Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

been initiated by similar processes. Differences occurring within and between

the gully groups were attributed to varying combinations of initiating factors.

Aerial photographs from 1952 and 1984 were used together with field surveys to

map the extent and development of five of the six gullies - the remaining gully

was only initiated in 1988. The 1952 and 1984 photographs were selected as they

represent the earliest and most recent photographs to be taken of the area. The

maps show the gullies to have experienced a greater amount of growth during the

1984 - 1991 period than during the 195 - 1984 period. This finding was

attributed to the sporadic nature of gully growth. The spatial location of the

gullies in relation to one another appears to have had little influence on their

typological and morphological characteristics. However, their spatial location

within the landscape has undoubtedly influenced these properties. In general

the research described has shown that the spatial and temporal differences of

the gullies occurring in the Park are the result of various combinations of

endogenous and exogenous factors that governed the initiation and development of

each gully.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; FREE STATE; EROSION; MAPS

Ref ID : 1024

513. Branford, W.C. Report of the colonial veterinary surgeon on sheep and

cattle diseases in the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Presented to both

Houses of Parliament by command of His Excellency the Governor.Anonymous Cape

Town, South Africa:Saul Solomon & Co. :1-39, 1877.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Notes : This report was written in accordance with instructions received from

the Colonial Secretary. In Port Elizabeth, various inspections were made,

advice and instructions to stock farmers was given. None of these involved

epidemic or epizootic character, infectious or contagious illness and was

therefore of no public interest. Only one subject of suspicious nature, that of

chronic catarrh and nasal gleet came under inspection. The owner had the

relevant horse killed without delay and dopted measures for thoroughly clensing

and disinfecting his stables. Upon his visit to the district of Uitenhage, only

a few cases of catarrh among horses came under the author's notice and this

yielded to simple treatment. At Kraggakama, one herd of Kafir oxen suffered

from a lung-illness (pleuro-pneumonia) and was killed. A post-mortem was held

to which all farmers of the neighbourhood were invited. Again, measures were

taken to isolate all other animals which had come into contact with the affected

animal and the stables were cleaned appropriately. In addition, prophylactic

treatment was prescribed. These measures are detailed in the report.

Ref ID : 1025

514. Branford, W.C. Report of Professor Branford, colonial veterinary surgeon

for the years 1878-79. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of His

Excellency the Governor.Anonymous Cape Town:Saul Solomon & Co. :3-17, 1879.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Notes : In this report, no new diseases have been identified as having been

brought to the notice of the author. He suggests that the diseases to which

cattle and sheep are liable in the Cape Colony are not widely different from

those which plague cattle and sheep in the British Isles or even Europe.

Regarding horses, however, he names "horse sickness" as one type of illness

which he has not come across before. The author goes on to write about worms in

sheep and the treatment thereof; sand accumulations in the intestines of

animals; scab; overstocking; deterioration of the veld; upon decadence in sheep

farming; the desirability of an animals' quarantine Act; and the desirability of

the institution of an agricultural College.

Ref ID : 1865

515. Bransby, D.I. A model for predicting livemass gain from stocking rate and

annual rainfall. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 1(2):22-

26, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; STOCKING RATE; RAINFALL

Abstract : The relationship between livemass gain and stocking rate was

established for young beef animals grazing kikuyu and Coastcross 11 pastures in

each of five grazing seasons. The annual rainfall within these seasons ranged

from 506 mm to 990 mm. Relationships between pasture production variables and

annual rainfall are described and these are used to construct a model for

predicting livemass gain/ha /season for different stocking rates and levels of

annual rainfall.

Ref ID : 1868

516. Bransby, D.I. and Tainton, N.M. A proposed method for determining long term

optimum utilization intensities of pastures and veld. Proceedings of the

Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 14:49-52, 1979.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE

Abstract : Application of utilization intensity as an experimental variable by

the use of the pasture disc meter and the put-and-take technique is recommended

as an alternative to stocking rate experiments. Utilization intensity allows

stocking rate to be used as a measure of pasture productivity and consequently

the relationship between animal gain and stocking rate; and the relationship

between stocking rate and utilization intensity can be used to determine long

term optimum utilization intensities. In addition, the relationship between

veld condition score and utilization intensity could be used to determine a long

term optimum utilization intensity for veld in good condition and a range of

acceptable utilization intensities which will allow veld in poor condition to

recover.

Ref ID : 280

517. Braune, E. Density of sediments in South African resevoirs. Maaren,

H.Anonymous Pretoria:Dept of Water Affairs. , 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION

Ref ID : 2205

518. Braune, E. Toekomstige besproeiingsbeleid vir Suid-Afrika.Anonymous

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. , 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2219

519. Braune, E. and Coetzee, N. An atlas of potentially water related diseases

in South Africa.Anonymous Water Research Commission. 584/1/96, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2204

520. Braune, E. and Coetzer, J. Probleme ten opsigte van besproeiing uit

grondwater - 1990 opname.Anonymous Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

GH3768, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Technical report GH3768.

Ref ID : 281

521. Braune, E. and Looser, U. Cost impacts of sediments in South African

rivers. Sediment and the Environment. (Proceedings of the Baltimore Symposium,

May 1989).Anonymous Anonymous IAHS Publication. 184:131-142, 1989. Soil erosion

is a serious problem in SA. Erosion rates have increased considerbly due to

human impacts. Off-site damages as a result of high sidement yields from

drainage basins are discussed in terms of loss of reservoir storage capacity,

damage to agricultural land and crops enhanced water treatment costs and impacts

on the aquatic environment. From a hydrographic survey data base for 170

reservoirs an average storage loss rate of 0.35 percent per year is indicated.

The total off-site cost impact, excluding the environmental damage, is estimated

at R90 million per year (R1 = US dollars 0.40). This is an order of magnitude

higher than the annual national expenditure on soil conservation.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; DESERTIFICATION

ASSESSMENT; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; WATER CONSERVATION; EROSION CONTROL;

EROSION; SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 573

522. Bredenkamp, D.B. Extended investigation of drought conditions existing in

the northern regions of South Africa.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Water

Affairs. Technical Report 37, 1966.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; NORTHERN PROVINCE; NORTHWEST PROVINCE; GOVERNMENT

INITIATIVES

Ref ID : 732

523. Breen, C.M. Closing the loop between research and implementation. Talk

presented at the Department of Grassland Science, University of Natal,

Pietermaritzburg, 9 June 1992. Occasional Paper 109.Anonymous Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. :1-9,

1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : METHODOLOGIES; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLICY

Notes : The conclusions drawn in this article are: it is time to review our

approach to research. We need to know why we are conducting research; more

attention needs to be focused on how to use research to influence the actions of

people; research should have the specific goal of influencing policy; we should

be as disciplined and rigorous about our approach to informng the decision-

making process as we are to the science of research; and if we can do that we

can close the loop between research and implementation.

Ref ID : 733

524. Breen, C.M. Sustainable development. Presented at the Environmental

Evaluation Unit Course "Economics, Politics and the Environment", University of

Cape Town, 6 December 1991. Occasional Paper 114.Anonymous Anonymous

Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POPULATION

Notes : The brief for this session was: "Tie the economic theory and the case

analyses of rhinos and elephants to the broader picture of social, political as

well as economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner."

Sustainable development is seen to have two very important implications: (1)

that development as currently practiced is not sustainable; and (2) that the

only way to meet the needs of the growing population is through development.

Ref ID : 728

525. Breen, C.M., Auerbach, R.M.B., and Little, A.M. Agricultural extension: a

community development perspective. Address given at the AGM of the South African

Society for Agricultural Extension (Natal Branch), Pietermaritzburg, 20

November. Occasional Paper 94.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of

Natural Resources, University of Natal. :1-9, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA

Notes : This paper concludes that if we are to meet the challenges, we need to

identify, understand and promote the transitions. This will direct our actions

towards the solution of problems and the attainment of long-term sustainable

goals. The author anticipates that the actions required to activate and sustain

these transitions will require vision, leadership, heightened co-operation and

redefinition of traditional agendas. Agricultural extension can provide the

vision and leadership - but questions whether it will.

Ref ID : 746

526. Breen, C.M., Davion, R., Mander, M., and Mander, J.J. Managing natural

resources for community needs. Paper presented at The Royal Society for South

Africa Conference: Fulfilling basic needs: the role of science and technology,

Cape Town, 8-9 February 1996. Occasional Paper 166.Anonymous Anonymous

Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 709

527. Breen, C.M., Granger, J.E., and Kotze, D.C. Blesbokspruit: an ecological

perspective. Investigational Report 150.Anonymous Scottsville:Institute of

Natural Resources. IR 150, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 724

528. Breen, C.M., Little, A.M., McIntosh, A.C., A'Bear, D.R., and Mander, M.

Interdisciplinary research and community development. Paper presented at the

Conference on Community Development and Research held at the University of

Venda, 16-17 August. Occasional Paper 76.Anonymous Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. :1-10,

1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGIES; POPULATION; POLICY

Notes : This paper focuses attention on principles rather than on trying to

develop a 'recipe book' for interdisciplinary research in community development.

The logic of stimulating economic growth without addressing the flow of

resources which fuel economic growth and without a determined attempt to lower

the population growth rate, is questioned. It is suggested that present

policies, attitudes and aspirations are directing development along an

unsustainable path. Innovative interdisciplinary research directed at resource

supply, processing, use, attitudes and population growth is required to provide

the tools to redirect the path of development along sustainable lines.

Ref ID : 767

529. Breen, C.M. and McIntosh, A.C. Beyond the land debate: facing up to the

challenges of rural development. Developer 3:25-27, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND REFORM

Ref ID : 1658

530. Breman, H., Diallo, A., Traore, G., and Djiteye, M.M. The Ecology of the

Annual Migrations of Cattle in the Sahel. In: Agro-pastoral systems in

developing countries,Anonymous 1998,p. 592-595.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FIRE; RAINFALL; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL;

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Notes : Quality of forage was an important restraint on animal production to

migrating Fulani herd of Zebu cattle studied in the Sahel, Africa, during 1977.

Weight increases of adult animals only occurred in the rainy season: but

herdsmen were able to maintain their animals at constant weight during the dry

season by choice of suitable grazing areas. Highly selective grazing by cattle

maintained a diet of adequate quality. Fire was an important tool for improving

forage quality during the dry season. Overall balance of secondary production

was positive with a 24 percent growth in total biomass and a 12 percent increase

in the number of animals.

Ref ID : 618

531. Bremner, J.M. The Orange River and its 1988 flood in perspective.

Palaeoecology of Africa 21:89-97, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FLOODS; RUNOFF; NAMIBIA

Abstract : The Orange, although one of the more diminutive of the world's 45

major rivers, today has the distinction of having the highest mean annual

sediment load (relative to its mean annual runoff) in Africa, and the fourth

highest in the world. In the past the river's sediment load was substantially

higher than it is at present, the current drop-off being due primarily to

entrapment by large dams situated in the upper catchment. The effect of this

truncation during the 1988 flood was that a disproportionately small amount of

sediment was transported to the estuary in relation to the record volume of

water. The estuary is currently adjusting to this man-induced change in that

its previously sediment-choked upper reaches are now being flushed clean, and

the thalweg of its lower reaches is shifting toward the west (into Namibia).

Ref ID : 654

532. Bremner, J.M., Roger, J., and Willis, J.P. Sedimentological aspects of the

1988 Orange River floods. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa

47(3):247-294, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SEDIMENTATION; FLOODS; RUNOFF; EROSION

Abstract : Daily sampling of suspended sediment in the flooding Orange River was

carried out at Alexander Bay from late February to the end of May 1988. Coupled

with simultaneous measurements of water run off, the suspended-sediment data

have been used to calculate daily variations in sediment discharge from just

before the floods started, through four distinct pulses of varying magnitude and

duration, namely the Bloemfontein, Fish River, Kroonstad and Upington floods.

During the 3-month period, 24,3 km3 of water, 118,6% more than the mean annual

runoff of 11,1 km3, was discharged, varying from 15,5 km3 in March (a record) to

5,3 km3 in April and 3,5 km3 in May. The amount of sediment, transported

chiefly in suspension, was substantial but was not in proportion to the amount

of water. During March 64,2 X 106t was carried out to sea, the load declining

sharply to 9,4 X 106t in April and 7,3 X 106t in May. The total sediment

discharge for the three-month period amounted to 80,9 X 106t, which exceeds the

mean annual value of 60,4 X 106t by only 40%. The texture of the mud-dominated

suspended sediments was analysed by Sedigraph and clay was always dominant over

silt and sand. However, the mode of the suspensate for the Bloemfontein,

Kroonstad and Upington floods was medium silt and that of the Fish River flood,

fine silt. Illite was the dominant clay mineral of the clay faction but

montmorillonite, derived from weathered basalts in the Drakensberg increased in

abundance during the Bloemfontein and Kroonstad floods: the Fish, in contrast,

is montmorillonite-poor. Near the mouth, at the height of the flood, a major

channel was scoured beside the left bank, beneath the shouthern end of the

Ernest Oppenheimer bridge (where the suspended-sediment samples were taken) and

approximately 1 million tons of sediment were eroded from the right bank of the

estuary. The bedload of the flood was deposited as an ephemeral flood delta up

to 1,2 km offshore with an estimated mass of 3,6 million tons. The muddy

suspended load was desposited on the normally sandy delta front (<40 m) as a

clearly recognizable layer of light brown 'floor mud' up to 10 cm thick. In

contrast, only a veneer of 'floor mud' , a few millimetres thick, was noted on

the normally muddly prodelta (>40 m). The anomalously muddy sediments (up to

97% mud) on the delta front will take several years to be redistributed by the

prevailing swell. Nearly all sediment transported during the 1988 floods was

derived from bank erosion and river-bed scour downstream of major dams, before

the construction of which historical floods eroded poorly-managed farms,

particularly in the NE Cape.

Ref ID : 1990

533. Breytenbach, G.J. Impacts of alien organisms on terrestrial communities

with emphasis on communities of the south-western Cape. In: The ecology and

management of biological invasions in southern Africa, edited by Macdonald,

I.A.W., Kruger, F.J., and Ferrar, A.A.South Africa:Oxford University Press,

1986,p. 229-238.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 1991

534. Bright, C. Life out of bounds, Washington D.C.Worldwatch, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 911

535. Brink, A.J. and Van der Zel, D.W. Die geskiedenis van bosbou in Suider-

Afrika. Deel I: Die inheemse bosse/The history of forestry in southern Africa.

Part I: The indigenous forests. South African Forestry Journal (114):13-18,

1980.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FORESTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FOREST

Abstract : A good perspective on the past is a prerequisite for proper planning

of the future. In this paper, therefore, a general account is presented of the

development of the forest and timber industry associated with the indigenous

forests. The picture of man's influence on this scarce resource is presented

from the days of the Hottentots and Bushmen through the intensive exploitation

period at the beginning of the century to the present forest scientific

management stage to repair the remaining forest. It provides us with a lesson

to timeously protect scarce resources in order to gain long term benefits over

and above short term gain.

Ref ID : 511

536. Brinkcate, T.A. and Hanvey, P.M. Perceptions and attitudes towards soil

erosion in the Madebe Community, Northwest Province. South African Geographical

Journal 78(2):75-82, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; NORTHWEST PROVINCE; EROSION; POLICY

Abstract : A survey of local people's perceptions and attitudes towards soil

erosion was carried out by means of an interview questionnaire in the Madebe

area of Saulspoort. These local perceptions were compared to a geomorphological

classification of the soil erosion forms in the area. It was found that there

were large discrepancies between what the people perceved in the erosion of the

area and what the scientific findings disclosed. The findings of the research

have particular relevance to policy makers and conservationists especially in

light of the government's Reconstruction and Development Programme and its

emphasis on public opinion and participation.

Ref ID : 2116

537. Britton, D.L. Fire and the dynamics of allochthonous detritus in a South

African mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 24:347-360, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FIRE

Ref ID : 2117

538. Britton, D.L. Fire and the chemistry of a South African mountain stream.

Hydrobiologia 218:177-192, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FIRE

Ref ID : 2118

539. Britton, D.L., Day, J.A., and Henshall-Howard, M.-P. Hydrochemical response

during storm events in a South African mountain catchment: the influence of

antecedent conditions. Hydrobiologia 250:143-157, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1723

540. Brockett, G.M., Gray, N.N., and Lyle, A.D. The effect of stocking rate and

grazing system on the performance of beef steers grazing on Eragrostis curvula

pasture. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 17:33-37, 1982.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE; CARRYING CAPACITY; VELD MANAGEMENT; ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; GRAZING EFFECTS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; PLANT-ANIMAL

INTERACTIONS; CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract : Animal average daily growth shows a characteristic drop in the

spring/early summer period (until 31 December), a slight increase over the mid-

summer period (January/February) and a rapid decline in autumn (March). Growth

ranges from 0.8 to 0.5 kg/animal/day in spring/early summer and 0.25 to 0.5

kg/animal/day in mid-summer according to stocking rate and pasture production.