Syriac translation, "To

Theppompus on the Impossibility of God" and

"To Philagrius on Consubstantiality." The for­

mer offers striking points of resemblance with the

undoubted works of Methodius, both in general

structure and in detail. The Greek original of the

latter is found among the works of Gregory Nazi­

anzen, and also of Gregory of Nyssa. The "To

Tatian on the Soul," a philosophical discussion of

the nature of the soul, found also in the Syriac,

is ascribed to Gregory in a passage of Nicholas

of Methone. The treatise commonly known as

Anathematismoi, on the other hand, is certainly not

his, whether it belongs to Vitalis or, as is more

likely, is an anti Apollinarian work of the latter

half of the fifth century. Caspari has proved the

Kata meros pistis to be a work of Apollinaris; and

the complaint is made as early as 500 that such

works were interpolated among the genuine wri­

tings of Gregory. Of the fragments found in the

Greek, Syriac, and Armenian catenae, some are gen­

uine and some spurious. (N. BoNwLrsca.)

BIBLIoaRAPHY: Lists of literature are given in ANF, bib­

liography, pp. 65 66; Fabricius Harlee, Bibliotheca Griew,

vii. 249 sqq., Hamburg, 1801; KrGger, History, pp. 226

sqq.; P. Batiffol, Anciennes lit6ratures chrdtiennes, pp.

180 181, Paris, 1897.Editions of the Opera were pub 

lished in Latin, ed. F. Mons, Venice, 1574, Rome, 1594; ed. G. Vossius, Mainz, 1804; in Greek, ed. F. Ducs'ue, Paris, 1622; and in MPG, x. Works were published separately, the Rpiatola canonica, in Routh, Reliquiae wcras, iii. 251 283, 5 ,vole., Oxford, 1846 48; the Meta­phrasia, Greek and Latin, by A. Schott, Antwerp, 1613; the Expositio fidei, in Greek and English, in W. Cave, Lives of the Primitive Fathers, ii. 267, London, 1683, ef. C. P. Caspari, Alte and neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols, pp. 10 sqq., Christiania, 1879; F. Katten­busch, Daq apostoliache Symbol, i. 338 sqq., Leipsic, 1894; A. and G. L. Hahn, Bibliothek der Svmbole and Glaubens­regdn, pp. 253 sqq., Breslau, 1897; a Syriac tranal. of one of his works is in A. S. Lewis, Studio Sinaitica, pp. 19 sqq., London, 1894; Eng. transl. of the works is in ANF, vi. 7 74.

Consult: V. Ryssel, Gregor Thaumaturgue, sein Leben and seine Schriften, Leipsic, 1880; idem, in Theologische Zeitachrift sue der Schweiz, 1894, pp. 228 254; F. W. Farrar, Lives of the Fathers, i. 326 330, New York 1889; J. Draseke, in JPT, vii (1881), 379 sqq., 724; E. Nestle, Benpel als Gelehrter, pp. 21 sqq., Tubingen, 1893; 0. Bardenhewer, Patrolagie, pp. 167 sqq., Freiburg, 1894; F. X. Funk, in TQS, 1898, pp. 81 sqq.; P. Kotschau, in ZWT, 1898, pp. 211 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, i. 716 720; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 796 800; Harnack, Dogma, ii. iv. passim; DCB, ii. 730 737; Krtiger, His­tory, pp. 226 sqq.; KL, v. 1184 88.

GREGORY OF TOURS: Frankish bishop and historian; b. at Arverna, the present Clermont­Ferrand (250 m. s.s.e. of Paris), 538 or 539; d. at Tours Nov. 17, 593 or 594. He came of a noble Roman family, and originally bore the name Georgius 7lorentius, which he changed afterward out of veneration for his great grandfather, Greg­ory, bishop of Langres. A dangerous illness in 563 induced him to make a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Martin at Tours, and his recovery fixed the religious tendency of his earlier years. On the death of Bishop Euphronius of Tours, in 573, he was chosen to fill the vacancy, and obliged by Sigi­bert I., at whose court he had been living, to accept. He devoted himself zealously to his episco­pal duties, and also looked after the temporal wel­fare of the people of Tours. Tours had belonged to Charibert, on whose death (567) it came into Sigibert's possession, though it was incessantly con­tested by Chilperich, who, after Sigibert's murder in 576, ruled it until his own death in 584. Greg­ory took no active part in this conflict; but Chil­perich and his partizans hated him, until his firm and wise behavior, when brought to trial on a false charge of having slandered Queen Fredegunde, made such an impression on the king that he main­tained more friendly relations with him. These were continued by his successors, Guntchramnus and Childebert II., under whom he was frequently consulted on affairs of state. His literary activity began with a book (never completed) on the mira­cles of St. Martin in 575. Next came the history of Julian, a local saint. The Lrber in gloria mcr­tyrum was written after 587; it, as well as the In gloria confessorum, celebrates by choice the deeds of Gallic saints. More important is the Ltber vito patrum, which gives information concerning a num­ber of Gallic leaders of the period following the fall of the empire and the foundation of the Germanic states. But his best known work is his Historic Francorum, which he began not long after his con­secration and continued down to 591, with some fragmentary additions in his later years. It be 

75

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

Gregory Thaumaturgus Gregory

gins with a synopsis of the history of the world,

and at the end of the first book comes down to the

beginning of the Frankish conquest and the death

of St. Martin. The treatment grows more ex­

tended as it comes down, the last seven years alone

filling four books. From the fifth book on it has

the character of contemporary memoirs. Without

graces of style, it has accuracy of statement and

an earnest endeavor to be impartial, though theo­

logical and moralizing tendencies are sometimes

obtruded on the reader. Gregory wrote also a

commentary 'on the Psalms, of which only a few

fragments remain, and De cursu scellarum, which

served the practical purpose of helping to fix the

time for the night offices by the position of the

stars. (A. HAucg.)

Bisraoaserar: The Historia Prancbrum and other writings were first published at Paris, 1511 12, then at Basel, 1568; the Opera were edited by T. Ruinart, Paris, 1699; a new critical ed. by W. Arndt, with the Miracala by B. Krusch is in MGH, Script. rer. Memo., i (1885), 450 878; the Historia, ed. H. Omont, appeared Paris, 1886, and by G. Collon, ib. 1893. Ruinart's ed. is also in MPL, Ixxi. and in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. ii. Mention should also be made of the great edition by H. L. Bordier, 4 vols., Paris, 18574, containing the Vita by Odo and Jean Gilles, the latter of small value.

The Vita by Odo follows the preface in Ruinart's ed., ut sup., and is in MPL, lxxii. 115 126; cf. Ceillier, Auteurs sacr&, x. 809, xi. 365 409. Consult: J. W. L5be11, Gre­gor von Tours and seine Zeit, Leipsic, 1839; A. Thierry, R&ita des temps m6rovingiena, Paris, 1840; A. Dupuy, Vie de S. Gr€goire, ib. 1854; A. Jacobs, G€ographie de GrE­poire de Tours, ib. 1858; L. B. Des Francs, ttudm sur Grigoire de Tours, ib. 1861; C. Chevalier, Les Origines de lWlise de Tours, Tours, 1871; L. F. JAhan, Les L,~gendes veng6es, ou S. Gr4goire de Toura, ib. 1871; Holder Egger, in NA, i (1876), 268 276; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geachichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, i. 566 579, Leipsic, 1889; M. A. Bonnet, Le Latin de Grigoire de Tours, Paris, 1890; Hiatoire litttraire de France, iii. 372 397; Neander, Chris­tian Church, consult the Index; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 658 661; DCB, ii. 771 776.

GREGORY OF UTRECHT: An early Frankish

missionary; b. 707 or 708; d. at Utrecht Aug. 25,

775 or 776. Ile was educated at the court school

and in the monastery of Pfalzl (diocese of Trevea),

where in 722 he met Boniface, whose constant com­

panion he became. Toward the end of his life he

appears as a priest and head of the minater school

of St. Martin's in Utrecht. After the death of

Boniface, he was charged by Pope Stephen III.

and King Pepin with the evangelization of the

Frisians. His own work was mostly confined to

central Frisia, with his headquarters either at

Utrecht or at Wijk, though his influence extended

much further through his scholars. He refused

promotion to the episcopate, but in his later years

had the assistance of the Anglo Saxon Aluberht,

who was consecrated bishop at his request by the

archbishop of York in 767. (A. HAucx.)

BrswoosArar: The Vita by Liudger is in ASB, Aug., v. 241 264 (cf. June, i. 483 487), in MPL, xcix. 752 770, and, ed. Holder Egger, in MGH, Script., xv (1887), 63­79. Consult: A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litera­tur des Mittelalters, ii. 106 108, Leipsie, 1889; G. F. Maelear, Apostles of Medimal Europe, London, 1888; Rettberg, %D, ii. 531; Hauck, HD, ii. 344 eqq.; Moeller, Christian Church, ii. 65.

GREGORY, CASPAR RENE: Lutheran; b. at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 6, 1846. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (A.B., 1864),

the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presby­terian Church, Philadelphia (1865 67), Princeton Theological Seminary (1867 73), and the Univer­sity of Leipsic (Ph. D., 1876). After the completion of his studies in Germany, he was appointed subeditor of the Theologische Literaturzeitung, and held this position until 1884, being also pastor of the American Chapel at Leipsic in 1878 79. In 1884 he became privat docent of theology in the University of Leipsic and was appointed associate professor three years later, being promoted full professor in 1889, after having declined an appoint­ment as professor of New Testament Greek at Johns Hopkins University in 1885. He has written the Prolegomena (3 parts) to the eighth major edition of %. von Tischendorf's Novum Testamentum Grwce (Leipsie, 1884 94); Textkritik des Neuen Testamentes (2 vola., 1900 02); Canon and Text of the N. T. (New York, 1907); and Das Freer Logion (1908). He has also translated C. E. Luthardt's Das johanneiache Evangelium under the title St. John the Author of the Fourth Gospel (Edinburgh, 1875) and the same scholar's com­mentary on the Gospel of John (3 vola., 1876­1878), in addition to assisting Charles Hodge in the preparation of his Systematic Theology (3 vols., New York, 1871 73).

GREGORY, DANIEL SEELYE: Presbyterian; b. at Carmel, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1832. He was edu­cated at the College of New Jersey (A.B., 1857) and Princeton Theological Seminary (1860). He was instructor in rhetoric in the College of New Jersey (1858 60), and held pastorates at the South Church, Galena, Ill. (1860 63), Second Presbyte­rian Church, Troy, N. Y. (1863 66), Third Congre­gational Church, New Haven, Conn. (1866 69), and South Salem, N. Y. (1869 71). He was then professor of metaphysics, logic, and English litera­ture in Wooster University, Wooster, O. (1871 78), and president of Lake Forest University, Ill., (1878­1886). He was managing editor of the Standard Dictionary from 1890 to 1894, and from 1895 to 1904 was editor of The Homiletic Review. Since 1904 he has been secretary of the American Bible League and managing editor of the Bible Student and Teacher. He has written Christian Ethics (Philadelphia, 1875); Key to the Gospels (New York, 1877); Practical Logic (Philadelphia, 1881); Christ's Trumpet Call to the Ministry (New York, 1896); The Church in America and its Baptisms of Fire (in collaboration with S. B. Halliday, 1896); and The Crime of Christendom (Philadelphia, 1900).
GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT: English mathematician; b. at Yaxley (13 m. n. of Hunting­don), Huntingdonshire, Jan. 29, 1774; d. at Wool­wich (7 m. e.s.e. of St. Paul's, London) Feb. 2, 1841. He received his training under Richard Weston, the Leicester botanist, and in 1796 settled in Cambridge, where he devoted himself chiefly to tutorial work. In 1802 he became mathematical master at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and in 1807 professor of mathematics there, a position which he held till 1838. He was editor of the Gentleman's Diary 1802 19, and of the Ladies' Diary 1819 40. He published a number of

Grellet THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 78

Qriesbach

books on astronomy, mathematics, and mechan­

ics, and three noteworthy works of religious inter­

est, viz., Letters to a Friend on the Evidences, Doc­

trines, and Duties of the Christian Religion (2 vols.,

London, 1811; 9th ed.in Bohn's Standard Library,

1851); Memoirs of . . John Mason Good (1828);

and A Brief Memoir of the Rev. Robert Hall (pre­

fixed to an edition of Hall's Works, 1832; printed

separately, 1833).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. Knight, English Cycfopadia: Biography,

iii. 193 194, 27 vols., London, 18W70; DNB, mi. 103.

GRELLET, grel"15', STEPHEN (Etienne de Grellet

du Xabillier): Missionary of the Society of Friends;

b. at Limoges (88 m. w. of Clermont), France, Nov.

2, 1773; d. at Burlington, N. J., Nov. 16, 1855.

The son of a wealthy French nobleman, he attended

the military college at Lyons and at seventeen en­

tered the body guard of Louis XVI. During the

Revolution he and his brothers were captured and

sentenced to be shot. He escaped to Demerara in

1793, came to New York in 1795, and joined the So­

ciety of Friends. He preached extensively in the

United States and Canada, also in Haiti, and made

four visits to Europe, preaching in England, France,

Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Greece, and

Italy. He enlisted the friendship of Alexander I.

of F assia and induced him to introduce into the

Russian schools Biblical selections prepared by

himself and his friend, W. Allen. He also preached

before Pope Pius VII. and urged Protestantism

upon him. In 1834, on his return from a three

years' tour of Europe, he retired to Burlington.

On his missionary journeys he scrupulously de­

frayed all his expenses, being enabled to do so

through successful business ventures in New York

City.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. 8eebohm, Memoirs of Stephen Grellet,

Philadelphia, 1868.

GRENFELL, BERNARD PYNE: Church of Eng­

land layman; b. at Birmingham Dec. 16, 1869.

He was educated at Clifton College and Queen's

College, Oxford, where he bas been fellow since

1894, having already been Craven Fellow in 1893­

1894. Since 1895 he bas been excavator and joint

editor to the Greco Roman branch of the Egypt Ex­

ploration Fund (q.v.), and in this capacity has dis­

covered papyri of the utmost importance, including

the famous Logic Jeau. He has edited Revenue Laws

of Ptolemy Pha7adelphus (Oxford, 1896); An Alex­

andrian Erotic Fragment and other Greek Papyri,

chiefly Ptolemaic (1896); Uncanonical Gospel (1907)

and, in collaboration with A. S. Hunt, New Classical

Fragments and other Greek and Latin Papyri (Ox­

ford, 1897); Sayings of Our Lord (1897); Menander's

Georgos (1897); The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (5 parts,

London, 1898 1907); Fayum Towns and their Papyri

(1900); The Amherst Papyri (2 parts, 1899 1900);

The Tebtunia Papyri (2 parts, 1902 07); Greek

Papyri in the Cairo Museum (Cairo, 1903); New

Sayings of Jesus and a Fragment of a Lost Gospel

(London, 1904); The Hitch Papyri, i. (1906).

GRESSMANN, grAdman, HUGO: German Protes­

tant; b. at MSlln (17 m. s. of Ltibeck) Mar. 21, 1877.

He was educated at the universities of Greifswald,

Gottingen, Marburg, and Kiel (Ph.D., Gottingen,

1900), and since 1902 has been privet docent for

Old Testament exegesis and Syriac at the Univer­sity of Kiel. He bas written Ueber die in Jesaia 56 66 vorausgesetzten zeitgesehichtlichen Verhaltnisse (Gottingen, 1899); Studien zu Eusebs Theophanie (Leipsie, 1903); Uraprwieg der israelitischizldischen Eschatologie (Gottingen, 1905); and Des Evangel­ium Markus (1907; in collaboration with E. Klos­termann).
GRESWELL, EDWARD: English chronologist and harmonist; b. at Denton (5 m. e.s.e. of Man­chester), Lancashire, Aug. 3, 1797; d. at Oxford June 29, 1869. He was educated at Brasenose College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A., 1819; M.A., 1822; B.D., 1830), and was a fellow of Corpus Christi College 1823 69 and vice presi­dent of the college 1840 69. He took part in the controversy precipitated by the appointment, in 1836, of Renn Dickson Hampden to the regius pro­fessorship of divinity at Oxford; but otherwise his life at Oxford was uneventful. Some of his works are of high value, the most important being: Dims sertations upon the Principles and Arrangement of a Harmony of the Gospels (3 vols., Oxford, 1830; 2d ed., 4 vole. in 5, 1837); Harmonica evangelica (1830; 5th ed., 1855); An Exposition of the Parables (5 vols. in 6, 1834 35); Prolegomena ad harmoniam evangelicam (1840); Fasti temporis catholici aged origines kalendarite (4 vols., 1852), followed by two volumes of Fables (1852); Origines Kalendarim Italics (4 vols., 1854); Oraginea Kalendarid Hel­lenicts (6 vols., 1862); and The Three Witnesses, and the Threefold Cord (London, 1862).