Banking wizard by pankaj gautam

TENSES:

1. 
   Simple present: also called present simple. The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for action that takes place one after another and for actions that are set by a time table or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.
   

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  Simple present form: be. Use: am with the personal pronoun II;
  
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  is with the personal pronouns be, she or it (or with the singular form of nouns)
  
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  are with the personal pronoun we, you or they (or with the plural forms of nouns) eg: I am hungry
  
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  have: use: have with the personal pronoun I, you, we and they (or with plural forms of nouns)
  
• 
  has with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) I have a dog / I have got a dog
  
• 
  Simple present affirmative: he speaks. N—he does not speak. Q—does he speak? Use—action in the present, taking place once, never or several times, --facts,-- actions taking place one after another,-- action set by a time table or schedule.
  
• 
  Signal words: always, every, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentence type I (if I talk)
  

2. 
   Present progressive: puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action i.e moment of speaking.
   

• 
  Used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuos.
  
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  A he is speaking. N – he is not speaking. Q – is he speaking?
  
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  Signal word—at the moment, just, just now, listen, look, now, right now.
  

3. 
   Simple past: an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for action taking place one after another or in the middle of another action. A he spoke. N—he did nor speak. Q—did he speak? Signal words: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday. If sentence type II ( if I talked)
   
4. 
   Past progressive: puts emphasis on the course of action in the past. Eg: he was playing footaball.
   

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  Two actions happening in the same time. Eg: while she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
  
• 
  Action going on at a certain time in the past: when I was having breakfast the phone suddenle rang.
  
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  A—he was speaking. N –he was not speaking. Q – was he speaking?
  
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  Signal words: when, while, as long as
  

5. 
   Present perfect simple: express an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present.
   

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  It puts emphasis on the result. I / you/ we / they; he / she / it.
  
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  A – I have spoken. He has spoken. N – I have not spoken. He has not spoken. Q – Have I spoken? Has he spoken?
  
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  Signal words: already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, upto now.
  

6. 
   Present perfect progressive: (continuous): express an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of action. I / you/ we/ they; he / she / it.
   

• 
  A – I have been speaking. He has been speaking. He has been speaking. N – I have not been speaking. He has not been speaking. Q – have I been speaking? Has he been speaking?
  
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  Signal words: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long, the whole week.
  

7. 
   Past perfect simple: an action taking place before a certain time in the past. No difference in form in first or 3^rd person.
   

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  A – I had spoken. N – I had not spoken. Q – Had I spoken?
  
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  Signal words: already, just, never, not yet, once, until, that day (with reference to the past, not present)
  

Before moving on 8^th tense let’s discuss conditional sentence, also known as conditional clause or if clause.

Type I: it is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple present, will – future. If I find her address, I’ll send her invitation.

Type II: it is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple past, conditional I (= would + infinitive) if I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Type III: it is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. If + past perfect, conditional II (=would + have + past participle) if I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

8. 
   Past perfect progressive: (past perfect continuous): puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.
   

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  A – he had been talking. N – he had not been talking. Q – had he been talking.
  
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  Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day.
  

9. 
   Future I simple: will
   

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  Expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.
  
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  A – I will speak. N – I will not speak. Q – will I speak?
  
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  Signal words: in a year, next…, tomorrow, I think, probably, perhaps
  

10. 
    Future I simple (going to): expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared. I / you/ we / they / he /she / it.
    

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  A – I am going to speak. You are going to speak. He is going to speak. N – I am not going to speak. You are not going to speak. He is not going to speak. Q –Am I going to speak? Are you going to speak? Is he going to speak?
  
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  Signal words: in one year, next week, tomorrow.
  

11. 
    Future I progressive / continuous: puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.
    

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  A – he will be talking. N—he will not be talking. Q – will he be talking.
  
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  Signal words: in one year, next week tomorrow.
  

12. 
    Future II simple: expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.
    

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  A – he will have talked. N – he will not have talked. Q – will he have talked?
  
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  Signal words: by Monday, in a week.
  

13. 
    Future II progressive: (continuous) puts emphasis on the course, duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.
    

• 
  Not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.
  
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  A – he will have been talking. N – he will not have been talking. Q – will he have been talking.
  
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  Signal words: for…., the last couple of hours, all day long.
  

14. 
    Conditional I simple: expresses an action that might take place.
    

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  A – he would talk. N – he would not talk. Q – would he talk?
  
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  If clause type II ( if I were you, I would go home)
  

15. 
    Conditional I progressive: (continuous): puts emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.
    

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  A – he would be talking. N – he would not be talking. Q – would he be talking?
  

16. 
    Conditional II simple: action that could have taken place in the past.
    

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  A – he would have spoken. N – he would not have spoken. Q – would he have spoken.
  
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  If clause type III ( if I had seen that, I would have helped)
  

17. 
    Conditional II progressive: puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the past.
    

1. 
   He would have been talking. N – he would not have been talking. Q – would he have been talking.
   

SIMPLE PAST, SIMPLE PRESENT AND FUTURE I SIMPLE:

Are moment in time.

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  Action that takes place once, never or several times.
  
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  Action that happens one after another
  
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  Actions that suddenly take place.
  

PAST PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE I PROGRESSIVE:

Are period of time:

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  Action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment
  
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  Actions taking place at the same time.
  

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, FUTURE II SIMPLE.

• 
  Are results
  
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  Action taking place before a cetain moment in time
  
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  Puts emphasis on the result.
  

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE II PROGRESSIVE :

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  Are course/ duration.
  
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  Action taking place before a certain moment in time
  
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  Puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action.
  

MOMENT IN TIME:

1. 
   Action that takes place once, never or several times.
   

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  Simple past: he played footaball every Tuesday
  
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  Simple present: he plays football every Tuesday
  
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  Future I simple: he will / is going to play football every Tuesday.
  

2. 
   Actions that happens one after another
   

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  Simple past: he played football and then he went home
  
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  Simple present: he plays football and then goes home
  
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  Future I simple: he will play football and then he will go home.
  

3. 
   State
   

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  Simple past: he loved football
  
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  Simple present: he loves football
  
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  Future I simple: he will love football.
  

PERIODS:

1. 
   Action going on at that moment
   

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  Past progressive: He was playing football
  
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  Simple present: he is playing football – present progressive
  
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  Future I progressive: he will be playing football
  

2. 
   Actions taking place at the same time
   

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  Past progressive: he was playing football and she was watching.
  
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  Present progressive: he is playing football and she is watching
  
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  Future I progressive: he will be playing football and she will be watching.
  

RESULTS:

1. 
   Action taking place before a certain moment in time. Emphasizes the result.
   

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  Past perfect simple: he had won five matches until that day
  
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  Present perfect simple: he has won five matches so far
  
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  Future II simple: he will have won five matches by then
  

DURATION:

1. 
   Action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond). Emphasis the duration
   

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  Past perfect progressive: he had been palying football for ten years
  
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  Present pefect progressive: he has been playing football for ten years
  
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  Future II progressive: he will have been playing football for ten years.
  

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:

Infinite	Simple past	Past participle
Alight	Alighted, alit	Alighted, alit
Arise	Arose	Arisen
Awake	Awoke, awaked	Awoken, awaked
Be	Was, were	Been
Beat	Beat	Beaten, beat
Bear	Bore	Borne, born
Become	Became	Become
Beget	Begot	Begotten
Begin	Began	Begun
Bend	Bent	Bent
Bereave	Bereaved, bereft	Bereaved, bereft
Beseech	Besought, beseeched	Besought, beseeched
Bet	Bet, betted	Bet, betted
Bid	Bade, bid	Bidden, bid, bade
Bide	Bade, bided	Bided
Bind	Bound	Bound
Bite	Bit	Bitten
Bleed	Bled	Bled
Bless	Blessed, blest	Blessed, blest
Blow	Blew	Blown
Break	Broke	Broken
Breed	Bred	Bred
Bring	Brought	Brought
Broadcast	Broad cast, broadcasted	Broad cast, broadcasted
Build	Built	Built
Burn	Burnt, burned	Burnt, burned
Burst	Burst	Burst
Bust	Bust, busted	Bust , busted
Buy	Bought	Bought
Can	Could	Kein (participle)
Cast	Cast	Cast
Catch	Caught	Caught
Choose	Chose	Chosen
Cleave	Cleft, cleaved, clove	Cleft, cleaved, cloven
Cling	Clung	Clung
Clothe	Clothed, clad	Clothed, clad
Come	Came	Come
Cost	Cost	Cost
Creep	Crept	Crept
Crow	Crowed	Crew, crowed
Cut	Cut	Cut
Deal	Dealt	Dealt
Dig	Dug	Dug
Do	Did	Done
Draw	Drew	Drawn
Dream	Dreamt, dreamed	Dreamt, dreamed
Drink	Drank	Drunk
Drive	Drove	Driven
Dwell	Dwelt, dwelled	Dwelt, dwelled
Eat	Ate	Eaten
Fall	Fell	Fallen
Feed	Fed	Fed
Feel	Felt	Felt
Fight	Fought	Fought
Find	Found	Found
Flee	Fled	Fled
Fling	Flung	Flung
Fly	Flew	Flown
Forbid	Forbad, forbade	Forbid, forbidden
Forecast	Forecast, forecasted	Forecast, forecasted
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten
Forsake	Forsook	Forsaken
Freeze	Froze	Frozen
Geld	Gelded, gelt	Gelded, gelt
Get	Got	Got, gotten
Gild	Gilded, gilt	Gilded, gilt
Give	Gave	Given
Gnaw	Gnawed	Gnawed, gnawt
Go	went	Gone
Grind	Ground	Ground
Grip	Gripped, gript	Gripped, gript
Grow	Grew	Grown
Hang	Hung	Hung
Have	Had	Had
Hear	Heard	Heard
Heave	Heaved, hove	Heaved, hove
Hew	Hewed	Hewed, hewn
Hide	Hid	Hidden, hid
Hit	Hit	Hit
Hold	Held	Held
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt
Keep	Kept	Kept
Kneel	Knelt, kneeled	Knelt, kneeled
Knit	Knitted, knit	Knitted, knit
Know	Knew	Known
Lay	Laid	Laid
Lead	Led	Led
Lean	Leant, leaned	Leant, leaned
Leap	Leapt, leaped	Leapt, leaped
Learn	Learnt, learned	Learnt, learned
Leave	Left	Left
Lend	Lent	Lent
Let	Let	Let
Lie	Lay	Lain
Light	Lit, lighted	Lit, lighted
Lose	Lost	Lost
Make	Made	Made
May	Might	(kein participle)
Mean	Meant	Meant
Meet	Met	Met
Melt	Melted	Molten, melted
Mow	Mowed	Mown, mowed
Pay	Paid	Paid
Pen	Pent, penned	Pent, penned
Plead	Pled, pleaded	Pled, pleaded
Prove	Proved	Proven, proved
Put	Put	Put
Quit	Quit, quitted	Quit, quited
Read	Read	Read
Rid	Rid, ridded	Rid, ridded
Ride	Rode	Ridden
Ring	Rang	Rung
Rise	Rose	Risen
Run	Ran	Run
Saw	Sawed	Sawn, sawed
Say	Said	Said
See	Saw	Seen
Seek	Sought	Sought
Sell	Sold	Sold
Send	Sent	Sent
Set	Set	Set
Sew	Sewed	Sewn, sewed
Shake	Shook	Shaken
Shall	Should	Kein participle
Shear	Sheared	Shorn, sheared
Shed	Shed	Shed
Shine	Shone	Shone
Shit	Shit, shitted, shat	Shit, shitted, shat
Shoe	Shod, shoed	Shod, shoed
Shoot	Shot	Shot
Show	Showed	Shown, showed
Shred	Shred, shredder	Shred, shredder
Shrink	Shrank, shrunk	Shrunk
Shut	Shut	Shut
Sing	Sang	Sung
sink	Sank	Sunk
Sit	Sat	Sat
Slay	Slew	Slain
Sllep	Slept	Slept
Slide	Slid	Slid
Sling	Slung	Slung
Slink	Slunk	Slunk
Slit	Slit	Slit
Smell	Smelt, smelled	Smelt,smelled
Smite	Smote	Smitten
Sow	Sowed	Sown, sowed
Speak	Spoke	Spoken
Speed	Sped, speeded	Sped, speeded
Spell	Spelt, spelled	spelt, spelled
Spend	Spent	Spent
Spill	Spilt, spilled	Spilt, spilled
Spin	Spun	Spun
Spit	Spat	Spat
Split	Split	Split
Spoil	Spoilt. Spoiled	Spoilt, spoiled
Spread	Spread	Spread
Spring	Sprang, sprung	Sprung
Stand	Stood	Stood
Steal	Stole	Stolen
Stick	Stuck	Stuck
Sting	Stung	Stung
Stink	Stank, stunk	Stunk
Stride	Strode	Stridden
Strike	Struck	Struck
String	Strung	Strung
Strive	Strove	Striven
Swear	Swore	Sworn
Sweat	Sweat, sweated	Sweat, sweated
Sweep	Swept	Swept
Swell	Swelled	Swollen, swelled
Swim	Swam	Swum
Swing	Swung	Swung
Take	Took	Taken
Teach	Taught	Taught
Tear	Tore	Torn
Telecast	Telecast, telecasted	Telecast, telecasted
Tell	Told	Told
Think	Thought	Thought
Throw	Threw	Thrown
Thrust	Thrust	Thrust
Thread	Trod	Trodden
Understand	Understood	Understood
Wake	Woke, waked	Woke, waked
Wear	Wore	Worn
Weave	Wove	Woven
Wed	Wed, wedded	Wed, wedded
Weep	Wept	Wept
Wet	Wet, wetted	Wet, wetted
Win	Won	Won
Wind	Wound	Wound
Wring	Wrung	Wrung
Write	Wrote	written

1. 
   Neither cars nor teenagers turn their heads when you call them.
   
2. 
   You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master. Nor would you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often
   
3. 
   A cat doesn’t share yor taste in music. A teenager doesn’t either.
   
4. 
   Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving
   
5. 
   Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. So do the teenagers.
   
6. 
   If you tell a joke, neither your cat nor your teen will laugh about it
   
7. 
   If you make a sudden move in their direction both cats and teenagers get frightened
   
8. 
   Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don’t either
   
9. 
   Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.
   
10. 
    Conclusion: no matter if you either have a cat or a teenager at home it’s all the same