incentives for rural groupings to engage in collective action and appropriate
structures of authority. However, these can be addressed in large part by
approaching common property problems with an adequate understanding of the
central issues involved and by making institutional development a central
concern of development agencies. Central to this understanding must be a
disaggregation of 'community' and an analysis of competing interests within
essentially political process. The influence of ecological dynamics is another
crucial factor to take into account. The argument has been developed largely
through an examination of relevant literature of a theoretical nature, and of
lessons from the wider African context. How can these lessons be applied in SA,
and what modifications and adaptations will this require? These challenging
questions require a response from both theory and practice. Some affiliates of
the National Land Committee, a non-governmental body, have begun to take up the
practical challenge and soon those government departments responsible for land
reform and rural development will be engaged in similar processes. The
conceptual framework outlined in this paper may help to inform these
interventions and over time practice may inform the development of a set of more
finely tuned and locally appropriate analytical tools.
Ref ID : 1020
643. Cousins, B. Range management and land reform policy in post-apartheid South
Africa. Paper presented at the Vth International Rangeland Congress. 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; COMMUNAL AREA; POLICY; VELD MANAGEMENT; STOCKING RATE;
NORTHERN CAPE
Abstract : South Africa's post-apartheid government is planning an ambitious
programme of land reform. Policies should be informed by a sound understanding
of livestock systems found in black rural areas at present. Central features
include the multiple functions of livestock; high stocking rates and their
maintenance through opportunistic strategies; a differentiated social structure;
and politicised forms of communal tenure. Recent thinking in range ecology
suggests that policy should enhance tracking of environmental variation and
flexible tenure regimes. This will be difficult to achieve, but participatory
approaches show promise. This is illustrated by a case study of range
management planning in Leliefontein Reserve in the Northern Cape Province.
Ref ID : 1019
644. Cousins, B. A role for common property institutions in land redistribution
programmes in South Africa. Gatekeeper Series No 53.Anonymous Anonymous IIED.
:1-20, 1995.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND TENURE; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND REFORM
Notes : The focus of this paper is on the design and development of common
property institutions (CPIs) for the management of natural resources,
particularly communal grazing land, within land redistribution programmes in SA.
It first considers the nature of common property regimes, the rationales for
supporting them and their vulnerability as institutions. This reveals critical
issues related to the design and development of these institutions, which the
remainder of the paper discusses.
Ref ID : 1315
645. Cousins, B. Range management and land reform policy in post-apartheid South
Africa.Anonymous Bellville:Programme for land and Agrarian Studies. 2:1-23,
1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POLICY
Ref ID : 124
646. Cousins, B. Range management and land reform policy in post-apartheid South
Africa. Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Southern Africa: An Occasional Paper
Series.Anonymous Anonymous University of the Western Cape, South
Africa:Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS). :1-24, 1996. South
Africa's post-apartheid government is planning and ambitious programme of land
reform. Policies should be informed by a sound understanding of livestock
systems found in black rural areas at present. Central features include the
multiple functions of livestock; high stocking rates and their maintenance
through opportunistic strategies; a differentiated social structure; and
politicised forms of communal tenure. Recent thinking in range ecology suggests
that policy should enhance tracking of environmental variation and flexible
tenure regimes. This will be difficult to achieve, but participatory approaches
show promise. This is illustrated by a case study of range management planning
in Leliefontein Reserve in the Northern Cape Province.1-86808-347-0.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; VELD MANAGEMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS; STOCKING RATE;
NORTHERN CAPE; SUCCULENT KAROO
Ref ID : 1190
647. Cousins, B. How do rights become real? Formal and informal institutions in
South Africa's tenure reform programme. In: Proceedings of the international
conference on land tenure in the developing world with a focus on Southern
Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 27-29 January 1998, edited by
Barry, M.Cape Town:Department of Geomatics, University of Cape Town, 1998,p. 88-
100.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; LEGISLATION; POLICY
Abstract : Central components of SA's post-apartheid land reform comprise
ambitious and wide-ranging "rights-based" laws and programmes. But how do
legally defined rights to resources become effective command over those
resources? And what are the limits to social change though legal reform? Two
central issues which arise are (1) supplementing the passing of new legislation
with the detailed design of programmes to implement these laws, and (2) the
interplay of formal and informal institutions in the complex social arenas
within which people actually live. Both centrally involve issues of power,
authority and contestation, and require us to consider law as only one source of
rule-making in society. Numerous conflicting or competing rule-orders exist,
characterised more often than not by "ambiguities, inconsistencies, gaps,
conflicts and the like" (Moore 1975: 3). The complexity of both the structural
and the processual dimensions, as well as the need to always focus on both
aspects simultaneously, is well illustrated in SA's tenure reform programme, at
the heart of which is the challenge to make rights real. This is illustrated by
discussion of the difficulties of implementing three recent tenure reform laws,
and by an analysis of the dilemmas faced by policy makers in relation to
democratic reform of communal tenure systems in which traditional leaders
continue to play a central role. The notion of "messy matrices" of formal and
informal institutions could help to inform the difficult choices inherent in
policy making and implementation.
Ref ID : 812
648. Cowan, J.A.C. and Skivington, P. Assessment of the feasibility and impact
of alternative water pollution control options on TDS concentrations in the Vaal
Barrage and Middle Vaal.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 326/1/93,
1993.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : IRRIGATION; POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY
Ref ID : 983
649. Cowling, R.M. Whither Karoo research? South African Journal of Science
82:409-411, 1986.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : NAMA KAROO; METHODOLOGIES; CONSERVATION; POPULATION
Abstract : Activities in the Karoo Biome Project were reviewed at its first
annual research meeting at the end of last year (1985). The Karoo has features
which make it biologically unique - it is home to the richest succulent flora in
the world, and according to one speaker is the 'richest archaeological area on
earth' - yet the conservation status of the biome is the poorest in SA. There
is an inability of researchers to appreciate theories relevant to understanding
pattern and process in semi-arid ecosystems. Many of the research projects in
ecology are descriptive; more studies are desirable in the fields of
ecophysiology, population dynamics and species interactions. The CSIR's
Committee for Terrestrial Ecosystems provides excellent support for the
research, yet the quality of the graduate students and research leadership
involved is generally poor.
Ref ID : 557
650. Cowling, R.M. Options for rural land use in Southern Africa: an ecological
perspective. In: A harvest of discontent: the land question in South
Africa,Anonymous 1998,p. 11-22.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND REFORM; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL;
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Notes : This pioneering book assembles data from a variety of disciplines and
perspectives pertinent to 'the land question' - perhaps the most fraught and
complex issue on the negotiation agenda in SA. It sketches the limits imposed
by the ecology of the land, examines in depth the question of ownership and
tenure, disentangles the 'labyrinthe complexity' of laws governing access and
use, and explores essential aspects of agricultural production. Above all, it
identifies key issues and options for the urgent project of land reform.
Ref ID : 2287
651. Cowling, R.M. Classics in physical geography revisited. Progress in
Physical Geography 23(2):251-255, 1999.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MAPS
Notes : This is an article written on the work of J.P.H. Acocks. It is
suggested that his most perceptive and radical contribution to ecology, which is
only briefly alluded to in his 'Veld Types' and is more fully developed in
Acocks (1966), is his explanation for the grazing-induced degradation of the
South African veld. His argument is deceptively simple: veld is degraded
because it is understocked but overgrazed. To his problem, he proposed a
solution of nonselective grazing which simulated precolonial ungulate impacts by
concetrating livestock in small camps for short periods, followed by very long
rest periods. 'Veld Types' has become a classic because it provided a useful
and much-needed vegetation typology and map, and because it posed so many
interesting questions. The author has no doubt that 'Veld Types' will continue
to inspire future generations of South African plant ecologists.
Ref ID : 2003
652. Cowling, R.M. and Hilton-Taylor, C. Phytogeography, flora and endemism. In:
Vegetation of Southern Africa, edited by Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., and
Pierce, S.M.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997,p. 43-61.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 242
653. Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., and Mustart, P.J. Fynbos. In: Vegetation
of Southern Africa. edited by Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., and Pierce,
S.M.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997,p. 99-130.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; FYNBOS; ALIEN PLANTS; MODELS; GLOBAL CHANGE;
BIODIVERSITY; RENOSTERVELD; FIRE
Notes : The past two decades have witnessed great advances in our understanding
of vegetation patterns and processes in the fynbos biome. There are, however,
still large gaps in our knowledge. This chapter is concluded by listing some of
the more important ones: (1) there is an inadequate understanding of the causal
determinants of vegetation boundaries at all spatial scales. The results of
such studies are an essential input for mechanistic models aimed at predicting
the impact of global change on vegetation and species distributions; (2) because
of the scale of the problem, more research is required on developing models that
predict the rates of spread, and impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem
processes, of invasive alien plants; (3) more research is required on all
aspects of the ecology of renosterveld and the dry fynbos communities of the
northwest; (4) very little research has been done on the biology of facultative
and obligate resprouters in fynbos and renosterveld. Since species in these
groups are likely to persist in the face of global change it is important to
understand their role in ecosystem functioning; (5) more research is required on
the autecology of restioids, ericoids (especially ericaceous ericoids) and fire
ephemerals; (6) further reserach is needed to determine the magnitude of the
threat posed by invasive alien herbs in lowland communities; and (7) more
research is needed in order to make recommendations for sustainable harvesting
practices of plants with soil-stored seed banks.
Ref ID : 1416
654. Craib, I.J. State afforestation after the war. Journal of the South African
Forestry Association :5-18, 1942.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : FORESTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FOREST; POLICY
Notes : A review of the whole timber position in SA is warranted because of the
notable achievements of the Forest Service (which is detailed in this article)
and the consistent support which a policy of afforestation has always receivd
from the press, public and legislature. Because of the period of time required
to bring a forestry project to maturity, afforestation provides the most notable
example where the onus for the development of the natural resources of a country
in this respect should, of necessity, devolve upon the State. Wood is a basic
raw material and, because of its low price, is the universal sustitute for all
the materials which compete with it. The demand for softwood timber and pulp is
virtually unlimited. A survey of the timber position of the world urges a
courageous and drastic revision of local policy. The recommendations made here
constitute an opportunity and a challenge for State afforestation after the war.
Ref ID : 1927
655. Critchley, W. and Netshikovhela. Perceptions of erosion and traditions of
soil and water conservation amongst the Venda: a case study from Thohoyando
district, Northern Region, South Africa.Anonymous , 1997.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : EROSION; WATER CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; VENDA
Ref ID : 1220
656. Cross, C.R. The land question Kwazulu: Is land reform necessary.
Development Southern Africa 4(3):408-419, 1987.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : KWAZULU; LAND REFORM
Ref ID : 1137
657. Cross, C.R. Mythology and mystery tours in land reform: getting some focus
on the South African debate. Development Southern Africa 7:535-560, 1990.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND REFORM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS;
ZIMBABWE; POPULATION; POLICY; ENERGY
Notes : Before any real-world plan for land reform can be framed, it will be
necessary for the debate to reach some degree of clarity on guidelines as to the
weight to be given to the larger interests which claim a share in the process.
The tide here appears to be running toward equity over technicism, but also to
some degree of captialism over populism, if populism in this case is taken as
representing the interests of the small-scale household unit which has or wants
land access. This kind of line-up, if it is reallly what is emerging, is
contradictory; and at the same time, Cliffe's material on Zimbabwe suggests that
even in a genuinely revolutionary context the weight of the capital interests
can in the end over-balance an ideological commitment on the part of the state
to a more populist approach. This outcome may obtain more easily where emphasis
on state centralism accompanies a reluctance to trust the popular level, and
acutely so where the rural communities do not yet have effective representation
through mass movements. The bulk of the population on the land in SA's present
black rural areas is voiceless, and so far largely unorganized in any
institutional sense outside of their birthright participation in local
organization in the form of settlement clusters and ward or section structures.
In any policy process in which squeaky wheels are the ones that get attention,
the only recourse open to ordinary people in rural areas may be violence unless
and until representation is obtained. Failing this means of putting their case,
technicist and centralized approaches which are deeply entrenched in the
bureaucracy and also in the academic community are likely to survive the state's
transition and may well continue to dominate the land agenda. These approaches
have always been able to at least coexist with captialist interests despite the
evident contradiction, and despite capital's interest in getting direct and
unfettered access to black land and buying power. Even with popular needs a
major icon in post-apartheid policy construction, Zimbabwe's example suggests
that actual popular priorities are little understood and may well be lost in a
flurry of national planning that responds more than it should to entrenched
positions and organized interest groups. Rather than directing attention to
establishing ideal freehold, ideal planning or ideal socialism, it needs to be
recognized by the various constituencies of these approaches that none of them
is likely to materialize on the ground in impoverished African rural areas.
Attention might better be directed to what kind of land system can be
administered effectively and legitimately and at the same time serve the real
needs of the local economy, both as it is now and as it can be developed in the
future. At present, capacity simply does not exist to restructure the rural
economy, white and black, at a single stroke, a point which is reluctantly
recognized by the major players. Equity and production will both have to be
built from the ground up, using freed popular energies, and building on the
rural economy as it exists at present. If it can be done at all in the present
space economy, this will be a vast task. Therefore, any new land system will
have to be able to cater for emerging change; it will need to use available
administrative capacity; and it will have to recognize the transaction costs of
change for the different groupings and interests involved. In addition, the
need to allow for change suggests that tenure systems be given room to adapt
informally, without being too closely regulated in law. International evidence
suggests that centralized systems of land control tend to flatten initiative and
encourage official corruption and popular alienation. They are also rigid and
resist change. In this light, they have negative effects on production even when
administered by state sympathetic to the interests of the rural people. This is
not to suggest that nominal state ownership of land, or leasing of state land to
ambitious farmers, should be ruled out; both are compatible with indigenous
tenure alternatives. But close state administration of land down to household
and community level appears to be counterproductive. African evidence suggests
that freehold title ownership is flawed too, and that it may be too expensive,
unwieldy, and inconvenient for both owners and administrators when land
administration capacity is weak on the ground. Given serious administrative
problems, a system of title ownership may break down even if some form of land
market is presnt - or, alternatively, once the title system is established no
real land market may develop. Finally, even if the market works and the land
registry works, the consequences may not be what is intended by advocates of the
title system. If strict state controls are not applied, what is actually done
with land, registered or not, will depend on what people want to do with it
under local conditions. This may well turn out to be tenancy, agricultural or
residential, rather than owner-farmer production. These considerations suggest
that some renovated form of indigenous tenure may be effective and acceptable
alongside other systems. For all these reasons, it may be worthwhile to
consider trying such modified indigenous systems outside the areas where they
originate. If they make sense to people on the ground and are easy to operate,
they would retain advantages over introduced systems. The key consideration for
renovated indigenous tenure systems, as for any other kind, is likely to be
accountability and openness to the needs and grievances of ordinary people. As
rural differentiation gathers force and elites come into position to dominate
land transactions at the local level, maintaining an unbiased and open system
will become increasingly difficult. Social justice at this level may need
planning as sensitive as anything done at the national level, and both may be
necessary before production rises. Failing this, land reform of any kind will
achieve little more than the further marginalization of the poor.
Ref ID : 1696
658. Cullum, J. Beetle will halt Karoo invader. Port Elizabeth: Weekend Post ,
1988.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS
Notes : This article describes how the release of 10 000 bruchid bettles of two
types, Algarobius prosopis and A bottimeri, on two farms at Vanwyksvlei in
Bushmanland is aimed at stymying the growth of Prosopis glandulosa or mesquite.
It was found that these beetles eat only prosopis seeds and are not a threat to
other vegetation. If they become established, it will take several years before
they multiply sufficiently to make inroads on the spread of the trees. Prosopis
can also be curbed by spraying from the air, which costs about R300 a ha, by
spraying from vehicles, by hand spraying and, most effectively, by chopping down
and treating the stem with weed killer.
Ref ID : 248
659. Cunningham, A.B. and Davis, G.W. Human use of plants. In: Vegetation of
Southern Africa. edited by Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., and Pierce,
S.M.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997,p. 474-506.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ETHNOBOTANY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION; POLICY
Notes : The combination of high biological and cultural diversity in a region
with a well-developed research capability has resulted in a unique record of
people-plant interaction in southern Africa. Neither ecological nor social
processes are static and we need to continue to be able to study - and predict -
future changes. Economic factors are a major driving force of this change. One
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