TENSES:
-
Simple present: also called present simple. The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for action that takes place one after another and for actions that are set by a time table or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.
-
Simple present form: be. Use: am with the personal pronoun II;
-
is with the personal pronouns be, she or it (or with the singular form of nouns)
-
are with the personal pronoun we, you or they (or with the plural forms of nouns) eg: I am hungry
-
have: use: have with the personal pronoun I, you, we and they (or with plural forms of nouns)
-
has with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) I have a dog / I have got a dog
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Simple present affirmative: he speaks. N—he does not speak. Q—does he speak? Use—action in the present, taking place once, never or several times, --facts,-- actions taking place one after another,-- action set by a time table or schedule.
-
Signal words: always, every, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentence type I (if I talk)
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Present progressive: puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action i.e moment of speaking.
-
Used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuos.
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A he is speaking. N – he is not speaking. Q – is he speaking?
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Signal word—at the moment, just, just now, listen, look, now, right now.
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Simple past: an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for action taking place one after another or in the middle of another action. A he spoke. N—he did nor speak. Q—did he speak? Signal words: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday. If sentence type II ( if I talked)
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Past progressive: puts emphasis on the course of action in the past. Eg: he was playing footaball.
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Two actions happening in the same time. Eg: while she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
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Action going on at a certain time in the past: when I was having breakfast the phone suddenle rang.
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A—he was speaking. N –he was not speaking. Q – was he speaking?
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Signal words: when, while, as long as
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Present perfect simple: express an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present.
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It puts emphasis on the result. I / you/ we / they; he / she / it.
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A – I have spoken. He has spoken. N – I have not spoken. He has not spoken. Q – Have I spoken? Has he spoken?
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Signal words: already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, upto now.
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Present perfect progressive: (continuous): express an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of action. I / you/ we/ they; he / she / it.
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A – I have been speaking. He has been speaking. He has been speaking. N – I have not been speaking. He has not been speaking. Q – have I been speaking? Has he been speaking?
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Signal words: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long, the whole week.
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Past perfect simple: an action taking place before a certain time in the past. No difference in form in first or 3rd person.
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A – I had spoken. N – I had not spoken. Q – Had I spoken?
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Signal words: already, just, never, not yet, once, until, that day (with reference to the past, not present)
Before moving on 8th tense let’s discuss conditional sentence, also known as conditional clause or if clause.
Type I: it is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple present, will – future. If I find her address, I’ll send her invitation.
Type II: it is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. If + simple past, conditional I (= would + infinitive) if I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Type III: it is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. If + past perfect, conditional II (=would + have + past participle) if I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
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Past perfect progressive: (past perfect continuous): puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.
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A – he had been talking. N – he had not been talking. Q – had he been talking.
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Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day.
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Future I simple: will
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Expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.
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A – I will speak. N – I will not speak. Q – will I speak?
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Signal words: in a year, next…, tomorrow, I think, probably, perhaps
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Future I simple (going to): expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared. I / you/ we / they / he /she / it.
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A – I am going to speak. You are going to speak. He is going to speak. N – I am not going to speak. You are not going to speak. He is not going to speak. Q –Am I going to speak? Are you going to speak? Is he going to speak?
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Signal words: in one year, next week, tomorrow.
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Future I progressive / continuous: puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.
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A – he will be talking. N—he will not be talking. Q – will he be talking.
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Signal words: in one year, next week tomorrow.
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Future II simple: expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.
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A – he will have talked. N – he will not have talked. Q – will he have talked?
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Signal words: by Monday, in a week.
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Future II progressive: (continuous) puts emphasis on the course, duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.
-
Not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.
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A – he will have been talking. N – he will not have been talking. Q – will he have been talking.
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Signal words: for…., the last couple of hours, all day long.
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Conditional I simple: expresses an action that might take place.
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A – he would talk. N – he would not talk. Q – would he talk?
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If clause type II ( if I were you, I would go home)
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Conditional I progressive: (continuous): puts emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.
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A – he would be talking. N – he would not be talking. Q – would he be talking?
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Conditional II simple: action that could have taken place in the past.
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A – he would have spoken. N – he would not have spoken. Q – would he have spoken.
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If clause type III ( if I had seen that, I would have helped)
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Conditional II progressive: puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the past.
-
He would have been talking. N – he would not have been talking. Q – would he have been talking.
SIMPLE PAST, SIMPLE PRESENT AND FUTURE I SIMPLE:
Are moment in time.
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Action that takes place once, never or several times.
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Action that happens one after another
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Actions that suddenly take place.
PAST PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE I PROGRESSIVE:
Are period of time:
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Action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment
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Actions taking place at the same time.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, FUTURE II SIMPLE.
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Are results
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Action taking place before a cetain moment in time
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Puts emphasis on the result.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE II PROGRESSIVE :
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Are course/ duration.
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Action taking place before a certain moment in time
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Puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action.
MOMENT IN TIME:
-
Action that takes place once, never or several times.
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Simple past: he played footaball every Tuesday
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Simple present: he plays football every Tuesday
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Future I simple: he will / is going to play football every Tuesday.
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Actions that happens one after another
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Simple past: he played football and then he went home
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Simple present: he plays football and then goes home
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Future I simple: he will play football and then he will go home.
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State
-
Simple past: he loved football
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Simple present: he loves football
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Future I simple: he will love football.
PERIODS:
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Action going on at that moment
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Past progressive: He was playing football
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Simple present: he is playing football – present progressive
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Future I progressive: he will be playing football
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Actions taking place at the same time
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Past progressive: he was playing football and she was watching.
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Present progressive: he is playing football and she is watching
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Future I progressive: he will be playing football and she will be watching.
RESULTS:
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Action taking place before a certain moment in time. Emphasizes the result.
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Past perfect simple: he had won five matches until that day
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Present perfect simple: he has won five matches so far
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Future II simple: he will have won five matches by then
DURATION:
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Action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond). Emphasis the duration
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Past perfect progressive: he had been palying football for ten years
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Present pefect progressive: he has been playing football for ten years
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Future II progressive: he will have been playing football for ten years.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:
-
Infinite
|
Simple past
|
Past participle
|
Alight
|
Alighted, alit
|
Alighted, alit
|
Arise
|
Arose
|
Arisen
|
Awake
|
Awoke, awaked
|
Awoken, awaked
|
Be
|
Was, were
|
Been
|
Beat
|
Beat
|
Beaten, beat
|
Bear
|
Bore
|
Borne, born
|
Become
|
Became
|
Become
|
Beget
|
Begot
|
Begotten
|
Begin
|
Began
|
Begun
|
Bend
|
Bent
|
Bent
|
Bereave
|
Bereaved, bereft
|
Bereaved, bereft
|
Beseech
|
Besought, beseeched
|
Besought, beseeched
|
Bet
|
Bet, betted
|
Bet, betted
|
Bid
|
Bade, bid
|
Bidden, bid, bade
|
Bide
|
Bade, bided
|
Bided
|
Bind
|
Bound
|
Bound
|
Bite
|
Bit
|
Bitten
|
Bleed
|
Bled
|
Bled
|
Bless
|
Blessed, blest
|
Blessed, blest
|
Blow
|
Blew
|
Blown
|
Break
|
Broke
|
Broken
|
Breed
|
Bred
|
Bred
|
Bring
|
Brought
|
Brought
|
Broadcast
|
Broad cast, broadcasted
|
Broad cast, broadcasted
|
Build
|
Built
|
Built
|
Burn
|
Burnt, burned
|
Burnt, burned
|
Burst
|
Burst
|
Burst
|
Bust
|
Bust, busted
|
Bust , busted
|
Buy
|
Bought
|
Bought
|
Can
|
Could
|
Kein (participle)
|
Cast
|
Cast
|
Cast
|
Catch
|
Caught
|
Caught
|
Choose
|
Chose
|
Chosen
|
Cleave
|
Cleft, cleaved, clove
|
Cleft, cleaved, cloven
|
Cling
|
Clung
|
Clung
|
Clothe
|
Clothed, clad
|
Clothed, clad
|
Come
|
Came
|
Come
|
Cost
|
Cost
|
Cost
|
Creep
|
Crept
|
Crept
|
Crow
|
Crowed
|
Crew, crowed
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Deal
|
Dealt
|
Dealt
|
Dig
|
Dug
|
Dug
|
Do
|
Did
|
Done
|
Draw
|
Drew
|
Drawn
|
Dream
|
Dreamt, dreamed
|
Dreamt, dreamed
|
Drink
|
Drank
|
Drunk
|
Drive
|
Drove
|
Driven
|
Dwell
|
Dwelt, dwelled
|
Dwelt, dwelled
|
Eat
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
Fall
|
Fell
|
Fallen
|
Feed
|
Fed
|
Fed
|
Feel
|
Felt
|
Felt
|
Fight
|
Fought
|
Fought
|
Find
|
Found
|
Found
|
Flee
|
Fled
|
Fled
|
Fling
|
Flung
|
Flung
|
Fly
|
Flew
|
Flown
|
Forbid
|
Forbad, forbade
|
Forbid, forbidden
|
Forecast
|
Forecast, forecasted
|
Forecast, forecasted
|
Forget
|
Forgot
|
Forgotten
|
Forsake
|
Forsook
|
Forsaken
|
Freeze
|
Froze
|
Frozen
|
Geld
|
Gelded, gelt
|
Gelded, gelt
|
Get
|
Got
|
Got, gotten
|
Gild
|
Gilded, gilt
|
Gilded, gilt
|
Give
|
Gave
|
Given
|
Gnaw
|
Gnawed
|
Gnawed, gnawt
|
Go
|
went
|
Gone
|
Grind
|
Ground
|
Ground
|
Grip
|
Gripped, gript
|
Gripped, gript
|
Grow
|
Grew
|
Grown
|
Hang
|
Hung
|
Hung
|
Have
|
Had
|
Had
|
Hear
|
Heard
|
Heard
|
Heave
|
Heaved, hove
|
Heaved, hove
|
Hew
|
Hewed
|
Hewed, hewn
|
Hide
|
Hid
|
Hidden, hid
|
Hit
|
Hit
|
Hit
|
Hold
|
Held
|
Held
|
Hurt
|
Hurt
|
Hurt
|
Keep
|
Kept
|
Kept
|
Kneel
|
Knelt, kneeled
|
Knelt, kneeled
|
Knit
|
Knitted, knit
|
Knitted, knit
|
Know
|
Knew
|
Known
|
Lay
|
Laid
|
Laid
|
Lead
|
Led
|
Led
|
Lean
|
Leant, leaned
|
Leant, leaned
|
Leap
|
Leapt, leaped
|
Leapt, leaped
|
Learn
|
Learnt, learned
|
Learnt, learned
|
Leave
|
Left
|
Left
|
Lend
|
Lent
|
Lent
|
Let
|
Let
|
Let
|
Lie
|
Lay
|
Lain
|
Light
|
Lit, lighted
|
Lit, lighted
|
Lose
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
Make
|
Made
|
Made
|
May
|
Might
|
(kein participle)
|
Mean
|
Meant
|
Meant
|
Meet
|
Met
|
Met
|
Melt
|
Melted
|
Molten, melted
|
Mow
|
Mowed
|
Mown, mowed
|
Pay
|
Paid
|
Paid
|
Pen
|
Pent, penned
|
Pent, penned
|
Plead
|
Pled, pleaded
|
Pled, pleaded
|
Prove
|
Proved
|
Proven, proved
|
Put
|
Put
|
Put
|
Quit
|
Quit, quitted
|
Quit, quited
|
Read
|
Read
|
Read
|
Rid
|
Rid, ridded
|
Rid, ridded
|
Ride
|
Rode
|
Ridden
|
Ring
|
Rang
|
Rung
|
Rise
|
Rose
|
Risen
|
Run
|
Ran
|
Run
|
Saw
|
Sawed
|
Sawn, sawed
|
Say
|
Said
|
Said
|
See
|
Saw
|
Seen
|
Seek
|
Sought
|
Sought
|
Sell
|
Sold
|
Sold
|
Send
|
Sent
|
Sent
|
Set
|
Set
|
Set
|
Sew
|
Sewed
|
Sewn, sewed
|
Shake
|
Shook
|
Shaken
|
Shall
|
Should
|
Kein participle
|
Shear
|
Sheared
|
Shorn, sheared
|
Shed
|
Shed
|
Shed
|
Shine
|
Shone
|
Shone
|
Shit
|
Shit, shitted, shat
|
Shit, shitted, shat
|
Shoe
|
Shod, shoed
|
Shod, shoed
|
Shoot
|
Shot
|
Shot
|
Show
|
Showed
|
Shown, showed
|
Shred
|
Shred, shredder
|
Shred, shredder
|
Shrink
|
Shrank, shrunk
|
Shrunk
|
Shut
|
Shut
|
Shut
|
Sing
|
Sang
|
Sung
|
sink
|
Sank
|
Sunk
|
Sit
|
Sat
|
Sat
|
Slay
|
Slew
|
Slain
|
Sllep
|
Slept
|
Slept
|
Slide
|
Slid
|
Slid
|
Sling
|
Slung
|
Slung
|
Slink
|
Slunk
|
Slunk
|
Slit
|
Slit
|
Slit
|
Smell
|
Smelt, smelled
|
Smelt,smelled
|
Smite
|
Smote
|
Smitten
|
Sow
|
Sowed
|
Sown, sowed
|
Speak
|
Spoke
|
Spoken
|
Speed
|
Sped, speeded
|
Sped, speeded
|
Spell
|
Spelt, spelled
|
spelt, spelled
|
Spend
|
Spent
|
Spent
|
Spill
|
Spilt, spilled
|
Spilt, spilled
|
Spin
|
Spun
|
Spun
|
Spit
|
Spat
|
Spat
|
Split
|
Split
|
Split
|
Spoil
|
Spoilt. Spoiled
|
Spoilt, spoiled
|
Spread
|
Spread
|
Spread
|
Spring
|
Sprang, sprung
|
Sprung
|
Stand
|
Stood
|
Stood
|
Steal
|
Stole
|
Stolen
|
Stick
|
Stuck
|
Stuck
|
Sting
|
Stung
|
Stung
|
Stink
|
Stank, stunk
|
Stunk
|
Stride
|
Strode
|
Stridden
|
Strike
|
Struck
|
Struck
|
String
|
Strung
|
Strung
|
Strive
|
Strove
|
Striven
|
Swear
|
Swore
|
Sworn
|
Sweat
|
Sweat, sweated
|
Sweat, sweated
|
Sweep
|
Swept
|
Swept
|
Swell
|
Swelled
|
Swollen, swelled
|
Swim
|
Swam
|
Swum
|
Swing
|
Swung
|
Swung
|
Take
|
Took
|
Taken
|
Teach
|
Taught
|
Taught
|
Tear
|
Tore
|
Torn
|
Telecast
|
Telecast, telecasted
|
Telecast, telecasted
|
Tell
|
Told
|
Told
|
Think
|
Thought
|
Thought
|
Throw
|
Threw
|
Thrown
|
Thrust
|
Thrust
|
Thrust
|
Thread
|
Trod
|
Trodden
|
Understand
|
Understood
|
Understood
|
Wake
|
Woke, waked
|
Woke, waked
|
Wear
|
Wore
|
Worn
|
Weave
|
Wove
|
Woven
|
Wed
|
Wed, wedded
|
Wed, wedded
|
Weep
|
Wept
|
Wept
|
Wet
|
Wet, wetted
|
Wet, wetted
|
Win
|
Won
|
Won
|
Wind
|
Wound
|
Wound
|
Wring
|
Wrung
|
Wrung
|
Write
|
Wrote
|
written
| -
Neither cars nor teenagers turn their heads when you call them.
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You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master. Nor would you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often
-
A cat doesn’t share yor taste in music. A teenager doesn’t either.
-
Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving
-
Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. So do the teenagers.
-
If you tell a joke, neither your cat nor your teen will laugh about it
-
If you make a sudden move in their direction both cats and teenagers get frightened
-
Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don’t either
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Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.
-
Conclusion: no matter if you either have a cat or a teenager at home it’s all the same
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