Subject and Predicate:
When we make a sentence, we name a person or thing and say something about that person or thing. The part that names a person or thing in a sentence is called the ‘subject’. It can be a word or a group of words. The part that tells something about the subject is called the ‘’Predicate’. It contains the ‘Verb. The predicate can be a word or a group of words.
Eg subjects Birds, The poor woodcutter, A little girl in a pink Frock
Eg Predicate Fly, Lost his car, Went running, Down the street.
PHRASE:
A group of words that makes some sense, but not complete is called a phrase. Eg at five O’clock, for twenty rupees
A sentence contains a verb. A phrase does not have a verb in it. A phrase neither has a subject nor a predicate. We can change a phrase into a sentence by adding verb and other words to it. EG: seema bought a sharpener ‘for twenty ruppes’
NOUNS:
Are the names of people, places, animals and things. Nouns that are used to name general things (rather than a particukar person or thing) are called common nouns EG: fish, table, bottle.
Some nouns are the names of particular or special people or things. These are called ‘proper nouns’and are written with the capital letter at the beginning. EG Vikram, October, Chennai
Some nouns are the names we use for collection of things. These are collective nouns. EG flock of birds, herd of cattle, bunch of grapes.
Nouns can be singular or plural
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Many plurals are made by simply adding’S’. Example field-fields, girl-girls.
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If the noun ends in s, sh, ch or x the plural is made by adding es eg: bus buses, bush bushes
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If the noun ends in a ‘y ‘ before which there is a consonant, the plural is made by changing y to ‘I’ and adding ‘es’eg: fairy- fairies, city-cities.
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In the noun ends in ý’before which there is a vowel (a e I o u) the plural is made by simply adding ‘s’eg: monkey-monkeys, toy-toys
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If the noun ends in f, change the ‘f’to ‘v’and add és’eg: loaf-loaves, leaf-leaves. However , some simply takes ‘s’ eg: roof-roofs, chief-chiefs
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Some nouns have an irregular plural. Eg: foot-feet, goose-geese, man-men
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Possessives: the possessive of a singular noun is fixed by adding an apostrophe and ‘s’at the end of the word. No letters are changed or left out from the original word. Eg: the lady’s car (the lady owns a car)
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The possessive of a plural noun ending in ‘s’is formed by adding an apostrophe. Eg: horses-horses’manes, ladies-ladies’cars.
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The possessive of a plural noun not ending in ‘s’is formed by adding an apostrophe and ‘s’. eg: children-chilfren’s, men-men’s.
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Term of address are the nouns we use when we refer to or address certain people. Eg: Mr. Anand, Doctor Nair, Captain Viz.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS:
There are two numbers in the English language – singular and plural. Singular noun refers to one person place or thing. Eg: packet, thief, chairman. Plural noun refers to more than one person, place or thing. We add an s to most words that mean more than one. Eg: book-books, pencil-pencils, eraser-erasers.
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If a noun ends in ‘s’, ‘x’, ‘sh’, or çh’, the plural is formed by adding és’to the singular. Eg: bus-buses, fox-foxes, wish-wishes, bunch-bunches.
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If a noun ends in ý’, and the ý’ is preceded by a consonant, the plural is formed by changing ý’into íes’. Eg: navy-navies, body-bodies, baby-babies.
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If a noun ends in ý’and the ý’is precede by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding ‘s’to the singular. Eg: toy-toys, valley-valleys, monkey-monkeys
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If a noun ends in ‘f’or ‘fe’, sometimes the plural is formed by changing ‘f’or ‘fe’ into ‘ves’. Eg: calf-calves, leaf-leaves, life-lives.
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If a noun ends in ó, sometimes the plural is formed by adding és’. Eg: potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, mosquito-mosquitoes.
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Some nouns do not change in the plural. Eg: deer, sheep, aircraft.
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The plural of some nouns are formed in an irregular manner. Eg: ox-oxen, goose-geese, foot-feet.
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The plurals of some compound nouns are formed by ading’s’to the principal word. Eg: daughter-in-law-------- daughters-in-law.
GENDER:
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A noun that refers to a male is said to be of the masculine gender. Eg: duke, drake, fox, uncle
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A noun that refers to a female is said to be of the feminine gender. Eg: duchess, duck, viken, aunt
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A noun that refers to both male and female is said to be of the common gender. Eg: parent, relation, child, person.
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A noun that refers to a living or non-living thing which is neither male nor female is aid to be of the neuter gender, eg: table, valley, book, tree.
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Certain words in the masculine can be changed into the feminine by adding a suffix. Eg: giant-giantess, hero-heroine, host-hostess.
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In some words the masculine can be changed into the feminine by adding ess after dropping the vowel of the masculine. Eg: lion-lioness, hunter-huntress, tiger-tigress
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In some cases the feminine is formed by using an entirely different word. Eg: father-mother, cock-hen, nephew-niece,Mr-Mrs
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In some nouns, the feminine is formed by changing the suffix. Eg: grandson-granddaugter, landlord-landlady.
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We use the possessive ‘s’or s’form of nouns in relation to people and most animals. It is generally not used for noun that name things. Eg: the girl’s dress but we say: the color of the book (and not the book’s color)
VERBS:
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Action verbs are word that express a concrete actions. They are common in spoken language and in the writing of young children. Eg: work, run, sit, eat, jumps.
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Saying verbs express a spoken action. Eg: talk, tell, said, sauggested, yelled.
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Some verbs do not express a concrete action. They express actions that happen mentally, such as feelings, ideas, thoughts or attitudes. These can be called ‘thinking and feeling verbs’! they are common in arguments, narratives and descriptions (but not scientific descriptions, which are objective). Eg: I like vikas, I understand, Bharti believed the story.
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Some verbs tell us about what things are and what they have. These are ‘being and having verbs’. They are common in all kind of descriptions. Eg: Rohit is a good swimmer, Ali has the answer, they are here.
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Am, is, are, have and do also act as auxiliaries (or helping verbs) for doing, thinking and feeling verbs. Eg: Rohit is swimming. Meera and Sita are eating.
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Verbs not only express actions; they also tell us the time of actions. The tense of a verb tells us when the action is, was, or will be carried out. The three main tenses are past, present and future.
PRESENT TENSE:
Refers to actions that are happening now, at this moment. Eg: she is walking along the road.
PAST TENSE:
Refers to actions that happened in the past, a few second sgo or years ago. Eg: she walked along the road
FUTURE TENSE:
Refers to actions which will happen in the future, in a few second or in a few years. Eg: she will walk along the road
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT:
They are generally quick to identify at times when the verb does not agree with the subject in number. If the subject is plural, a plural verb is required. Eg: the girls like ice-cream
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If a subject is singular, a singular verb is required. Eg: the girl likes ice-cream.
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We use verbs to say what people and things do. Verbs are doing words. Eg: Pandora opened the box, the children ate all the chocolates.
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Sometimes we use more than one word for a verb. Eg: the tailor was stitching clothes, A bee is sitting on the yellow flower.
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Some verbs like is, am, are, was and where do not express actions, they just say that people or things are something. Eg: Reema is a girl, Crows are black.
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To find the subject of a verb, ask who are what did something. Or is doing something. The answer is the subject. Eg: Tom kicked the ball. Who kicked the ball? The answer is Tom, so Tom is the subject.
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When the subject is singular, the verb also has to be singular. Eg: Sachin Tendulkar is a professional cricketer
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When the subject is plural, the verb has to be plural. Eg: the girls were prcatising for the match in the stadium.
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Two or more singular subjects joined by and require a plural verb. Eg: Sachin Tendulkar and Saurav Ganguly are professional cricketers.
VERB SUBJECT AND OBJECT:
In some sentence the verb has a subject and an object. To find the subject, ask who or what before the verb. To find the object, ask who or what after the verb. Eg: Mike kick the ball. Who kicked the ball? The answer is Mike, so ‘Mike”is the subject. What was kicked by Mike? The answer is the ball. So the ‘ball’ is the object.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB:
A verb is called ‘transitive’when it is followed by an object. The action denoted by the verb passes over from the doer or subject to an object. Eg: heila knitted a sweater. (a sweater is the object of the verb knitted)
I boiled an egg. (an egg is the object of the verb boiled).
A verb is called íntransitive’when it has no object. The action does not pass over to an object. The sentence is complete without an object. Eg: arun spoke softly. The film begins at 8 P.M.
TENSES:
The tense of a verb indicates the time (present, past, future) when an action happens, has happened or will happen. Eg: I have a few coins in my purse today. (present tense), I had a few coins in my purse yesterday (past tense), I will have a few coins in my purse tomorrow (future tense). A verb can be changed from the present to the past tense. Eg: catch-caught, give-gave.
ADDING ING:
Many verbs change when ing is added to them. Eg: give-giving, run-running, die-dying, buy-buying, arrive-arriving, shut-shutting, tie-tying, go-going, shine-shining, grin-grinning, lie-lying, carry-carrying, write-writing, spon-spinning, dye-dying, blow-blowing.
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The simple present tense is used to express habitual action or to state universal facts. Eg: I drink tea every morning, birds fly.
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The present continuous tense is used to express an action going on at the time of speaking. Eg: Mala is dancing, Suresh is flying a kite.
ARTICLES:
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There are three articles á’ án’ ‘the’. Articles can be either definite on indefinite. One should be able to identify definite and indefinite articles.
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The is called definite articles. It refers to a particular person or thing. A and an are indefinite articles. They do not refer to a particular person or thing. They refer to any one of a group of things.
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An is used instead of a before words that begin with a vowel (a e I o u) an is also used before words that begins with silent h. eg: an artist, an eagle, an hour, but a hotel.
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We use a before words that begin with a consonant sound. Eg: there is a fax machine in the office. An opera is a musical play in which all the words are sung. Some words may begin with a vowel but have a consonant sound. In such cases we use a before the word. Eg: a unicorn is an imaginary animals which looks like a horse. In this case, the pronounciation of u is yu and y is a consonant.
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Some words may begin with a consonant but may have a vowel sound. Eg: the green grocer is an honest man. (h is silent, so the word honest begin with the vowel sound of o)
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A and an are called indefinite articles. When we talk about something for the first time we use an inefinite article. If we talk about it again, we use the. Eg: Rohit is going with his classmates on a trip to gir forest. They have to give rs 700 for the trip.
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The is called definite article. The definite article is used when we talk about a particular thing. Eg: the queen of England lives in the Buckingham palace.
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The is also used when we wish to use a noun to represent a whole class. Eg: the fox is a cunning animal. The neem tree is very useful.
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We do not use the when we talk of things in general. (all lions or all trains)
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We do not use the before proper nouns unless the noun is the name of something unique like the Himalayas
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We use the before some proper nouns. It is used before the names of mountain ranges the Everest, the Andes
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Oceans and seas the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian Sea.
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Rivers the Thames, the Nile.
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Famous monuments the Victoria memorial, the Eiffel tower
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Certain books and newspapers the Quran, the Khallej times
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Things that are only one of their kind the Jupter, the Moon
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Gulfs and bays the Persian gulf, the Hudson bay.
PRONOUNS:
One should understand that we use pronouns to take place of nouns. By using pronouns we can talk about people or thing without repeatedly naming them. This helps to prevent our language from becoming disjointed because of too much repetition. Without pronouns we would have to write: Rahul said that Rahul could not come to my house because Rahul’s father was taking Rahul out. One can quickly see the need for pronouns once one ead this. There are three different types of pronouns.
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Personal pronouns: all pronouns stand for one of three persons. First person ie the person speaking. Eg: I, me, we, us. Second person ie the person spoken to. Eg: you, yours. Third person the person spoken of / about. Eg: he, she, it, they.
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Possessive pronouns: these pronouns show possession or ownership. Eg: the book is ‘his’
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Reflexive pronouns: are used when the action done by the subject turns back or reflects upon the subjects. Some reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, yourselves and themselves. Eg: I hurt myself.
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An emphatic pronoun is used with a noun or pronoun. It is used for the sake of emphasis. Some emphatic pronouns are myself, himself, yourself, herself, yourselves, itself, ourselves, themselves. Eg: she herself saw it happening.
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Problematic pronoun: its/ it’s. its is a pronoun that means belonging to it. It’s is not a pronoun. It is an abbreviation of it is. I / me sometimes it is difficult to decide when to use I or me in a sentence. If in doubt divide the sentence into two short sentences. Eg: Rohan is going to the circus. I am going to the circus. So the correct usage is, Rohan and I are going to the circus. Mona told Jayesh to get some apples. Mona told me to get some apples. So the correct usage is Mona told Jayesh and me to get some apples.
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Pronouns are of different kinds personal, possessive, relative, reflexive and emphatic. There are three forms of personal pronouns.
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When a pronoun is used as the subject of the verb, it is said to be the nominative case. Eg: she gave me your pencil. She is subject of the verb. It answers the question who gave me your pencil?
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When a pronoun is used as the object of the verb, it is said to be in the objective case. Me is the object of the verb. It answers the question whom did she give the pencil to?
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When a pronoun denotes possession it is said to be in the possessive case. Your is the possessive case. It answers the question whose pencil?
SINGULAR CHART:
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Subject
|
Object
|
Possessive
|
I
|
Me
|
My
|
You
|
you
|
Your
|
He
|
Him
|
His
|
She
|
Her
|
Her
|
it
|
It
|
its
|
PLURAL CHART:
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Subject
|
Object
|
Possessive
|
We
|
us
|
Our
|
You
|
You
|
Your
|
They
|
Them
|
their
|
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A pronoun used to express possession or ownership is known as possessive pronoun. Mine, his, theirs, ours, yours, hers, and its are possessive pronoun. Eg: that red brick house is ‘theirs’, I think that suitcase is ýours’
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A relative pronoun refers to or relates to a noun used earlier in the sentence. Eg: Mamta has found the pen ‘which’she had lost. (which stands for pen)
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Reflexive and emphatic pronoun always ends in self (or selves in the plural)
ADJECTIVES:
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Are words that tell us more about nouns or pronouns by describing them, adding detail or refining their meaning. students should also come to understand that a completely different picture can be produced by changing the adjective in a sentence. Eg: the resentful girl showed the cranky lady the photograph. The bright girl showed the angry lady the photograph. Eg: a nice day, a sunny day.
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Adjectives can change their form to indicate degree of comparison. The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative and superlative. Eg: Farah is a strong girl (positive degree) Rama is stronger than Farah (comparative) Maya is the strongest of the three (superlative)
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Determiners are words which qualify the nouns that follow. Words like some, any, much and many are determiners
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Ajectives change is form to show comparison. These forms are called degree of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison.
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The positive degree of an adjective is the simplest form of the adjectives. No comparison is made in the positive degree. Eg: a sweet girl, a muddy field, a beautiful rose.
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The comparative degree is used when we compare two people or things. We add er to the most adjectives to form their comparative degree. However, for longer words we write ‘more’before the adjectives. Eg: a sweeter girl, a muddier field, a more beautiful rose.
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The superlative degree is the highest degree of quality. It is used when we compare more than two people or things. It is formed by adding ést’to the adjective or writing ‘most’before the adjective. Eg: the sweetest girl, the muddiest field, the most beautiful rose.
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The degree of some adjectives can be changed by adding ér’or ést’without changing their spellings. Eg: tall-taller-tallest, small-smaller-smallest
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If the adjective ends in é’drop the é’and add ér’or ést’. Eg: large-larger-largest, safe-safer-safest
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If the adjectives ends in ý’and there is a consonant before ý’, the y changes ti I before adding er or est. eg: heavy-heavier-heaviest, easy-easier-easiest
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In some adjectives the last letter is doubled before adding er or est. eg: big-bigger-biggest, thin-thinner-thinnest.
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The comparative degree of adjectives of two syllables or more is formed by adding more and their superlative degree is formed by adding most. Eg: honest-more honest-most honest, beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful.
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The positive, comparative and superlative degrees of some adjectives are completely different from each other. Eg: good-better-best, bad-worse-worst, little-less-least.
DETERMINERS:
Are words which qualify the nouns that follow. These nouns can be names of objects that we can count. They are called countable nouns. Eg: pencil, orange, brother.
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Some nouns are the names of objects that we cannot count. Such nouns are called uncountable nouns. Eg: milk, sugar, sand. Words like some, any, much, and many are determiners.
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Some is used in affirmative sentences with countable and uncountable nouns. Eg: some men are born great. (men-countable) there is some coffee left in the kettle (coffee-uncountable)
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Any is used in negative and interrogative sentences with countable and uncountable nouns. Eg: have you got any book? (book-countable) I did not give him any money (money-uncountable)
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Any is also used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. Eg: she will pay any price for it.
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Many denotes great number, while much denotes quantity. Many is used with countable nouns while much is used with uncountable nouns. Eg: many people went to see the match. There isn’t much water in the tank.
ADVERBS:
Is a word that adds meaning to a verb, adjective or another adverb. Eg: the sun shone ‘brightly’, Priya is very ‘kind’, Anita sang ‘fairly’well. There are three main types of adverbs.
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Adverbs of place: these are used to show where something happens. Eg: above, behind, below, upstairs, outside, near, everywhere
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Adverbs of time: these are used to show when something happens. Eg: soon, later, yesterday, today, often, seldom, never, already, now, then.
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Adverbs of manner: these are used to show how something happens. Eg: quietly, furiously, helpfully, softly, gently and noisily.
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Some adverbs look like adjectives. You can tell they are adverbs if they add meaning to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. If they add meaning to a noun, they are adjectives. Eg: Wasim Akram is a ‘fast’bowler (adjective), Jeevan cannot walk fast (adverb)
Note: most adverbs of manner are formed by adding ‘ly’to an adjective. Eg: slow-slowly, quiet-quietly, neat-neatly.
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS:
Prepositions are words that show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun with another word in a sentence. Eg: the kitten is on the chair. Problematic prepositions: among / between: something is shared between two people and among several people (three or more) eg: I shared the cake ámong’the whole class, I could see no difference ‘between’the twin.
In / into: in shows position in one place. Into shows movement from one place to another. Eg: the teacher is ín’the room, the boy dived ínto’the river.
Beside / besides: beside means at the side of. Besides means in addition to. Eg: the teacher stood ‘beside’the table, several girls were there ‘besides’ Rupa.
PREPOSITIONS OR ADVERBS:
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To tell whether the word is a preposition or an adverb, look at the way it is used. Eg: I fell ‘down’. I walked ‘down’the road. Down in the first sentence is an adverb of place. It tells where I fell. Down in the second sentence is a preposition showing the position of the subject
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Remember that prepositions usually has a noun or pronoun after it.
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Some commonly used prepositions are in, from, over, under, below, beside, for, at, by, of, off, out, on, through and within.
CONJUNCTIONS:
Are words that are used to join words, group of words or sentences. Eg: we did not come. We were ill. We did not come because we were ill. Some commonly used conjunctions are and, or, but, if, because, sincde, unless, until, till, though, although and yet.
PUNCTUATION: means the correct use of the various marks in writing so as to make the meaning of a sentence or a passage clear. A comma represents the shortest pause. It is used to separate words in a list.
A QUICK RECAP:
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Noun is a word that’s used to name a person, place, thing or idea
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Verb: word that expresses action
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Adjectives modifies noun
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Adverbs modifies a verb, adjective or adverb
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Preposition notes the relation of a noun to an action or thing
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Phrase is a group of words acting as a single parts of speech.
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A phrase is missing either a subject or verb or at times both
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Prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition.
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Pronoun words that takes place of a noun
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Clause is a group of words that contains subject and a verb.
Because she (pronoun reference to noun) was famished/very hungry/ starving, Sue (dependent clause) ‘quickly opened the big box of chocolates’ (indepent clause: contains the main idea of the sentence and complete in itself).
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Sue
|
Quickly
|
Opened
|
The
|
Big
|
Box
|
Of
|
chocolates
|
Noun
|
Adverb
|
Verb
|
Article
|
Adjective
|
Noun
|
Preosition
|
Prepositional phrase
|
A GLANCE AT THE STANDARD ERRORS:
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Pronoun errors: two types (a) pronoun reference and (b) pronoun number ie singular or plural.
Rumy and Sweety went Dining but she couldn’t find anything she liked. Who she? (Rumi or Sweety) three possible solutions
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But Rumi couldn’t find anything she liked
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But sweety couldn’t find anything she liked
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But they couldn’t find anything they liked
This was an example of pronoun reference.
The average IPL spectator expects to see at least 150 runs per inning, and they are seldom disappointed.
No reference error as they clearly refers to the average IPL spectator. Then what is the error? Error of pronoun number. Average IPL spectator is singular and they is plural which cannot replace the singular noun. Correct approach would be and he is seldom disappointed.
SOME COMMON PRONOUNS:
Singular
|
Plural
|
Either
|
I, me
|
We, us
|
Any
|
He, him
|
They, them
|
You
|
She, her
|
These
|
Who
|
You
|
those
|
Which
|
It
|
|
What
|
Each
|
|
that
|
Another
|
|
|
One
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
Such
|
|
|
Mine
|
|
|
Yours
|
|
|
His, hers
|
|
|
Ours
|
|
|
This
|
|
|
Either
|
|
|
Neither
|
|
|
Each
|
|
|
Everyone
|
|
|
Everybody
|
|
|
Nobody
|
|
|
No one
|
|
|
So every time you spot a pronoun, you should immediately ask yourself the following two questions:
-
Is it completely clear, who or what the pronoun is referring to?
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Does the pronoun agree in number with the noun it is referring to?
While Bahubali has smashed all domestic box office records this year, they still lag well behind the Hollywood collections.
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This year, they still lag well behind the Hollywood collections
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In the past year, they still lag well behind the Hollywood collections
-
In the past year, it lags still well behind the Hollywood collections
-
This year, they lag still well behind the Hollywood collections
-
This year, it still lags well behind the Hollywood collections.
Explanation: pronoun they. Who they? Bahubali. Is Bahubali plural? No it is a name of movie. So error detected. Now rectification (among the answer choices struck of all the options with they) you are down to c and e. c is ruled out since the advers still is after the verb wheras it should be before verb, hence correct answer is E.
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Error of misplaced modifier / correct positioning of the modifier: coming out of the flight, Vicky’s Mobile was stolen
A MODIFYING PHRASE FOLLOWED BY A COMMA. TO CORRECT IT MAKE SURE THAT WHAT COMES AFTER THE COMMA IS MODIFIED BY WHAT COMES BEFORE IT.
When a sentence begins with a participle phrase (fancy term for a phrase that starts with a verb ending in íng’ ie Gerund) that phrase is supposed to modify the noun or pronoun immediately following it.
Was the mobile coming out of the flight? No. two possible solutions either change the second half so that noun / pronoun that comes after the participle phrase is actually what the phrase is supposed to refer to.
Coming out of the flight, Vicky was robbed of his mobile
OR
Change the first half of the sentence into an adverbial clause (which contains its own subject) so that it is no longer necessary for the first half of the sentence to modify the noun that follows it.
As Vicky was coming out of the flight, his mobile was stolen.
OTHER FORMS OF MISPLACED MODIFIER:
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Participial phrases preceded by a preposition.
-
On leaving the flight, Vicky’s mobile was stolen
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On leaving the flight Vicky was robbed of his wallet.
-
Adjectives:
-
Frail and weak, the heavy wagon could not be budged by the old horse.
-
Frail and weak, the old horse could not budge the heavy wagon.
-
Adverbial phrase:
-
An organization long devoted to the cause of children, the ‘Bachpan Bachao Aandolan was awarde the prize by the committee.
In each of these examples, the modifying phrase modified the wrong noun or pronoun.
HOW TO LOCATE A MISPLACED MODIFIER:
When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase that’s followed by a comma, the noun or pronoun right after the comma should be what the phrase is referring to. Everytime you see a sentence that begins with a modifying phrase, ensure that it modifies the right noun or pronoun.
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Written in 1917, Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay scored a Romantic it with his Bengali novel, Devdas.
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Written in 1917, Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay scored a Romantic it with his Bengali novel, Devdas.
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Written in 1917, Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay scored a romantic hit with Devdas, his Bengali novel
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Witten in 1917, devdas the the Bengali novel by Shratchandra Chattopadhyay was a romantic hit
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Devdas, which was written in 1917 by Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay, scored a romantic hit with his Bengali novel
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Devdas, the Bengali novel, scored a romantic hit gor Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay by it being written In 1917.
EXPLANATION:
Does the sentence begin with a modifying phrase? Yes. Is it modifying what it is supposed to? No. “Sharat Chandra chattopadhyay”, is not what was written in 1917. This is a misplaced modifier.
RECTIFICATION:
A, b ruled out. Is there any answer choices which changes the noun that follows the modifying phrase? Yes. Answer choice c which indeed is the right answer. D and E contain awkward constructions.
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Error of sequential construction: a sentence that contains a list, or has a series of actions set off from one another by a comma. Eg: Among the reason cited for the congress debacle in the 2014 lok sabha elections were the high cost of a campaign, the lack of support from the party, and desiring to spend less time with the grass root workers.
Three listed reasons (main verb)
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The high cost of a campaign
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Lack of support from the party
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The desire to spend less time with the grass root workers.
The second kind of sequential construction is a sentence that’s divided into two parts. Eg: To say that the winning patterns of Kapil’s team are less complex than those of the Dhoni’s team is doing a great disservice to both teams.
EXPLANATION:
Since the first half begins with to, therefore second half also has to begin with to (same way) –Thumb Rule.
“To say that the winning patterns of Kapil’s team are less complex than those of Dhoni’s team is to do a great disservice to both the teams”.
In a recent survey, the gallup poll discovered that the average American speaks 1.3 languages, buys a new car every 5.2 years, drinks 14 gallons of alcoholic beverages every year, and forgot to pay at least one bill per quarter.
How to solve? The first three verbs are all in the present tense but the fourth one is in the past tense (forgot instead of forgets) so any choice that contains forgot is wrong. (unless you are converting the other three to the past as well like spoke, bought, drank and forgot, this way also it will be perfectly correct)
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Error of absurd comparison: the students in my coaching are better prepared than other coachings. (students are to be compared with students and not with coachings)
HOW TO RECTIFY:
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The students in my coaching are better prepared that the students in other coachings
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