Banking wizard by pankaj gautam

programming becomes quite easy and simple.

Various high level languages are given below:

l BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code):

It is widely used, easy to learn general purpose language.

Mainly used in microcomputers in earlier days.

COBOL (Common Business Oriented language): A

standardized language used for commercial applications.

FORTRAN (Formula Translation): Developed for solving

mathematical and scientific problems. One of the most

popular languages among scientific community.

l C: Structured Programming Language used for all purpose

such as scientific application, commercial application,

developing games etc.

C++: Popular object oriented programming language, used

for general purpose.
COMPILER AND ASSEMBLER

As you know that High Level language is machine independent

and assembly language though it is machine dependent yet

mnemonics that are being used to represent instructions are not

directly understandable by machine. Hence to make the machine

understand the instructions provided by both the languages,

Compiler and Assembler are required to convert these

instructions into machine language.

The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in high

level language and translates it into an equivalent program in

machine language is called as Compiler.

The program written by the programmer in high level language

is called source program and the program generated by the

compiler after translation is called as object program.
The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in

assembly language and translates it into an equivalent program

in machine language is called as Assembler.

Compiler

Source Program

(Higher Level Language)

Object Program

(Machine Language)
INTEXT QUESTION

5. Write True or False for the following:

(a) Operating System (OS) is an Application Software.

(b) High level languages are easy to program than low

level language.

(c) Computer language FORTRAN is used to solve

Scientific and Mathematical problems.

(d) C is an object oriented programming language.

(e) Compiler converts high level languages into machine

language.
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

A computer is useful only when it interacts with the external

devices such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, speaker, which are

called as peripheral devices. In this lesson we have discussed

in details about major peripheral devices of a computer system.

You have learnt that only hardware does not do anything of its

own without the help of software. Hence we have explained in

details about software, its types and the computer languages

used to prepare the software.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. What is a computer? Draw a block diagram to illustrate the

basic organisation of a computer system and explain the

functions of various units.

2. What is an input device? Briefly describe various important

input devices.

3. Discuss two basic types of monitors CRT and LCD.

Assembler

Source Program

(Assembling Language)

Object Program

(Machine Language)
4. What is a software? Discuss its various categories with the

help of diagram.

5. Distinguish between system and application software.

6. Write short notes on:

(a) Laser Printer

(b) High level language

(c) Compiler

(d) Plotter

7. Write a note on Computer language and its classification.

FEEDBACK TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

1. The five basic operations that a computer performs are

input, storage, processing, output and control.

2. ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit

CU : Control Unit

CPU : Central Processing Unit

3. (a) i (b) iii (c) i

4. (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) True

5. (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (e) True

Measurement:

Computers have a very elementary way to store data: they can remember only 0 or 1 called bit. A sequence of 8 bit is called a byte. 1024 bute is 1 kilobyte, 1024 kilobyte is 1 megabyte, 1024 megabyte is 1 giga byte, 1024 gigabyte is 1 terabyte. Moore’s law says that the number of processors in a transistors double every 18 months.

For storage internal hard disk and external hard disk. External hard disk is outside the computer and its slight slower.

Ssd solid state drivers are large memory cards.

Operating systems take care of computer hardware and human computer interaction.

Programs are software which are used to do a particular tasks. Data is everything which are produced either by the user or by the programs. Freeware are software which are completely costless. The producer of this software is either public institutions such as universities or developers who do it for personal interests or advertisement or peivate companies who do it for dumping reasons. Shareware are software which are initially costless but after a certain period of time user is asked to pay a fee or delete it. For commercial software user has to obtain a license to use it. In a subscription based software user has to pay a periodic fee.(like Microsoft office) private software are uniquely built under a payment for specific customer to fit his needs.

Open source software: may be studied used and specially modified by anyone.

Copyleft: are open source but carries the restrictions that any modification must be distributed as open soiurce and copyleft, thus impeding, that software becomes , after a modificatiuon, proprietary.

Proprietary: software is distributed costless with the explicit legal warning not to modify it and technically locked to prevent other developers to see or modify its source.

A computer network is based on the client server architecture . when considering a single interaction, one computer is the server and the other one is client. The server is the computer which is offering its resource, usually programmed to wait until someone asks for irs resource. The client is the computer which uses its resource, which sends the request to a waiting server. For eg when sending document to the printer the users computer is client while printer is the server. The same computer may be both the client and the server.

Computer networks are divided into three cateogaries:

Local area netwotk: (LAN or inranet) usually the network f computers in the same building or belonging to the same owner.inside the lan every computer is well identified and usually every user is known. It is considered a trusted area.

Wide area netwok: (WAN or internet) which is everything which connects LAN’s . computers and user identification are very hard and anonymity is possible . it is considered a dangerous area.

Virtual private network: (VPN) is a way to ecognize a computer ourside the LAN as a trusted computer: the user is identified with a password and his computer, even though connected via internet , will be considered as part of the LAN, for as long as it emains connected. VPN is typically required to identify portable computers connected via wireless connections.

Encryption: is a text masking technique, derived from military use, which transforms information in such a way that it may be correctly read only with the special password called key. It uses two keys, a public key, for encrypting , usually known only to one computer or person, and a private key for decrypting, usually known by all the computers or people which legitimately read the information.

• 
  Hackers, viruses and identity theft are examples of real security and private risks.
  
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  Data mining is a process used by large retailers to study trends
  
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  Point of sale (POS) terminals (formerly known as cash registers) are often connected to complex inventory and sales computer systems
  
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  PSS system is a small, wireless handheld computer that scans an items tag and pulls up the current price (and any special offers) as you shop.
  
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  Computer forensic is the ability to recover and read deleted or damaged files from a criminal’s computer.
  
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  Four major data processing functions of a computer are gathering data, processing data into information, storing the data or information and generating outputs
  
• 
  RFID tags, when placed on an animal can be used to record and track in a database all of the animal’s movements.
  
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  Surgeons can perform delicate operations by manipulating devices through computers instead of manually. This technology is known as Robotics.
  
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  Technology no longer protected by copyright, available to everyone, is considered to be in the public domain.
  
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  Nanoscience is the study of molecules and structures whose size ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers.
  
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  Information is data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion.
  
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  The name for the way that computers manipulate data into information is called processing.
  
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  Computers gather data, which means that they allow users to input data
  
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  After a picture has been taken with a digital camera and processed appropriately, the actual print of the picture is considered (output)
  
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  Computer uses the (binary) language to process data
  
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  Computers process data into information by working exclusively with (numbers)
  
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  In the binary language each letter of the alphabet, each number and each special character is made up of a unique combination of (eight bits)
  
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  The term bit is short for (binary digit)
  
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  A string od 0s and 1s is called a (byte)
  
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  (gigabyte) is approximately one billion bytes.
  
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  (megabyte) is approximately one million bytes
  
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  (hardware) is any part of the computer that you can physically touch
  
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  The component that processes data are located in the (system unit)
  
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  Scanner, mouse and keyboard input device
  
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  Printer output device
  
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  Speaker, cd output device
  
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  Hard disk, floppy, cd drives are storage device
  
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  The (cpu) is also called the brain of the computer, is responsible for processing data.
  
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  The cpu and memory are located on the (mother board)
  
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  Word processing, spreadsheets, and photo-editing are examples of (application software)
  
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  (software) is a set of computer programs used on a computer to help perform tasks
  
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  System software is the set of programs that enables your computer’s hardware devices and (application software) to work together.
  
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  The personal computer and the apple macintosh ate examples of two different (platforms)
  
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  Apple macintoshes(macs)ad PCs use different (CPUs) to process data and different operating systems
  
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  Servers are compouters that provide resources to other computers connected to a (network)
  
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  Smaller and less expensive PC based servers are replacing (mainframes) in many business.
  
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  (supercomputers) are specially designed computers that perform complex calculations extremely rapidly.
  
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  DSL is an example of (broad band) connections.
  
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  The difference between people with access to computers and those without this access is known as the (digital divide)
  
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  (nano technology) is the science revolving around the use of nanostructures to build devices on an extremely small scale.
  
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  Order of four major functions of computers input>process>output>storage
  
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  (eight) bits equal one byte.
  
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  The binary language consists of (2) digits.
  
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  A byte can hold one (character ) of data.
  
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  (the operating systems) controls the way in which the computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer.
  
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  The operating system is the most common type of (system) software
  
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  (embedded computers) are specially designed computer chips that reside inside other devices, such as your car or your car or your electronic thermostat.
  
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  The steps and tasks needed to process dara, such as responses to questions or clicking an icon are called (instructions)
  
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  The two broad categories of software are (system and application)
  
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  The metal or plastic case that holds all the physical parts of the computer is (system unit)
  
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  Name of the series of laptop computer manufactured by IBM (thinkpad)
  
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  (SCSI) is a term related with storage
  
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  (BIT) is the units used to count the speed of a printer
  
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  (NIC) is the other name for LAN card
  
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  (optic fibre cable ) can transmit data at high speeds
  
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  (Lars Ellison) founder of Oracle corporations
  
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  )Browser) is the name of the software that allows us to browse through web pages
  
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  (IP address) is the address given to a computer connected to a network (internet protocol)
  
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  (Direct X is a software that drives graphic hardware)
  
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  When you purchase a product over a Mobile Phone, the transaction is called (mobile purchases)
  
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  A compiler is a program which translates from one high level to a machine)
  
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  When a key is pressesd on the keyboard, (ANSI) standard is used for converting the keystroke into the corresponding bits
  
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  A pixel is the smallest resolvable part of a picture
  
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  Mouse is used as the standard pointing device in a graphical user Environment
  
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  CDROM devices have a limitation that we can only save information to it but cannot erase or modify it
  
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  Laser technology is used in compact disk
  
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  Hard disk is the storage device that can store maximum amount of data
  
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  Seagate is the largest manufacturer of hard disk device
  
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  Memory location address are limited to 00000 to 9ffff(16)
  
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  The programs which are as permanent as hardware and stored in ROM is known as Firmware
  
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  Memory is made up of large number of cells
  
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  Primary memory stores data, programs and results
  
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  EPROM can be used for erasing and reconstructing the contents of ROM
  
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  Microprocessor understands the differencde between data & programs
  
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  The contents of information are stored in memory data register
  
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  Memory unit is one part of cpu
  
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  Algorithm and Flow chart help us to specify the problem completely and clearly
  
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  Data going into the computer is called algorithm
  
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  512 values can be represented by a single byte
  
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  Transformation of input into output is performed by The CPU
  
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  Device drivers are the innermost part of the operating system
  
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  A collection of programs that controls how your computer sustem runs and processes information is called computer
  
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  LAN refers to a small single site network
  
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  A set of instruction telling the computer what to do is called program.
  
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  If you receive a speculative emails you should delete it without opening it.
  
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  Vertical market applications can handle most system functions that aren’t handled directly by the operating system
  
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  Microsoft office is an application suite
  
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  Computers connectd to a lan can share information and/or share peripheral equipment\
  
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  Ram or random access memory referes to the memory in your computer
  
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  Information travels between component on the motherboard through buses
  
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  One mega byte equals approximately 1 million bytes
  
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  When you are working on a document on a PC, the document is temporary stored in ram
  
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  In a spreadsheets data are organized in rows and columns
  
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  Magnetic tape is not practical for application where data must be quickly recalled because tape is an expensive storage medium
  
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  The blinking symbol on the computer screen is called a cursor
  
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  When cutting and pasting the item is temporarily stored in dashboard
  
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  Screen saver is a computer program that fills the screen with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use
  
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  (bits per second is a valid unit of bandwidth)
  
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  Intranet is a (private network)
  
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  The process of loading an operating system into main memory is called (booting)
  
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  Line by line translation of the program is done by (interpreter)
  
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  Sql is a (query language)
  
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  Network of network is known as (internet)
  
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  The process of replacing a sotware with a newer version is called (upgrading)
  
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  PNG stands for (portable network graphics)
  
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  Volatility is a poroperty of (RAM)
  
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  When the computer is working on the gien instructions , it is called (processing)
  
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  The set of parallel electrical conducting lines through which different components on the mother board of a pc unit are linked together are called (buses)
  
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  Primary storage are volatile, have smaller storage capacity, have higher cost per bit storage
  
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  An (executable) program is one that is ready to run and does not need to be altered in any way
  
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  URL is the address of a document or page on the World Wie Web
  
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  Universal Product Code (UPC) is a barcode system
  
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  Facsimile transmission machine is popularly known as fax machine
  
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  (webmail interface) allows the user to access email from anywhere
  
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  A mistake in an algorithm that causes incorrect results is called (logical error)
  
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  Larry page and sergey brin are the founder of google
  
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  Multiplexing is a technique that is used to send more than one call over a single line
  
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  A computer program is a set of instructions that enable the computer to perform a task
  
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  Avi, mpeg,mp4 are all valid video formats
  
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  Fan is used inside the computer to protect the CPU from heat
  
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  Router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an ovderlay internetwork
  
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  An organization that provides access to internet is called internet service provider
  
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  Space cannot be a partb of an email address
  
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  Java is an example of high level language
  
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  Graymail usually refers to unwanted mails
  
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  When a prticulat image or an object is copied, it is stored in the clipboard
  
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  Servers are computers that provide resources to other computers connected to a network
  
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  A bar which is seen at the bottom of the screen when the computer is turned on is known as task bar
  
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  Something which is easily understood instructions is said to be user friendly
  
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  To save an existing file with a new name or on a new location , you should use the save as command.
  
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  Peripheral devices such as printers and monitors are considered to be hardware
  
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  In a database (numeric) fields store numbers used to perform calculations
  
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  Data is saved permanently in the ROM
  
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  Relational database consists of separate tables of related data.
  
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  A program for viewing web pages is called browser
  
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  Domain name extension .nic.in is generally used for e-governance website
  
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  Page layout view shows how the contents on printed page, along with footer and margin header, appear
  
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  Symbol for inbox in mail (envelope)
  
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  © symbol in computer refers to copyright
  
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  Linkedin is a professional social networking site
  
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  File (compression) shrinks the size of a file so that it requires less storage space
  
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  Ctrl, shift, alt keys are called (modifier) keys
  
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  An email address typically consists of user id followed by @ and the domain name
  
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  The name, a user assigns to a document is called file name
  
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  Data is processed by the computer into information
  
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  A menu contains a list of commands
  
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  The internet allows you to send electronic mail, view web pages, connect to servers all around the world
  
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  Ups provides battery backup for limited time
  
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  Hacking is known as unauthorized access to others sustem
  
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  The vast network of computers that connects millions of people all over the world is internet
  
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  Crt stands for cathode ray tube
  
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  To prevent a slide from being displayed during the slie show one should delete the slide
  
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  The ALU of a computer usually contains a number of high speed storage elements called registers
  
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  A connection from one HTML document to another HTML document is called HYPERLINK
  
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  Capability of a computer to perform more than one tasks at a time is Multitasking
  
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  Computer virus is a computer program
  
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  Firewall is used in communication network/sustem to save unauthorized attack
  
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  Magnetic tape can hold maximum data
  
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  Print spooling is a process of sending documents to a storage where they are temporarily stored and remain there until printer prints them
  
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  The feature to customize the desktop to display information that can be updated from internet is (active desktop)
  
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  A folder inside a folder is called sub directory
  
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  A mouse is an input device
  
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  All deleted files go to recycle bin
  
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  With a CD you can read
  
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  A reusable CD is labeled as RW
  
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  (executing) is the process of carrying out commands
  
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  An error in a program is also known as bug
  
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  Doc is the default file extensions for all word documents
  
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  If text was highlighted and edit copy was clicked then text would be copied from the document and placed in the clipboard
  
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  The background of any word document is the color you present under the options menu
  
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  You use (chart wizard) to create a chart
  
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  To move at the beginning of a line inside a docment, press (home key)
  
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  You click at (B) to make the text bold
  
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  You can keep your personal files/folders in my documents
  
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  The base of binary number is 2
  
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  A programming language contains specific rules and words that express the logical steps of an algorithm
  
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  The term bit is short for binary digit
  
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  The hardware of computer system consists of system unit and all attached peripheral devices to the unit
  
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  Function of ALU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations on data
  
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  The file extension gives specific information about the type of file
  
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  Print command is found inside the file menu
  
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  A saved document is known as file
  
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  A file can be created using new command
  
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  A computerized system consists of hardware, software, procedure, data, peoples
  
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  Search engine helps a user in locating information over internet
  
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  Backup is protecting data by copying it from source location to another location
  
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  Printer is an output device, mouse, keyboard and scanner are input device
  
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  The content of memory is lost when a system is switched off
  
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  Rom is a permanent memory in a computer system
  
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  A person who writes program and perform testing is called software engineer.
  
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  In many GUIs, the (mouse cursor) changes shape depending on the circumstances
  
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  A silicon chip containing a number of transistors for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer’s hardware and software is called CPU
  
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  Power-on –self-test execute first during a system boot procedure
  
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  In a GUI, user interface provides a mean to user to interact with all peripheral devices attached with the system
  
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  A collection of interrelated records is known as database
  
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  The only language understood by the digital computer is called binary language
  
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  Compiler is the translator of the source program to object
  
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  Hard copy of the document means a printed copy of the document
  
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  The default alignment of text inside a column is left
  
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  The ability of a computer to execute multiple programs by using multiple processors simultaneously is known as multiprocessing
  
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  An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time is multitasking
  
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  A password is secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication to gain access to a rsource
  
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  The daily processing of corrections to customer accounts best exemplifies the process moe of (batch processing)
  
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  The operating system controls the way in which the computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer
  
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  A (folder) is a named location on a disk where files are stored
  
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  The (address bar) allows you to choose where to go and is located below the standards buttons toolbar
  
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  A program is a set of computer instructions that carry out a task on the computer
  
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  A user interface that is easy to use is considered to be user friendly
  
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  When you press and release the secondary mouse button you are (right clicking)
  
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  Another term for hyper link is link
  
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  Usb flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs into a usb port
  
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  When you quickly press and release the left mouse button twice, you are double clicking
  
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  Underlined text, such as text and folders names is referred to as hyperlink
  
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  The WinZip program compresses larger files into a smaller file
  
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  Welcome screen displays the name of every computer user on the computer
  
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  A tablet PC allows you to write on screen with a digital pen and convert that writing into characters that the PC can process
  
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  A mouse is a pointing device
  
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  Slide sorter power point view displays each slide of the presentation as a thumbnail and is useful for reaarranging slides
  
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  Programming language is a set of rules for telling the computer what operations to perform
  
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  Device that enter information and let you communicate with the computer are called input device
  
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  A device that connects to a network without the use of a cable is said to be wireless
  
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  Spreadsheet applications would be most apprppriate for performing statistical and numerical calculations
  
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  Removing and replacing devices without turning off the computer is referred to as plug-n-play
  
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  Mr. Prashanth has a song sung by him on the desktop, in the C drive, and also in the D drive. This scenario in computer language is generally referred to as data redundancy
  
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  A firewall is a software to protect from computer hacker intrusions.
  
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  When data changes in multiple lists and all lists are not updated , this causes data inconsistency.
  
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  In the url https s stands for secured
  
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  The legal rights to use software based on specific restrictions is granted via a software license
  
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  Modem means modulator and demodulator
  
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  In order to delete a sentence from a document you would use highlight and delete
  
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  F5 is the keyboard shortcut for slide show in power point
  
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  A flow chart is a design tool that graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm
  
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  The justification that aligns text on both margins of a document in word is justify
  
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  The open, print and save butons are all located on the standard toolbar
  
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  Smps standa for switched mode power supply
  
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  The process of transforming information using an algorithm to make it unreadable by any one is encryption
  
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  DRAM is a type of RAM that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit making it an efficient way to store data in memory
  
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  A computer network that uses internet protocol technology to share information, operational system, within an organization is usually referred to as intranet
  
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  Symbol for attachments in yahoo mail is paper clip
  
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  Super computers is used in scientific researches
  
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  Win zip is an example of freeware
  
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  Artificial intelligence is the science that attempts to produce machines that display the same type of intelligence that humans do
  
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  Cobol is an acronym for common business oriented language
  
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  The human readable version of a software program is called source code
  
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  The quickest and easiest way in word, to locate a particular phrase in a document is find
  
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  Defragmentation create more free space
  
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  You must install a router on a network if you want to share a broadband internet connection
  
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  The purpose of the primary key in a database is to provide a map of the data
  
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  The design of the network is called the architecrture of the network
  
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  The most frequently used instructions of a computer program are likely to be fetched from cache memory
  
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  Personal logs or journal entries posted on the web are known as blogs
  
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  Linux is an open source operating system
  
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  Smallest to largest : character, field, record, file, database
  
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  The internet is a large network of networks
  
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  Menus are lists of commands that appear on the screen
  
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  Drop cap lets you begin a paragraph with a large dropped initial capital letter
  
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  The error that can be pointed out by the compiler are syntax error
  
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  By default your documents print in portrait mode
  
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  For viewing video cd’s you would use windows media player
  
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  Smtp stands for simple mail transfer protocol
  
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  http hyper text transfer protocol is considered the backbone of the world wide web
  
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  we access the world wide web using browsers
  
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  the internet began with the development of Arpanet
  
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  a wireless network uses radio waves to transmit signals
  
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  router includes an adapter that decodes data sent in radio signals
  
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  network components are connected to the same cable in the star topology
  
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  small application programs that run on a web page and may ensure a form is completed properly or provide animation are known as flash
  
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  the server on the internet is also known as host
  
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  website is a collection of html documents, graphic files, audio and video files
  
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  switching is a method in which multiple communication devices are connected to one another efficiently
  
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  the sharing of a medium and its path by 2 or more devices is called multiplexing
  
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  device drivers are small, special purpose programs
  
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  array is a linear data structure
  
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  in CD rom we can only store information to it but cannot erase or modify it
  
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  Two basic types of record access methods are sequential and random
  
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  Different components on the motherboard of a PC processors unit are linked together by sets or parallel electrical conducting lines called buses
  
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  Dedicated computer is assigned one and only one task
  
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  a physical connection between the microprocessor memory and other parts of the microcomputer is known as address bus
  
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  Each model of a computer has a unique machine language
  
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  Internal computer memory is used for storing programs and data currently being processed by the cpu
  
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  Label command is used to set a name to a disk
  
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  Winword.exe is the file that starts MS word
  
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  Superscript, subscript, outline, emboss, engrave are known as font effects
  
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  Shimmer, sparkle text, blinking background, etc are known as text effects
  
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  Bold, italic regular are known as font styles
  
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  If you begin typing an entry into a cell and then realize that you don’t want your entry placed into a cell, you press esc key
  
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  Ctrl+c will not cut information
  
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  A self replicating program, similar to a virus which was taken from 1970s science fiction novel by john bruner entitled the shockwave rider is worm
  
• 
  Unwanted repetitious messages, such as unsolicited bulk email is known as spam
  
• 
  Cobol is widely used in commercial applications
  
• 
  Vdu is alco called screen or monitor
  
• 
  W3c is world wide web consortium
  
• 
  In the micr code first three digit represent city
  
• 
  Most of the internet banking sites provide virtual keyboard feature to reduce the risk of keystroke logging for the password entry
  
• 
  Purpose of keeping electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and remote controlled devices on sleep mode is to educe power consumption
  
• 
  A file is often referred to as a document
  
• 
  When you boot up a PC portions of the operating system are copied from disk into memory
  
• 
  Compiling creates a error free program
  
• 
  Expansion cards are inserted into slots
  
• 
  Junk email is also called spam
  
• 
  The documentation manual tells you how to use a software program
  
• 
  Windows word is an example of Application Software
  
• 
  ALU is a fundamental building block of central processing unit of a computer which performs Arithmatic and logical operations that is why it is known as Arithmetic Logic Unit.
  
• 
  Charles Babbage is the father of computer.
  
• 
  GUI or graphical user interface lets the user to perform or execute commands by means of inpiut devices like mouse
  
• 
  FTP or file transfer protocol allows the user to transfer file from one computer to another on the internet
  
• 
  Not all open source software come Free. The source code will be available, but software which are closed may come free.
  
• 
  DOS is an operating system originally designed to be operated by using the keyboard device
  
• 
  ALU is a part of CPU.
  
• 
  Home page is a word associated with web page
  
• 
  A switch is a network device whose responsibility is to connect network devices
  
• 
  Intranet is a network whose resources can be accessible within the network (organization)
  
• 
  Dennis Ritchie is the inventor of programming language
  
• 
  A diamond system in a flow chart is used for conditional or decision
  
• 
  And or nor are logic gates.
  
• 
  Sergey Binn is the inventor of google
  
• 
  Junk email is also called spam
  
• 
  Interpretor converts programming language into machine language and vice versa
  
• 
  DPI stands for dots per inch
  
• 
  Word star is a software product that helps document processing
  
• 
  Firewall could be software or hardware
  
• 
  Computer uses the Binary number system to store data and perform calculations
  
• 
  Hardware in a computer are mechanical or electrical devices
  
• 
  MBR stands for master boot record
  
• 
  Booting is the process that signifies loading the operating system into main memory
  
• 
  XLs is an extension for application in windows MS-excel spreadsheets
  
• 
  SQL is used for database data operation natively
  
• 
  Bug means flaw in the system
  
• 
  Internet speed is measured in kbps
  
• 
  Algorithm is a step by step procedure for calculations
  
• 
  HTML is the primary language used for static web page
  
• 
  The open source alternative of MS office is open office
  
• 
  MSI stands for medium scale integrated circuit
  
• 
  Prom eeprom eprom are all possible variety of ROM
  
• 
  Giga hertz is measurement for speed of CPU
  
• 
  Memory mgmt, process Mgmt and file mgmt are all responsibility of operating system
  
• 
  The BIOS is stored in ROM
  
• 
  Trackball is a kind of mouse helps navigate the controls of the screen
  
• 
  MPG is an extension for video file.
  
• 
  Information travels between component on the motherboard through buses
  
• 
  Virus is considered threat to computer and information security.
  
• 
  In a flow chart circle indicates start and end and arrow indicates flow of control; generic processing steps rectangle; input output paraalel side; prepare condition hexagon; conditional decision rhombus; junction process iterative loop.
  
• 
  URL stands for uniform resource locater
  
• 
  All computer must have an operating system
  
• 
  Speed of a computer measured in hertz
  
• 
  Fat16, fat32 and ntes are all valid type of file system
  
• 
  Expansion of DBMS database management system
  
• 
  Primary memory stores data, program and results
  
• 
  Word length of personal computer is 16 bit
  
• 
  .exe, .bat and .com are all executable in windows operating system
  
• 
  Word compiler is associated with programming language
  
• 
  DNS is an abbreviation for Domain Name System
  
• 
  Mp3 is a sound format
  
• 
  James Gosling invented Java Programming language
  
• 
  Verification of login and password is known as authentication
  
• 
  Inbox in emails means location where eceived mails are kept
  
• 
  Dumb terminal is a terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power
  
• 
  Machine language and assembly language are called low level language
  
• 
  Mother board is a circuit board which connects all the elements
  
• 
  Hard disk stores the operating system files permanently
  
• 
  CAD stands for computer aid design
  
• 
  Bus, star and ring are all network topology
  
• 
  Lowest form of computer language is machine language
  
• 
  Steve Jobs founded apple computer
  
• 
  Interpreter translates the program line by line
  
• 
  Roter is responsible for traffic direction on the internet
  
• 
  Internet explorer and firefox are browsers
  
• 
  Ram memory is considered volatile
  
• 
  Stylus is an input device used mostly with handheld device
  
• 
  Touch screen, joystick and track ball are input device
  
• 
  Data is stored in computer as file
  
• 
  VPN stands for virtual private network
  
• 
  MACOS operating system is developed by apple
  
• 
  Usually in mSDOS the primary hard disk drive has the drive letter c
  
• 
  Mail box is the storage area for email messages
  
• 
  A flow chart is a pictorial representation of step by step procedure for calculations
  
• 
  The piece of hardware that converts your computer digital signal to an analog signal that can travel over telephone lines is modem
  
• 
  Lan stands for local area network
  
• 
  Ipad is considered as handheld device
  
• 
  Database is considered as backend of the application
  
• 
  Ms paint is used as drawing application and shapes out of box in windows operating system
  
• 
  Executing is the process of carrying out commands
  
• 
  Compiler is a programming language
  
• 
  Android is developed on java programming language
  
• 
  Ext3 is related to file system
  
• 
  Linux jervald invented linux
  
• 
  Disk defragmentation helps improves access to files thus improves the disk performance
  
• 
  Scsi is a term related with storage
  
• 
  Ctrl+c copying in windows
  
• 
  Jpg file is an extension for image
  
• 
  Disk is a secondary memory
  
• 
  Partition is a logical division of hard drive surface that is designed as a separate drive
  
• 
  Pixel is called the smallest addressable elements in a display device
  
• 
  Multitasking is related to operating system
  
• 
  The language that the computer can understand and execute is called machine language
  
• 
  USB stands for universal serial bus
  
• 
  CPU is considered brain of computer
  
• 
  To change selected text to all capital letters click the change case button and click upper case
  
• 
  A person who uses his expertise to gain access to other people computer is a hacker
  
• 
  A device that connect to a network with the use of cable is said to be free
  
• 
  RW stands for reusable optical storage
  
• 
  Most common type of storage device are magnetic
  
• 
  Codes consisting of lines of varying width of length that are computer readable are known as bar code
  
• 
  A web site main page is called its home page
  
• 
  Par number, part description and number of parts are examples of processing
  
• 
  The access properties of an object, the mouse technique to use is right clicking
  
• 
  Phishing scams are attempt by individual to obtain confidential information from you by falsifying their identity
  
• 
  Sharing the copyright files without permission breaks copyright laws.
  
• 
  Ctrl+a to select entire document
  
• 
  To instruct word to fit the width of a column to the content of a table automatically, click the fit to form button and then option to auto fit content.
  
• 
  The simultaneous processing of 2 or more program by processor is multi tasking
  
• 
  ROM is permanent memory built into computer
  
• 
  The dynamic view in excel is normal view
  
• 
  Formula bar displays the conbtent of the active cell in excel
  
• 
  In word you can force a page break by positioning your cursor at the appropriate place and pressing ctrl+enter
  
• 
  Grouping and processing all of firm transaction at one time is called batch processing
  
• 
  Help menu is available at start button
  
• 
  You can keep personal files/folder in my document
  
• 
  A central computer that holds collection of data and program for many pc is a server
  
• 
  When you save to secondary storage device your data will remain intact even when the computer is turned off
  
• 
  The draft folder retains copies of message that you have started but not sent
  
• 
  The content of memory are lost when computer is turned off
  
• 
  The tab bar enables you to simultaneous keep multiple web page open in one browser window
  
• 
  Dvd is an example of optical disk’
  
• 
  Cell is the basic unit of a worksheet in which you can enter data in excel
  
• 
  Formatting is the process of dividing the disks into tracks and sector
  
• 
  MIDI ports connects special types of music instrument to sound card
  
• 
  Downloading is the process of transferring file from a computer on the internet to your computer
  
• 
  In excel, merging allows user to bring together copies of workbooks of those other users who have worked on independently
  
• 
  If you want to connect to your own comouter through the internet from another location you can use telnet
  
• 
  To reload the web page press the refresh button.
  
• 
  Mobile commerce is best described as buying and selling goods/services through a wireless handled device
  
• 
  Video processor consists of VGA and Memory which stores and process images
  
• 
  Keywords are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use
  
• 
  Process of copying software programs from secondary storage media to the hard disk is called installation
  
• 
  The first step in the transaction
  
• 
  www is world wide web
  
• 
  process of finding error is debugging
  

SOME COMMON COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPT:

BOOTING: refers to the start up of the computer and the loading of the required parts of the operating system into RAM.

when the computer is first switched on:

1. 
   The permanent instructions residing in ROM start up. They test the machine to see that all the physically parts are present and working. BIOS information will be displayed on screen at this time (look for the rectangular box enclosed in double white lines)
   
2. 
   The computer then carries out a quick test of the machine’s memory locations (see the Ram ticking over on screen)
   
3. 
   Then the system will head to the hard disk drive or the C: drive and will staret to load the operating system
   
4. 
   It finds the system files Command.com, io.sys. msdos.sys and loads them into the RAM
   
5. 
   If there are peripherals that windows does not recognize an autoexec.bat file will execute
   
6. 
   Windows then loads over the top of DOS (disk operating system)
   

CPU: central processing unit. This is where all the computer’s data processing is handled all the data manipulation, calculations and formatting data for output. When you buy a comouter you will become more focused on the CPU and its capabilities.

the execution of the instructions within the computer system is extremely fast and is measured in cycles of time and referred to as megahertz. For this reason the MHZ of a computer processor is sometimes referred to as its clock speed. Think of CPU s (and aligned circuitry) pulsing like a heart, this pulsing is expressed as MHZ eg 2400 Mhz.

The CPU is located usually around the centre of the motherboard , and under a giant fan employed to keep it cool. The motherboard is the main piece of circuitry of your computer. It houses the CPU, the ROM and RAM, a variety of computer cards for receiving signals from other input devices, the power supply, hard drive and so on.

The term CPU is sometimes used to refer to the case that houses the computers components, but technically the CPU is only one chip inside the computers case. The case is sometimes described as the tower which means the case stands on the floor on its narrow side. Whereas a desktop machine sits on your desk and generally has the monitor placed on it

FLOPPY DISK: you can also read and write data to a floppy disk. It is simply smaller than your HDD and portable you can take it to another computer and read it from there. Floppy disks are sometimes known as secondary storage devices.

HARD DISK DRIVE: your computer hard disk drive is like an audio CD that you have at home-accept that your computer can read and write to it.

HARDWARE: is the term given to all the physical parts of a computer system. Hardware includes the monitor, the keyboard, the mouse, the main case which houses the RAM, CPU and the motherboard.

INPUT DEVICES: is anything used to give a command or information to your computer.

1. 
   The keyboard: the big flat thing you type on. The keys are arranged much like those of a type writer, except a computer keyboard has a row of function keys that provide extra instructions for the computer eg F3 instructs the computer to find.
   
2. 
   The mouse: is a pointing device. It is oftyen operated in conjunction with the keyboard. The mouse appears as a small, white arrow on the screen. When you move the mouse around the mouse pad, the white arrow makes the same movement on the screen. The mouse allows you to place the cursor on the screen, block text to drag and drop files. For gamers the mouse can be replayed by a joystick or a console
   
3. 
   Other: other common input devices may be a microphone, a scanner, a tape drive or a vieo camera. The word peripheral when related to computers means outside or external . peripheral devices are hardware devices that are outside the system unit but can be attached to it so that they can communicate with the CPU.
   

Algorithm: a step by step procedure designed to solve a problem or achieve an objective

Antivirus Software: a program designed to look for and destroy viruses that may infect the memory of a computer or files stored on a computer.

Applications: complete , self-contained programs that perform a specific functioin (ie spreadsheets, databases)

Archive: a file compressed for more efficient use of storage spaces. The compression of files may be accomplished by means of such programs as stufflt.

Artificial intelligence: computer system that attempt to imitate human processes for analyzing and solving problems.

ASCII: an acronym derived rom American standard code for information interchange. ASCII is a standard 7 bit code that represent 128 characters. The use of this standard code permits computers made by different manufacturers to communicate with one another.

Access time: the performance of a hard drive or other storage device-how long it takes to locate a file

Active program: the application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor

Alert box: a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong

Alpha testing: first stage testing of computer products, typically done in house by the developer

Backup: storage of duplkcate files on disks, diskettes, or some other form of magnetic medium (such as tapes) as a safety measure in case the original medium is damaged or lost. (one word as a noun or an adjective: backup procedures; two words as a verb: back up your hard disk)

Bandwidth: the volume of information that a network can handle (usually expressed in bits per second). The greater the bandwidth, the more quickly data can be downloaded from the internet or moved from a network to a user’s computer.

Basic: is a family of general purpose, high level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use- the name is an acronym from Beginner’s All purpose Symbolic Instruction code.

Basic input output sustem (BIOS): a set of programs stored in read only memory (RÓM) on IBM or IBM compatible computers. These programs control the disk drives, the keyboard, and the display screen, and they handle start up operations.

Beta testing: second stage testing of computer products, typically done by potential customers and outside experts to identify problems that need to be fixed before the product can be released for sale

Bit: a computer’s most basic unit of information

Bluetooth: a protocol that permits a wireless exchange of information between computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices within a radius of about 30 feet

Blog: (short for web log) is an online diary in which an individual records and publishes his or her thoughts on one or more subjects. A blog devoted to legal matters is known as blawg

Boot: the process of loading or initializing an operating system on a computer; usually occurs as soon as computer is turned on

Browser: a program used to viw world wide web pages, such as netscape navigator or internet explorer

Buffer: a holding area in memory that stores information temporarily. Also called cache

Bug: a part of program that usually causes the computer to malfunction; often remedied in patches or updatres to the program

Bus: an electronic pathway through which data is transmited between components in a computer

Byte:small unit of data storage; 8 bits; usually holds one character.

Cache: a small, but fast memory that transparently improves the performance of a larger, but slower memory or storage device

Click: occurs when a user presses a button on a mouse which in turn, generates a command to the computer.

Clock rate: the instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (ie 200 MHz)

Compiler: a program that convers program language into machine language

Compression: a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies.

CPU: central processing unit; the brain of the computer ; controls the other elements of the computer.

Crash: a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted

Data: information processed by a computer

Database: a large structured set of data; a file that contains numerous records that contains numerous fields

Defragment: to concatenate ftagments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive

Diskette: a small flexible disk used for storing computer data

Disk drive: a peripheral device that reads and/or writes information on a disk

Double click: occurs when a user presses a button on the mouse twice in quick succession ; this generates a command to the computer

Download: transferring data from another comuter to your computer

Drag: occurs when a user points the mouse at an icon or folder, presses the button and without releasing the button, moves the icon or folder to another place on the computer where the button is released

Driver: software program that controls a piece of hardware or a peripheral

Documentation: the manuals or guides distributed with hardware or software
DRAM: dynamic random access memory is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit

DSL: digital subscriber line. Dsl is a high-bandwidth method of connecting to the internet by means of telephone lines.

Encryption: coding confidential data so that only a user with the right password can read the data

EEPROM: stands for electrically erasable programmable read only memory and is a type of non volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed

EPROM: erasable programmable read only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.

Ethernet card: a circuit board that allows a computer to be connected to a network by cable

FAQ: frequently asked question ; documents that answer questions common to a particular web site or program

File: namable unit of data storage; a single sequence of butes

File transfet protocol(FTP): a set of guidelines or standards that establish the format in which files can be transmitted from one computer to another

Firewall: a security system usually consisting of hardware and software that prevents unauthorized persons from accessing certain parts of a program, database, or network

Flash memory: is a type of non volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from eeprom and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written or read independently.

Folder: a graphical representation used to organize a collection of computer files; as in the concept of a filing cabinet (comouter’s hard drive) witrh files (folders)

Freeware:software provided at no cost to the user.

Gamma testing: third stage testing of computer products, typically done just before the products are released for sale

Gigabyte:1,073,741,824 bytes or 1024 megabytes; generally abbreviated GB.

Gigahertz: (GHz) a measurement used to identify the speed of the cpu. One gigahertz is equal to 1 billion cycles per second.

Gui: graphical user interface; uses pictures and words to represent ideas, choices, functions, etc

Hard drive: a device (usually within the computer case) that reads and writes information, including the operating system, program files, and data files.

High definition multimedia interface (HDMI): is a compact audio/video interface for transferring encrypted uncompressed digital audio/video data from hdmi-compliant device (the source or input) to a compatible digital audio evice, computer monitor, video projector, and digital television.

Hypertext mark up language (HTML): the formatting language used to establish the appearance of a web page

Hypertext transfer protocol: (HTTP) the ptotocol used on the world wide web that permits web clients (web browsers) to communicate with web servers. This protocol allows programmers to embed hyperlinks in web docments, using hypertext markup language

Icon: a small picture used to epresent a file or program in a GUI interface

Installer: software used to install a program on your hard drive’

Internet: a network of computer networks encompassing the worl wide web, FTP, telnet, and many other protocols

IP number: internet protocol; a computer’s unique address or number on the internet

Keyboard: a peripheral usedto input data by pressing keys

Kilobyte: 1024 bytes

Macintosh: the brand name of a family of personal computers (hardware) and an operating system (software) from apple, introduced in 1984

Mask rom: is a type of read only memory whose contents are programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer

Megabyte: 1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 kilobytes; enough storage to approximately equal to 600 page paperback book; generally abbreviated MB

Megahertz: (MHz) a hertz is an electronic term. 1 hz = one cycle (or wave length) per second. 1 megahertz = 1,000,00 cycles per second. Mhz measures how fast your cpu chip runs.

Memory: any device that holds computer data

Menu: a list of operations available to the user of a program

Modem: a peripheral device used to connect one computer to another over a phone line

Monitor: a device used to display information visually

Mouse: a peripheral device used to point to items on a monitor

Network: a collection of computers that are connected

NIC: network interface card; a board inseted in a computer that provides a physical connection to a network

Peripheral: a device attached to a host computer but not part of it, and is more or less dependent on the host. It expands the host’s capabilities, but does not form part of the core computer architecture. Examples of computer peripherals: express card, usb drive, sd card, memory stick, router, external ssd or hdd drive

Print spooler: a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be peformed while printing goes on in the background

Printer: a peripheral device that converts output from a computer into a printed image

PROM: programmable read only memory of field programmable read only memory or one time programmable non volatile memory is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. Such prom’s are used to store program permanently. The key difference from a strict rom is that the programming is applied after the device is constructed.

RAM: random access memory; the type of storage that changes; when the computer is turned off, the Ram memory is erased

RISC: reduced instruction set computing; the smaller set of commands used by the powerpc and power mac

ROM: read only memory; the type of storage that is not changed even when the computer is turned off

Scroll bar: allow the user to control which portion of the document is visible in the window; available either horizontally or vertically or both

SCSI: acronym for small computer system interface

Serial port: a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the printer and modem ports on mac

Server: a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network)

Shareware: software provided at a minimal cost to users who are on their honor to send in payment to the programmer

Spreadsheet: a program arranged in rows and columns that manipulates numbers

Spyware: software that enables a user to track someone’s computer activities without that person’s consent

Solid state drive: sometimes called a solid state disk or electronic disk, is a data storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently

Static random access memory: is a type of semi conductor memory where the word static indicates that, unlike dynamic ram, it does not need to be periodically refreshed.

Tool bar: a graphical representation of program activities; a row of icons used to perform tasks in a program

Trash: place where you put files and folders that you want to delete or get rid of

Touchpad or trackpad: a pointing device consisiting of specialized surface that can translate the motion and positon of a user’s fingers to a relative position on screen

Universal serial bus: a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer). Usb is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports.

USB flash drive: a flash memory data storage device integrated with a usb. Usb flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and much smaller than a flopy disc.

Uninterruptable power supply: a constantly charging battery pack which powers the computer,a ups should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down

URL: uniform resource locator; the address of a site on the world wie web; a standard way of locating objects on the internet.

Virus: a deliberately harmful computer program designed to create annoying glitches or destroy data

VGA: a video fraphics array conector is a three row 15 pin de 15 connector. The 15 pin vga connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and some high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini vga port is sometimes used in place of the full sized vga connector

Volatile memory: also known as volatile storage, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information

Window: a screen in a software program that permits the user to view several programs at one time

Word processor: a program that allows the user to create primarily text documents

WORM: write once read many; an optical disk that can only be written to once (like a cd-rom).

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