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45 Thailand has recently released 10 first publicly available Defence White Paper and Malaysia is eonsideiing doing likewise Balcman S. & MeCaflne J MCSBMs in Asia Pacific: Challenges, Prospects and Rains Implications Issues m Maritime Studies. DPUBS. I5SI4/9.5. (i 911
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s 1 Cordner, op eit. p 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ball D & Horner D. ledsl Slmtegit Studies in a Changing Wail,/ Global Reciaimi ami Australian Perspectives Suatcgic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra. 1992 Ball D. Strmegh Culture in tin Ufa Ra, id, Region WoriungPapei No 270, Strategic and Defence Studies' Centre, ANU. Canberra. April 1991 Booth K. Navies and Foreign Rains Croom and Helm. London, 1977 Booth K. Gin. /-,,,,, ,1,1,/ Diplomacy at Sea Allen A [fowin London. (985 K.il'lsige R. A Balcman S (cdsi Maritime Change: Issues tor Asm Allen & Unwin. Sydney I'm ; Ball D A Dow nes c icdsi Security and Defence: Rmdit and Global Perspectives. Allen a Unwin, Sydney, 1991. Ball I). A Horner D. ledsr Sirategn Studies in ,1 ('liuiiKinit World, Global Recount and \11stHilnm I'nsp,, uses Su.ilegie and Defence Studies Centre, ANT'. Canberra, 1992 Baleinan S. 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ADFA, Canberra. 1993 Sherwood, D (ed) Maritime Ptrwtr in the China Seas Capabilities mill Rationale Australian Defence Studies Centre. ADFA. Canberra. 1994. Sherwood, D. ted) Operational and let analogical Developments m Marltink Warfare: Imputations tor the IRatnti Pactfh Strategic and Delenee Studies Ccnlic. C.inlierTa. (994. Sherwood, l> ffu Nav\ and National Security: Tht P Dimension. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. Canberra. 1994. Till G Maritime Strategy and the Nudeai \ge. MacMillan Press, London, 1984 en (I Modem Sen Power Afl Introduction Bnsseys Defence Publishers, London, \9EJ mi Q (ed) Seapowet Theory and Pructice Prank CSss, Essex, 1994 Vrtkles Ahes I) \ Strategy Ebi die Indian and Pacific Oceans. Pacifu Defence Reporti t October 1983. Ball Di D esc \p a milestone in insttrunonalized dialogue. A- rtiR 1994 Annual Reference Edition. December 1994. Baker AD The Justification fee Naval Forces. Naval Forces. inn nullum,it i,mini far Maritime Powei No V7J993. 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Holloway N A Molletl S Cracks in the \rinour im Eastern Etnnmiii, Review. May 2. 1998 Jennings I1 Austrahas Strategic Outlook: Growing Regional Complexity two/'u. in. Deem, Repartee March/April 1996 Larson D.I., & Roth MAV The Law ol the Sea and M.uiiuue Strategy Marine Policy. Vol 13, Nov July 1989 MeCaltne J Strategic Implications Ibl Ausu.ih.ui and the Region Of Developinenls in Maritime Power in fast. Soiilheasi and South Asia Journal oj At vvsualian Naval Institute Novembet 1993 MeGullagh T.J Ihe Impael ot the M.i|,u l:\lenial Powers on Ihe Security ol Southeast Asia Defenct Emee Journal No 99 Canberra, March/April W93 Mediansky F. Security Cooperation III Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands: An Australian Perspective Journal "I tht Sustrattan Naval Institute May 1990 Preston a The indoncsian Navy m the 1990s. Asian Defence Journal. Kuala I.uinpiir. Malaysia. July I'WI. Robertson B Security Cooperation in Asia Pacifit Naval Instituh Proceedings March 1996. Saw D. 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Sydney l'W| 44 July/September 1997 1 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Corfu Incident HM Ships Saumarez and Volage in the Corfu Straits 22 October 1946 Graham Wilson I n a shady grove on the Greek island of Corfu is a small, well tended cemetery. There are twelve headstones and a memorial stone in the cemetery. The inscriptions on the stones are in English and each bears the anchor of the Royal Navy. This is the British Cemetery and the headstones, dating front 194b. commemorate 44 sailors of the Royal Navy who lost their lives 50 years ago as a result of attempts by Albania, one of the more bizarre regimes of recent limes, to establish its pre-eminence in the region. The 12 headstones mark the graves of 12 sailors, while the memorial stone commemorates 52 others whose bodies were never recovered. Corfu, a Greek owned island, lies just off the Albanian coast, separated from its neighbour by a narrow passage of water known as the Corfu Straits. Quiet today, fifty years ago. the channel was a scene of devastation and tragedy as two destroyers of the Royal Navy unknowingly stumbled into a mine field sown by Communist Albania in contravention of international law and custom. Albania is an ancient country, once a bastion of the Roman Empire, then for centuries a vassal state of the Oltomon Empire. Emerging as an independent state from the First Balkan War. the country was a battle ground during the First World War. being occupied at various times by Austro-Hungarians. Serbs. French and Italians. The Italians, who had long had territorial claims on Albania, remained until I920 when they were forced to depart by a combination of Albanian protest and foreign pressure. Ahmed Beg Zogu seized power in 1925 and was installed as the first president. In 1928. he assumed the title of King Zog I and ruled the country as a relatively benign despot for eleven years. Zog married a Hungarian countess in I958 and his best man was the Italian Count Ciano who, on his return to Italy, advised his father-in-law. Mussolini, that ltidy should annex Albania. This was duly done and Zog was expelled from his country which then became a province of the Italian Empire. When Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1945. the Germans moved in to occupy Albania. Various resistance groups struggled against the occupiers and against each other. Eventually, the Communist National Liberation Front under the control of Enver Hoxha gained supremacy over the other groups and when the Germans were driven out in 1944. Hoxha whs installed as head of government. I'nder Communist rule. Albania became a closed police state, introverted, xenophobic nationalistic and with a political system built around an intense personality cult centred on Hoxha. In 1946. no more than a year alter the end of die war and little over two years from the establishment of the new state. Albania became involved in a dispute with the United Kingdom over free passage of the seas. The dispute centred around the Corfu Straits, the narrow stretch of water which separated the Greek island of Corfu from the Albanian mainland. This passage had traditionally provided free passage for all peaceful shipping hut Albania now claimed it as territorial waters and demanded the right ol controlling shipping in the Straits. Compounding the problem was the fact that the Corfu Straits had been heavily mined during the recent war. A narrow channel had been swept but this passed within 125km of the Albanian port of Saranda. Ships sailing the Corfu Straits therefore had to enter waters which were indisputably Albanian, making the question of free passage extremely blurred. In the lace of Albanian posturing and protestations, the British government decided to clarify the matter and gave the job to the Royal Navy, hoping to establish by precedent the rule of maritime law. On 15 May. 1946. the cruisers Orion and Superb entered the Straits from the south and proceeded up the mine free channel. When they passed close to Saranda. Albanian shore batteries fired on the iwo ships, which were, luckily, undamaged and which did not return lire. A British note of protest to the Albanian government, demanding an apology, was answered with the statement that the ships were lired on as they were unidentilied and acting aggressively in Albanian waters. Needless to say. no apology accompanied the Albanian reply. Britain now decided to send a special naval force through ihe straits, apparently with Ihe intention of provoking an attack which could then be used to condemn Albania before the world. In late October, the special force, consisting of the cruisers Mauritius and LiandtT and Ihe destroyers Saumarex and Volage gathered at Corfu harbour. The force was under the command of Rear Admiral H.R.G. Kinahan. Hying his Hag aboard Mauritius Julv/Seplemher / W Yüklə 1,33 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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