Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

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Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

The following comprises a reference list of over 2200 entries relevant to the

subject of desertification and land degradation in South Africa. It was

produced as part of a collaborative project undertaken by the National Botanical

Institute and the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies; acknowledging the

contributions of Environmental Monitoring Group, the Department of Environmental

Affairs and Tourism and the Department of Agriculture.

The original reference database is available in Reference Manager V.7.0

(Research Information Systems) format.

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Ref ID : 1593

1. Anonymous Combat desertification. Pretoria:National Department of

Agriculture. , 1919.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Notes : This is a brief, easily readable pamphlet outlining: the definition of

desertification; what are its causes; its effects and how to combat it.

Ref ID : 2082

2. Anonymous Plant invaders: beautiful but dangerous. Stirton, C. Cape

Town:Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Provincial

Administration. , 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2032

3. Anonymous Biology and Ecology of Weeds, The Hague:Junk, 1982.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1505

4. Anonymous Settlement in Botswana and the historical development of a human

landscape, Gaberone:Botswana Society & Heinemann, 1982.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BOTSWANA; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 144

5. Anonymous Agriculture. In: Strategy and guidelines for the physical

development of the republic of Ciskei. edited by Page, D. 1982,p. 130-155.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE;

SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; LAND USE

Notes : In this chapter the rural land use, production figures and general

characteristics of agriculture are described as well as the development schemes

presently underway.

Ref ID : 886

6. Anonymous Population growth and resource demands. In: Environmental concerns

in South Africa, edited by Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A.Cape Town:Juta & Co, Ltd,

1983,p. 23-29.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; CARRYING CAPACITY

Ref ID : 2161

7. Anonymous Invasive alien organisms in the terrestrial ecosystems of the

fynbos biome, South Africa. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Jarman, M.L. Pretoria:Council

for Scientific and Industrial Research. 85, 1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS

Notes : South African National Scientific Programmes report no. 85, Council for

Scientific and Industrial Research.

Ref ID : 890

8. Anonymous The extent of infestations and past control operations for two

groups of woody invasive species. In: Management of invasive alien plants in the

fynbos biome, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston,

P.Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development, 1985,p. 97-131.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; MAPS

Notes : The extent of alien infestations throughout the whole biome has never

been measured. Estimates of the extent of infestations of particular alien

species within portions of the biome have been made using aerial photographs and

ground surveys. Most of these surveys lack comparability, particularly in

respect of the minimum density which is considered to constitute an infestation.

Estimates have been made of the total extent of infestations within the biome

but these vary widely and are generally imprecisely defined. The latest

vegetation map of the biome shows transformed areas but does not discriminate

between dense alien infestations, plantations, agricultural fields and urban

areas. Low density infestations are not distinguished from natural vegetation.

In order to critically evaluate the current extent of infestation it is

necessary to know the extent of past control measures. In this workshop, an

attempt is made to develop a first biome-wide assessment of the extent of

infestations and of past control measures.

Ref ID : 626

9. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 1 - physical

environment. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M.,

Roux, P.W., and Pieterse, A.J.H. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.

124:ii-115, 1986. This report, the first of three volumes, forms part of the

Karoo Biome Project. One of the aims is to synthesize existing knowledge of the

Karoo biome and so provide a foundation for further research in areas where it

is considered necessary. It is a multi-authored publication covering a wide

range of topics. This first volume summarizes what is currently known on the

physical environment of the biome; namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology,

geohydrology and soil erosion. Other aspects of the karoo biome will be covered

in the succeeding volumes.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; CLIMATE; SOIL NUTRIENTS;

HYDROLOGY; EROSION

Ref ID : 2049

10. Anonymous The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern

Africa, South Africa:Oxford University Press, 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 221

11. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 2 - vegetation and

history. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M. and

Roux, P.W. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. 142:ii-133, 1987. This

volume is the second in a series of syntheses of existing knowledge of the karoo

biome. The first volume summarized what is currently known on the physical

environment of the biome namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology, geohydrology

and soil erosion. The focus of this volume is vegetation and its history.

Included are chapters on vegetation physiognomy, plant growth, vegetation

change, photogeography, palaeo-ecology, palaeontology and archaeology.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;

ARCHAEOLOGY; STOCKING RATE; ALIEN PLANTS; GRAZING EFFECTS; KAROO

DESERTIFICATION; VELD MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE; HYDROLOGY; EROSION; VEGETATION CHANGE

Ref ID : 2009

12. Anonymous Biological invasions. A global perspective. Chichester, UK:John

Wiley & Sons, 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 382

13. Anonymous An erosion hazard assessment technique for Ciskei.Rhodes

University. , 1989. Doctoral Dissertation.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI

Ref ID : 1507

14. Anonymous The shaping of South African society 1652 - 1840, Cape Town:Maskew

Miller, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POPULATION; POVERTY; BETTERMENT PLANNING

Ref ID : 2256

15. Anonymous Veld management in the Eastern Cape, Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture and Water Supply, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 956

16. Anonymous Proceedings of the SARCCUS workshop on drought, June 1989, held

under the auspices of the SARCCUS Subcommittee for Agrometeorology and

Climatology. du Pisanie, A.L.Anonymous Pretoria:Southern African Regional

Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-63,

1990. Long term climate prediction based on the physical laws of nature remains

the ultimate goal of meteorologists. Progress has been slow but is promising

and some work on long term rainfall oscillations over southern Africa may be

used to predict rainfall anomalies on an decadel time scale. The relationship

between rainfall anomalies over SA and the phase of the Southern Oscillation

(SO) provided the stimulus for extensive research with the express purpose of

providing seasonal summer rainfall predictions. The first of these, valid for

the period December to March, were issued during October 1986. The predictions

referred to areas over central SA. Further drought was predicted for the

1986/87 summer season while normal to above normal rainfall conditions were

predicted for the next two summer seasons. The reliability of these predictions

are discussed. 06-1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; SOIL EROSION; CLIMATE; RAINFALL; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 1298

17. Anonymous Giong Green: people, politics and the enviroment in South Africa.

Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.pp. 1-262.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : availible in N.B.I. library.

Ref ID : 1297

18. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape

Town:IDASA, 1991.pp. 1-274.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : availible at E.R.C. library.

Ref ID : 1296

19. Anonymous Restoring the land: enviroment and change in post-apartheid South

Africa. London:Panos, 1991.pp. 1-216.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : availible in nbi library.

Ref ID : 1300

20. Anonymous Dune forrest dynamics in relation to land-use practices. Everard,

D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.Anonymous Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.

:1-171, 1991. 0-7988-4952-5.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE

Notes : availible in N.B.I library.

Ref ID : 548

21. Anonymous Dune forest dynamics in relation to land use practices:

environmental forum report. Everard, D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.

Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. , 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; LAND USE; VEGETATION CHANGE

Ref ID : 602

22. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape

Town:IDASA, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND REFORM; POLITICAL ASPECTS

Ref ID : 230

23. Anonymous Restoring the land. Environment and change in post-apartheid

South Africa, London:Panos, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LAND REFORM

Notes : See articles by Jacklyn Cock and Francis Wilson.

Ref ID : 834

24. Anonymous Going green: People, politics and the environment in South Africa,

Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LABOUR; POLICY;

CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; EROSION; LAND REFORM; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;

MODELS; SUBSIDIES

Notes : The uncertainty and risks of change have contributed to the resistance

to sustainable agriculture. Farmers using the biological methods will need

expert advice on the timing of planting, cultivating, watering and pest control.

Sustainable methods might imply new crops and new machinery, or require better

trained labour. Farmers are unlikely to make these changes if there is no

research evidence that these methods will be successful. Farmers need economic

incentives too. What is required is not only a change in farming methods, but a

change in the economic policies which govern agriculture. Present research and

support services are geared to large-scale single crop farming. Tax incentives

and pricing policies favour large farmers, not small ones. It is a political

necessity to rethink agriculture to make it more sustainable. Much needs to be

done to convert unprofitable cropland to pastures, to cut down animal numbers in

many areas to match grazing capacity, and to use high potential land more

effectively, especially land in the 'homelands'. Appropriate crops need to be

investigated - for example, is surgarcane the best crop for the highly

productive Natal coast? Overall, attention must be paid to environmental

conservation and the prevention of soil erosion. Sustainable agricultural

methods are also politically desirable because they will create more employment.

They are better suited to poorer farmers, since they are labour-intensive and

require low cash inputs. Introduction of sustainable methods should therefore

be part and parcel of land reform as we move towards a more democratic society.

Having sustainable agriculture as a farming policy will mean that more small

farmers, many of them poor rural people, can make a living and a contribution to

the country's agriculture. However, farmers lacking in resources will not

automatically take up the methods of sustainable agriculture without incentives

and training. The present model of 'success' will lead them to try to imitate

methods of the richer, large-scale farmers of today. To gain widespread

acceptance of sustainable methods, state subsidies need to be redirected, new

research must be undertaken and extension workers retrained. Only this will

result in the popularization of sustainable agricultural systems.

Ref ID : 954

25. Anonymous Guidelines for land-use planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS

region. Wood, P.C.Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation of

and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-24, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOIL EROSION

Notes : This article concludes with the following. In undertaking land-use

planning projects SARCCUS members all broadly adhere to the planning procedures

as contained in the various SARCCUS recommendations, especially recommendation

4/1982. It is, however, important to note that a very significant change in

approach to land-use planning has taken place in the region as indicated by the

various papers on land-use planning in communal areas presented at the 15th

regular meeting of CONLUP in 1988. Very definite emphasis is now placed on the

need for and the responsibility of communities to be involved in their own

development right from the onset. This applies to all phases of the planning

exercise from identifying planning and development needs, through the survey,

design, planning and execution phases, to the on-going evaluation, review and

maintenance phases. Development and the associated land-use planning should be

viewed mainly as a community responsibility with government playing a

facilitating and supportive role.

Ref ID : 549

26. Anonymous Guidelines for landuse planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS

region: summary report on the theme session of the Fifteenth Regular Meeting of

the SARCCUS standing Committee for Conservation and Land-Use Planning (CONLUP):

Botswana 24-28 October 1988. Wood, P.C. Pretoria:SARRCUS. , 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Ref ID : 523

27. Anonymous Geography in a changing South Africa, Cape Town:Oxford University

Press, 1992.pp. 1-306.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE

Notes : During the 1980s a number of journal articles drew attention to the

nature of changes and controversies taking place within South African geography.

Nevertheless, no comprehensive book-length study was produced on this particular

theme. One goal of this essay collection is to fill this void by furnishing an

overarching perspective on recent disciplinary changes. More especially, what

is undertaken is a reflection on those changes through the lens of the new post-

apartheid era which opened as a result of the De Klerk reforms of the early

1990s. As such, this book hopes to contribute further to the important project

begun in the 1980s of decolonising the teaching and research agendas of South

African geography. For the international geographical audience, the aim in this

collection is to provide a comprehensive survey of the progress and contemporary

directions of local research. It is hoped that the readership abroad will be

stimulated by the indigenization of South African geography, which involves a

loosening of the traditional ties to the Anglo-American branch of the

discipline. Not only have conditions and the ground changed considerably in SA

during the 1970s and 1980s, but geographical perspectives on those conditions

have also been metamorphosed in the heat of political transformation.

Ref ID : 2189

28. Anonymous Fire in South African mountain fynbos: ecosystem, community and

species response at Swartboskloof, Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FIRE; FYNBOS

Ref ID : 1532

29. Anonymous Common property resources and the rural poor in sub-Saharan

Africa. Centre for Development Cooperation Services. Amserdam:Free University,

Amserdam. , 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; FOREST; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; IRRIGATION; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND TENURE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; FAUNA; WATER QUALITY;

POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS;

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Notes : This draft report was prepared for IFAD by the Centre for Development

Cooperation Services of the Free University, Amsterdam. It was found that there

is a causal link between environmental degradation and rural poverty in Africa.

Further, common property resources (CPR) in this relationship were identified.

The essence of CPR is tenure and common property regimes may become styled into

different forms of management, for better or worse. Different property regimes

can be characterised in a macroeconomic sense and there are plausible economic

reasons why they differ, based on the costs and benefits associated with each.

Apart from environmental degradation of the resource base, CPRs are under threat

for a number of reasons. The environmental threat is grave, and emanates from a

number of sources. There remains a strong rationale for building on the

tradition of CPRs where these still show signs of life - indeed, there is often

no sensible alternative. Forest resources are of particular importance to the

rural poor. Wildlife resources have only a limited and largely unrealised

contribution to rural development in sub-Saharan Africa. Provision of improved

water supply and the establishment of irrigation schemes have rarely met

development expectations. Both artisanal coastal and inland fisheries provide

valuable resources for great numbers of the rural poor. An intricate process of

social engineering is necessary to erect or reinforce the necessary CPR

management structures on the shifting sands of contemporary African society.

Successful support to sustainable CPR management depends on an understanding of

how to create or reinforce viable CPR institutions and an understanding of the

roles and requirements of the different participants in CPR use and management.

Indigenous CPR management institutions depend on a degree of social stability

for their successful operation. While there is little argument in theory about

the viability of CPRs, there can be less confidence about their ability to

function in contemporary socio-economic conditions. Women are key participants

in CPR sectors, but current trends are constricting their access to these

resources and are forcing them to over-exploit those they can still reach. In

many respect, the role of the State must be to disengage itself from CPR

management and then re-engage itself in a more supportive manner, facilitating

institutional development and communication at the community level. Analysis of

the primary CPR sectors suggests that an integrated approach to rural

environment and production will normally be the most effective way of achieving

sustainable progress. In order to achieve true participation, rather than

merely paying lip service to the idea, such programmes need to be sensitive,

flexible and long term in duration.

Ref ID : 1535

30. Anonymous Report of the UNEP/FAO expert meeting on harmonising land cover

and land use classifications. Earthwatch Global Environmental Monitoring System.

UNEP. Geneva:UNEP. , 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; MONITORING; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MODELS

Notes : There is a major interest in and need for better information on land

cover and land use and on the interrelations between them at global, regional,

national and local levels, both within and across disciplines. Many actors are

already involved in harmonising land cover and land use data collection and

classifications. UNEP and FAO organised this expert meeting to catalyse further

coordinated action towards such harmonisation efforts. Introductory

presentations were given on general, globally applicable principles related to

classifications, including draft land use classification prepared for the

meeting through a UNEP/FAO consultancy contract, followed by national

presentations on activities, interests and needs related to classifications at

national level. Four groups of cross-cutting issues emerged from these

discussions which were dealt with in more detail, after which suggestions for

follow-up action were formulated. The four cross-cutting issues were: users and

applications; land use and land cover, including change; data sources,

collection and spatial frameworks; and basis for definitions and

classifications.

Ref ID : 2258

31. Anonymous Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability

and pastoral adaptation in African savannas, London:Overseas Development

Institute, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; SAVANNA

Ref ID : 1538

32. Anonymous Desertification control programme activity centre: success stories

in desertification control. UNEP. 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

Notes : In the last decade, many national regional and international projects

have been launched in many parts of the world, with the aim of controlling

dryland degradation (desertification). Much has been heard about the projects

which have failed, but there have also been successful projects which have

contributed substantially to the control of dryland degradation

(desertification), which unfortunately have received much less attention. If