Banking wizard by pankaj gautam



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TENSES:

  1. Simple present: also called present simple. The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for action that takes place one after another and for actions that are set by a time table or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.

  • Simple present form: be. Use: am with the personal pronoun II;

  • is with the personal pronouns be, she or it (or with the singular form of nouns)

  • are with the personal pronoun we, you or they (or with the plural forms of nouns) eg: I am hungry

  • have: use: have with the personal pronoun I, you, we and they (or with plural forms of nouns)

  • has with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) I have a dog / I have got a dog

  • Simple present affirmative: he speaks. N—he does not speak. Q—does he speak? Use—action in the present, taking place once, never or several times, --facts,-- actions taking place one after another,-- action set by a time table or schedule.

  • Signal words: always, every, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentence type I (if I talk)

  1. Present progressive: puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action i.e moment of speaking.

  • Used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuos.

  • A he is speaking. N – he is not speaking. Q – is he speaking?

  • Signal word—at the moment, just, just now, listen, look, now, right now.

  1. Simple past: an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for action taking place one after another or in the middle of another action. A he spoke. N—he did nor speak. Q—did he speak? Signal words: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday. If sentence type II ( if I talked)

  2. Past progressive: puts emphasis on the course of action in the past. Eg: he was playing footaball.

  • Two actions happening in the same time. Eg: while she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.

  • Action going on at a certain time in the past: when I was having breakfast the phone suddenle rang.

  • A—he was speaking. N –he was not speaking. Q – was he speaking?

  • Signal words: when, while, as long as

  1. Present perfect simple: express an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present.

  • It puts emphasis on the result. I / you/ we / they; he / she / it.

  • A – I have spoken. He has spoken. N – I have not spoken. He has not spoken. Q – Have I spoken? Has he spoken?

  • Signal words: already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, upto now.

  1. Present perfect progressive: (continuous): express an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of action. I / you/ we/ they; he / she / it.

  • A – I have been speaking. He has been speaking. He has been speaking. N – I have not been speaking. He has not been speaking. Q – have I been speaking? Has he been speaking?

  • Signal words: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long, the whole week.

  1. Past perfect simple: an action taking place before a certain time in the past. No difference in form in first or 3rd person.

  • A – I had spoken. N – I had not spoken. Q – Had I spoken?

  • Signal words: already, just, never, not yet, once, until, that day (with reference to the past, not present)

Before moving on 8th tense let’s discuss conditional sentence, also known as conditional clause or if clause.

Type I: it is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple present, will – future. If I find her address, I’ll send her invitation.

Type II: it is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple past, conditional I (= would + infinitive) if I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Type III: it is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. If + past perfect, conditional II (=would + have + past participle) if I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.



  1. Past perfect progressive: (past perfect continuous): puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

  • A – he had been talking. N – he had not been talking. Q – had he been talking.

  • Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day.

  1. Future I simple: will

  • Expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.

  • A – I will speak. N – I will not speak. Q – will I speak?

  • Signal words: in a year, next…, tomorrow, I think, probably, perhaps

  1. Future I simple (going to): expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared. I / you/ we / they / he /she / it.

  • A – I am going to speak. You are going to speak. He is going to speak. N – I am not going to speak. You are not going to speak. He is not going to speak. Q –Am I going to speak? Are you going to speak? Is he going to speak?

  • Signal words: in one year, next week, tomorrow.

  1. Future I progressive / continuous: puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.

  • A – he will be talking. N—he will not be talking. Q – will he be talking.

  • Signal words: in one year, next week tomorrow.

  1. Future II simple: expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.

  • A – he will have talked. N – he will not have talked. Q – will he have talked?

  • Signal words: by Monday, in a week.

  1. Future II progressive: (continuous) puts emphasis on the course, duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.

  • Not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.

  • A – he will have been talking. N – he will not have been talking. Q – will he have been talking.

  • Signal words: for…., the last couple of hours, all day long.

  1. Conditional I simple: expresses an action that might take place.

  • A – he would talk. N – he would not talk. Q – would he talk?

  • If clause type II ( if I were you, I would go home)

  1. Conditional I progressive: (continuous): puts emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.

  • A – he would be talking. N – he would not be talking. Q – would he be talking?

  1. Conditional II simple: action that could have taken place in the past.

  • A – he would have spoken. N – he would not have spoken. Q – would he have spoken.

  • If clause type III ( if I had seen that, I would have helped)

  1. Conditional II progressive: puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the past.

  1. He would have been talking. N – he would not have been talking. Q – would he have been talking.

SIMPLE PAST, SIMPLE PRESENT AND FUTURE I SIMPLE:

Are moment in time.



  • Action that takes place once, never or several times.

  • Action that happens one after another

  • Actions that suddenly take place.

PAST PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE I PROGRESSIVE:

Are period of time:



  • Action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment

  • Actions taking place at the same time.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, FUTURE II SIMPLE.

  • Are results

  • Action taking place before a cetain moment in time

  • Puts emphasis on the result.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE II PROGRESSIVE :

  • Are course/ duration.

  • Action taking place before a certain moment in time

  • Puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action.

MOMENT IN TIME:

  1. Action that takes place once, never or several times.

  • Simple past: he played footaball every Tuesday

  • Simple present: he plays football every Tuesday

  • Future I simple: he will / is going to play football every Tuesday.

  1. Actions that happens one after another

  • Simple past: he played football and then he went home

  • Simple present: he plays football and then goes home

  • Future I simple: he will play football and then he will go home.

  1. State

  • Simple past: he loved football

  • Simple present: he loves football

  • Future I simple: he will love football.

PERIODS:

  1. Action going on at that moment

  • Past progressive: He was playing football

  • Simple present: he is playing football – present progressive

  • Future I progressive: he will be playing football

  1. Actions taking place at the same time

  • Past progressive: he was playing football and she was watching.

  • Present progressive: he is playing football and she is watching

  • Future I progressive: he will be playing football and she will be watching.

RESULTS:

  1. Action taking place before a certain moment in time. Emphasizes the result.

  • Past perfect simple: he had won five matches until that day

  • Present perfect simple: he has won five matches so far

  • Future II simple: he will have won five matches by then

DURATION:

  1. Action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond). Emphasis the duration

  • Past perfect progressive: he had been palying football for ten years

  • Present pefect progressive: he has been playing football for ten years

  • Future II progressive: he will have been playing football for ten years.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:


Infinite

Simple past

Past participle

Alight

Alighted, alit

Alighted, alit

Arise

Arose

Arisen

Awake

Awoke, awaked

Awoken, awaked

Be

Was, were

Been

Beat

Beat

Beaten, beat

Bear

Bore

Borne, born

Become

Became

Become

Beget

Begot

Begotten

Begin

Began

Begun

Bend

Bent

Bent

Bereave

Bereaved, bereft

Bereaved, bereft

Beseech

Besought, beseeched

Besought, beseeched

Bet

Bet, betted

Bet, betted

Bid

Bade, bid

Bidden, bid, bade

Bide

Bade, bided

Bided

Bind

Bound

Bound

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Bleed

Bled

Bled

Bless

Blessed, blest

Blessed, blest

Blow

Blew

Blown

Break

Broke

Broken

Breed

Bred

Bred

Bring

Brought

Brought

Broadcast

Broad cast, broadcasted

Broad cast, broadcasted

Build

Built

Built

Burn

Burnt, burned

Burnt, burned

Burst

Burst

Burst

Bust

Bust, busted

Bust , busted

Buy

Bought

Bought

Can

Could

Kein (participle)

Cast

Cast

Cast

Catch

Caught

Caught

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Cleave

Cleft, cleaved, clove

Cleft, cleaved, cloven

Cling

Clung

Clung

Clothe

Clothed, clad

Clothed, clad

Come

Came

Come

Cost

Cost

Cost

Creep

Crept

Crept

Crow

Crowed

Crew, crowed

Cut

Cut

Cut

Deal

Dealt

Dealt

Dig

Dug

Dug

Do

Did

Done

Draw

Drew

Drawn

Dream

Dreamt, dreamed

Dreamt, dreamed

Drink

Drank

Drunk

Drive

Drove

Driven

Dwell

Dwelt, dwelled

Dwelt, dwelled

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Fall

Fell

Fallen

Feed

Fed

Fed

Feel

Felt

Felt

Fight

Fought

Fought

Find

Found

Found

Flee

Fled

Fled

Fling

Flung

Flung

Fly

Flew

Flown

Forbid

Forbad, forbade

Forbid, forbidden

Forecast

Forecast, forecasted

Forecast, forecasted

Forget

Forgot

Forgotten

Forsake

Forsook

Forsaken

Freeze

Froze

Frozen

Geld

Gelded, gelt

Gelded, gelt

Get

Got

Got, gotten

Gild

Gilded, gilt

Gilded, gilt

Give

Gave

Given

Gnaw

Gnawed

Gnawed, gnawt

Go

went

Gone

Grind

Ground

Ground

Grip

Gripped, gript

Gripped, gript

Grow

Grew

Grown

Hang

Hung

Hung

Have

Had

Had

Hear

Heard

Heard

Heave

Heaved, hove

Heaved, hove

Hew

Hewed

Hewed, hewn

Hide

Hid

Hidden, hid

Hit

Hit

Hit

Hold

Held

Held

Hurt

Hurt

Hurt

Keep

Kept

Kept

Kneel

Knelt, kneeled

Knelt, kneeled

Knit

Knitted, knit

Knitted, knit

Know

Knew

Known

Lay

Laid

Laid

Lead

Led

Led

Lean

Leant, leaned

Leant, leaned

Leap

Leapt, leaped

Leapt, leaped

Learn

Learnt, learned

Learnt, learned

Leave

Left

Left

Lend

Lent

Lent

Let

Let

Let

Lie

Lay

Lain

Light

Lit, lighted

Lit, lighted

Lose

Lost

Lost

Make

Made

Made

May

Might

(kein participle)

Mean

Meant

Meant

Meet

Met

Met

Melt

Melted

Molten, melted

Mow

Mowed

Mown, mowed

Pay

Paid

Paid

Pen

Pent, penned

Pent, penned

Plead

Pled, pleaded

Pled, pleaded

Prove

Proved

Proven, proved

Put

Put

Put

Quit

Quit, quitted

Quit, quited

Read

Read

Read

Rid

Rid, ridded

Rid, ridded

Ride

Rode

Ridden

Ring

Rang

Rung

Rise

Rose

Risen

Run

Ran

Run

Saw

Sawed

Sawn, sawed

Say

Said

Said

See

Saw

Seen

Seek

Sought

Sought

Sell

Sold

Sold

Send

Sent

Sent

Set

Set

Set

Sew

Sewed

Sewn, sewed

Shake

Shook

Shaken

Shall

Should

Kein participle

Shear

Sheared

Shorn, sheared

Shed

Shed

Shed

Shine

Shone

Shone

Shit

Shit, shitted, shat

Shit, shitted, shat

Shoe

Shod, shoed

Shod, shoed

Shoot

Shot

Shot

Show

Showed

Shown, showed

Shred

Shred, shredder

Shred, shredder

Shrink

Shrank, shrunk

Shrunk

Shut

Shut

Shut

Sing

Sang

Sung

sink

Sank

Sunk

Sit

Sat

Sat

Slay

Slew

Slain

Sllep

Slept

Slept

Slide

Slid

Slid

Sling

Slung

Slung

Slink

Slunk

Slunk

Slit

Slit

Slit

Smell

Smelt, smelled

Smelt,smelled

Smite

Smote

Smitten

Sow

Sowed

Sown, sowed

Speak

Spoke

Spoken

Speed

Sped, speeded

Sped, speeded

Spell

Spelt, spelled

spelt, spelled

Spend

Spent

Spent

Spill

Spilt, spilled

Spilt, spilled

Spin

Spun

Spun

Spit

Spat

Spat

Split

Split

Split

Spoil

Spoilt. Spoiled

Spoilt, spoiled

Spread

Spread

Spread

Spring

Sprang, sprung

Sprung

Stand

Stood

Stood

Steal

Stole

Stolen

Stick

Stuck

Stuck

Sting

Stung

Stung

Stink

Stank, stunk

Stunk

Stride

Strode

Stridden

Strike

Struck

Struck

String

Strung

Strung

Strive

Strove

Striven

Swear

Swore

Sworn

Sweat

Sweat, sweated

Sweat, sweated

Sweep

Swept

Swept

Swell

Swelled

Swollen, swelled

Swim

Swam

Swum

Swing

Swung

Swung

Take

Took

Taken

Teach

Taught

Taught

Tear

Tore

Torn

Telecast

Telecast, telecasted

Telecast, telecasted

Tell

Told

Told

Think

Thought

Thought

Throw

Threw

Thrown

Thrust

Thrust

Thrust

Thread

Trod

Trodden

Understand

Understood

Understood

Wake

Woke, waked

Woke, waked

Wear

Wore

Worn

Weave

Wove

Woven

Wed

Wed, wedded

Wed, wedded

Weep

Wept

Wept

Wet

Wet, wetted

Wet, wetted

Win

Won

Won

Wind

Wound

Wound

Wring

Wrung

Wrung

Write

Wrote

written

  1. Neither cars nor teenagers turn their heads when you call them.

  2. You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master. Nor would you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often

  3. A cat doesn’t share yor taste in music. A teenager doesn’t either.

  4. Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving

  5. Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. So do the teenagers.

  6. If you tell a joke, neither your cat nor your teen will laugh about it

  7. If you make a sudden move in their direction both cats and teenagers get frightened

  8. Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don’t either

  9. Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.

  10. Conclusion: no matter if you either have a cat or a teenager at home it’s all the same



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