Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

be recommended as requiring irrigation immediately. Crops ideal for the basin

are maize, dry beans and wheat. Irrigation projects in Transkei need to

continue to be initiated by the state because of the shortage of capital and

expertise in the private sector. The present population of the basin is

estimated at 1,000,000 and approximately 92% of this population live in

Transkei. The basin is a potential support to agriculture in the area if it is

developed. This report is obtainable at the library of Dohne Research Station.

See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1450

466. Biot, Y.S. Can livestock production be sustained in the hardveld of

Botswana? Pedologia 60(3):243-255, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; BOTSWANA

Ref ID : 1451

467. Biot, Y.S. and Stocking, M.A. Assessing the sustainability of agricultural

land in Botswana and Sierra Leone. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 1:263-

278, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BOTSWANA

Ref ID : 831

468. Bird, J.M. Geomorphic effects of veld burning, Golden Gate Highlands

National Park.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1996. Abstract and

conclusions in file.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FIRE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 1987

469. Birks, H.J.B. Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the

British Isles. Journal of Biogeography 16:503-540, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : MAPS

Ref ID : 277

470. Bisschop, P.R.R. South Africa - erosion below a dam. American Society of

Civil Engineers Journal 2:623-625, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 1919

471. Blaikie, P. The political economy of soil erosion in developing countries,

Harlow:Longman Group, 1985.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION

Ref ID : 1894

472. Blignaut, C. Probleme ten opsigte van produksie en beleid: ekonomiese

probleme wat bewaringsboerdery aan bande le. Veld Trust Conference on the

conservation status of agricultural resources in the RSA. Du Preez,

J.F.Anonymous Pretoria:Unisa. , 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; CONSERVATION

Notes : This paper will address three major issues. Firstly, international and

national policies aimed at boosting agricultural and farming resources will be

discussed. Secondly, the dynamics of the market economy as it relates to

conservation farming will be examined. Finally, the question of whether state

policies should concern themselves with conservation farming will be debated.

Ref ID : 537

473. Blignaut, C. Natuurlike bronne wek kommer/Natural springs cause concern.

Finansies en Tegniek :34-38, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION

Ref ID : 546

474. Board, C. The Border Region: natural environment and land use in the

eastern Cape, Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1962.pp. v-239.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; LAND DEGRADATION; EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; SOIL

EROSION; CISKEI; TRANSKEI; CLIMATE; POPULATION

Notes : This report was, in essence, a single project, undertaken for

administrative purposes. The work was divided into four main parts: a study of

the natural environment and land use; an economic survey of the area; a

sociological study of the Whites (of European descent), Coloureds (of mixed

parentage); and studies Xhosa-speaking Black people of the area. The aim of

this survey is to present its findings in as objective and dispasionate a manner

as possible. It describes the Border region, its geology, its physiography, its

climate, its vegetation, typical soils of the East London district, it describes

settlements, distribution of the population, geography of transport and

communication, planning and controls affecting land use, the elements of land

use and land use regions.

Ref ID : 2437

475. Board, C. A sample survey to assess the effect on bantu agriculture of the

rehabilitation programme. South African Journal of Science 60(8):229-235, 1964.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RESTORATION; EASTERN CAPE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGIES

Abstract : In order to estimate the effect that the Government's programme for

the rehabilitation of the Bantu areas has had on agricultural practices and

attitudes, a sample survey was designed and undertaken in the King William's

Town district in the winter of 1962. Methods of stratification and the random

selection of sampling units (Bantu families) are described. The effect of the

two main sources of bias (non-response and the incompleteness of these lists)

can be allowed for. The content of the questionnaire and methods of approach to

informants are outlined. The method of analysis is to calculate coefficients of

association between responses and 'explanatory' factors and to test their

significance. The interpretation of the results indicates that so far

differences between rehabilitated and non-rehabiolitated areas are slight, but

are nevertheless genuine.

Ref ID : 984

476. Bond, W.J. The Karoo biome project: early days. South African Journal of

Science 83:453-454, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO

Notes : This article describes proceedings of the Second Karoo Biome Project

Research meeting, which was held in Prince Albert in September 1986. The

meeting took the form of a research symposium. On the first day the 11 papers

presented centred around the theme of Karoo plant growth forms. On the

following days a field exercise on the structural description of the Karoo was

arranged with workshops and poster sessions, giving ample time for discussion

and exchange of ideas.

Ref ID : 227

477. Bond, W.J., Stock, W.D., and Hoffman, M.T. Has the Karoo spread? A test

for desertification using carbon isotopes from soils. South African Journal of

Science 90(7):391-397, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION CHANGE; NAMA KAROO; DESERTIFICATION

ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; LAND DEGRADATION

Abstract : Karoo shrublands are widely believed to have spread at the expense of

grasslands as a result of livestock farming since European settlement. We tested

this view by analysing carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) of soil organic

matter (SOM) at 11 sites spanning the area thought to have undergone the

greatest changes. Results confirm a substantial shift of SOM delta(13)C from

values characteristic of C-4 grasses to C-3 shrublands in surface soil layers.

There is also evidence for a much earlier cycle of change, from deeper soil

layers. Summer rainfall was strongly correlated with grass cover, as measured by

SOM delta(13)C. Changes in the relationship with increasing soil depth suggest

that land use, and not climate, has driven the decline of grasses. We used the

grass/rainfall relationship to map changes in shrub cover from the past (subsoil

layers) to the present (surface layers). Past vegetation included a stable

shrubland zone in the south and west, a broad transition zone with grass/shrub

mixtures in the central Karoo and a grassland zone north and east of the Orange

River. These zones are still identifiable in the more recent SOM record but the

grass zone has been extensively invaded by shrubs. Our study supports the view

that grass cover has declined under grazing pressure, but not that grass lands

covered most of the central Karoo before European settlement. [References: 40]

Reprint available from: Bond WJ UNIV CAPE TOWN DEPT BOT RONDEBOSCH 7700 SOUTH

AFRICA NATL BOT INST CLAREMONT 7735 SOUTH AFRICA.

Ref ID : 1222

478. Boonzaier, E. From communal grazing to 'economic' units: changing access to

land in the Namaqualand reserve. Development Southern Africa 4(3):419-426, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 2114

479. Booth, A. Soils and Land Use. State of the environment in South Africa.

Chenje, M. and Johnson, P. Lesotho:Southern African Research and Documentation

Centre. :105-132, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE

Ref ID : 617

480. Booysen, C.R. and Hofmeyr, S.J.G. Save the soil, Cape Town:Juta & Company,

1975.pp. 1-74.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 189

481. Booysen, J. and Rowswell, D.I. The drought problem in the Karoo areas.

Proceedings of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 18:40-45, 1983.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; HYDROMETEOROLOGY; NAMA KAROO

Abstract : Drought is a natural and characteristic phenomenon in the Karoo

Region and an event which occurs frequently. This paper describes an objective

method of analyzing the drought problem. Most current methods are subjective and

difficulties have been experienced in applying them in practice. The problem of

defining drought is investigated. The Palmer drought analysis was adapted for

this research and its results for the Karoo Region are discussed and compared

with those of the Orange Free State, Highveld, Transvaal, Natal and Eastern Cape

Regions. Some considerations are given to bridging practices for the drought

problems in the Karoo.

Ref ID : 2534

482. Border Rural Committee Mgwali land tenure test case. 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; COMMUNAL AREA; CISKEI;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; POPULATION; LEGISLATION; POLITICAL

ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate land tenure issues and their

impact on the economic and social development process. The case study method

was used. The findings revealed that the failure of addressing land tenure

issues in the study area exacerbated economic and social problems. The problems

identified were: 1. overlapping rights and overcrowding resulting from an

influx of refugees from apartheid South Africa; 2. breakdown of land

administration and uncertainty as to the legal status of land rights claimed by

the various stakeholders; 3. decline in agricultural production; 4. breakdown of

law and order, and rural governance. The study simply concludes that tenure

reform, particularly in the communal areas is well worth undertaking. Rural

instability, arising from land tenure disputes, must be addressed as this will

have a negative impact on social structures within the affected communities.

This is an unpublished Border Rural Committee Report, and is available at their

resource centre, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 278

483. Bosazza, V.L. On the erodibility of soils in South Africa. Sols Africains

2:339-349, 1953.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 2115

484. Bosch, J.M., Alletson, D.J., Jacot Guillarmod, A.F.M.G., King, J.M., and

Moore, C.A. River response to catchment conditions. The conservation of South

African rivers. O'Keeffe, J.H. Pretoria:Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research. 131:44-63, 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 279

485. Bosch, J.M. and Hewlett, J.D. Sediment control in South African forests and

mountain catchments. Southern African Forestry Journal 115:50-55, 1980.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; LAND USE; EROSION; FOREST

Abstract : Accelerated erosion in SA forests and mountain catchments not only

results in degradation of the productivity and aesthetic value of land, but also

causes impairment of the quality of water from these areas. Multiple purpose

management therefore requires primary concern for soil and water. Experience in

the U.S.A. has shown that relatively inexpensive means are available for soil

and water protection. Suggested remedies are: (1) advanced planning of access

systems, (2) careful stabilisation of firebreaks and tracers, (3) zoning of

catchments to delineate sensitive areas. Streamside management zones (SMZs) are

proposed for zoning. The concept of the SMZ implies a concern for the pattern

of activities over the natural drainage basin, since the pattern is often more

important than the specific practice.

Ref ID : 1797

486. Bosch, O.J.H. Vegetation deterioration in southern Africa: a research and

researcher problem. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 5(1):3-

4, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION

Notes : In this article, the author concludes that he wishes to emphasise the

necessity of contact between the various sub-disciplines of the plant sciences.

Co-operation in integrated research programmes is the only way in which

meaningful solutions to a comprehensive problem such as the deterioration of our

natural vegetation could be expected. Only then could we ensure that the

National Grazing Strategy would not in future be added to the long list of

previous ineffectual conservation attempts.

Ref ID : 1061

487. Bosch, O.J.H. Degradation of the semi-arid grasslands of southern Africa.

Journal of Arid Environments 16:165-175, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; GRASSLAND; SOUTHERN AFRICA; RAINFALL

Abstract : The degradation process in the semi-arid grasslands of southern

Africa is mainly characterized by changes in the ratio between palatable and

unpalatable species. Compositions with the largest palatable component occurs at

light to moderate grazing conditions, while more severe grazing leads to an

increase in unpalatable species. However, with further mismanagement, the

vegetation moves to a second domain of attraction which is again characterized

by an increase in palatable species, but a decrease in the stability of the

system. This rapidly leads to further deterioration and the development of

communities in which species typical of the arid Karoo biome become dominant.

The development of this third domain of attraction in the higher rainfall

grassland areas represents the desertification process of southern African

grasslands.

Ref ID : 898

488. Bosch, O.J.H. and Booysen, J. An integrated system for plant dynamics - a

decision support tool for use at the farm or paddock level. ASIT Newsletter

4(1):35-37, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; CONSERVATION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Notes : Increasing demands for the conservation and improvement of rangelands

require a sound understanding of the nature, dynamics and production potential

of rangeland systems. Equally important is the need for efficient, fast and

accurate dissemination of the available knowledge to the end user. A

comprehensive system has therefore been developed in which new and existing data

and knowledge are used as a basis for range condition and grazing capacity

assessment and for defining appropriate management options to maintain or

improve the condition and capability of the range. Different computer

technologies were combined to produce an integrated and user friendly package

for direct application by the grazing industry. The structure of the Integrated

System for Plant Dynamics (ISPD) is outlined. The ISPD provides a useful means

by which research data and existing knowledge can be stored and, most important,

by which the research information becomes available to the grazing industry for

direct application.

Ref ID : 900

489. Bosch, O.J.H. and Booysen, J. An integrative approach to rangeland

condition and capability assessment. Journal of Range Managment 45(2):116-122,

1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; MONITORING

Abstract : A comprehensive system has been designed to serve as a basis for

rangeland condition and grazing capacity assesment. It is important that

research information and knowledge be transferred to land managers in the most

usable form. An approach has therefore been developed by which different

computer technologies are combined to produce a unique and user friendly package

for direct application by the grazing industry. The system can be applied

universally, regardless of the pool of quantitative knowledge that exists. This

is of special imporance for the evaluation and monitoring of the many rangeland

systems not yet understood and quantified.

Ref ID : 1050

490. Bosch, O.J.H. and Gauch, H.G. The use of degradation gradients for the

assessment and ecological interpretation of range condition. Journal of the

Grassland Society of southern Africa 8(4):138-146, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; LAND DEGRADATION; RANGELAND DEGRADATION; GRASSLAND;

SOUTHERN AFRICA; MODELS; RAINFALL

Abstract : Multivariate procedures were used to subdivide the southern African

climatic climax grasslands of the 700 - 800 mm rainfall zone into relatively

homogeneous grazing areas. A degradation gradient was constructed for each of

these areas. This was done by means of centred PCA ordination, using static

data representing compositional differences induced mainly by grazing. The

first axis of these ordinations represented a gradient of degradation. The

second and higher axes were combined in a single value, namely, the Euclidean

distance from the first axis. The degradation gradients were then used as a

basis for ordinating new sites into the old ordinances, assessing their

condition in an objective and quantitative way. The Euclidean distances from

the first axis were used to determine the appropriateness of the degradation

gradients for the assessment of the condition of a particular site. Knowledge

of species response to grazing, community dynamics and recover potential

obtained through the ordination and regression studies was used to interpret the

condition assessments.

Ref ID : 1777

491. Bosch, O.J.H., Janse Van Rensburg, F.P., and Truter, S.D.T. Identification

and selection of benchmark sites on litholitic soils of the Western Grasslands

biome of Southern Africa. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa

4(2):59-62, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRASSLAND; SOUTHERN AFRICA; VEGETATION CHANGE

Abstract : An approach to identify benchmarks for different ecological

situations in the grassland biome is described. The approach is illustrated by

using information on vegetation change, role of habitat factors and the relative

palatability differences between the species of the vegetation on shallow soils

of the litholitic complexes in the western parts of the grassland biome. The

information was obtained from the ordination and interpretation of vegetation

and habitat data gathered at different distances from watering points and in

vegetation under different grazing pressures.

Ref ID : 899

492. Bosch, O.J.H. and Kellner, K. The use of a degradation gradients for the

ecological interpretation of condition assessments in the western grassland

biome of southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 21:21-29, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; GRASSLAND; SOUTHERN AFRICA; RAINFALL

Abstract : Multivariate procedures were used to subdivide the southern African

climatic climax grasslands of the 700 - 800 mm rainfall zone into relatively

homogeneous grazing areas. A degradation gradient was constructed for each of

these areas. This was done by means of centred PCA ordination, using static

data representing compositional differences induced mainly by grazing. The

first axis of these ordinations represented a gradient of degradation. The

second and higher axes were combined in a single value, namely, the Euclidean

distance from the first axis. The degradation gradients were then used as a

basis for ordinating new sites into the old ordinations, assessing their

condition in an objective and quantitative way. The Euclidian distances from

the first axis were used to determine the appropriateness of the degradation

gradients for the assessment of the condition of a particular site. Knowledge

of species response to grazing, community dynamics and recovery potential

obtained through the ordination and regression studies was used to interpret the

condition assessments.

Ref ID : 902

493. Bosch, O.J.H. and Theunissen, J.D. Differences in the response of species

on the degradation gradient in the semi-arid grasslands of southern Africa and

the role of ecotypic variation. In: Desertified grasslands: their biology and

management, edited by Chapman, G.P.London:Academic Press, 1992,p. 95-109.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; GRASSLAND; SOUTHERN AFRICA; RAINFALL

Notes : Differences in the response of species on the degradation gradient in

the semi-arid grasslands of southern Africa and the role of ecotypic variation

are explored. comparing the response of species to the grazing impact revealed

various dissimilarities between the high and low rainfall region and different

edaphic conditions. The same species often reacts differently to grazing in

different topographical positions, as well as between habitats of the same

topographical unit. Apart from habitat differences, this phenomenon can

possibly be attributed to ecotypic variation. Indications are that ecotypic

variation is a common phenomenon in various grass species. This is reflected by

the presence of morphologically distinct ecotypes, exhibiting specific

topographical and habitat preferences within a species. These ecotypes could

react differently to various environmental factors, which explains the fact that

a species could be classified into different ecological status groups, depending

on the geographical distribution or habitat conditions with which it is

associated.

Ref ID : 2535

494. Boshielo, F. and Mphafudi, L. An investigation of complexities and probable

solutions to commonages in the Eastern Cape Province with particular reference

to Idutywa and Lusikisiki. Study Report.Anonymous , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; POPULATION; TRANSKEI; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND USE; LAND

TENURE