Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

decline in agricultural potential. This has subsequently resulted in increasing

poverty of the population. This report is obtainable from the Border Rural

Committee, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1912

98. Allanson, B., Watson, P., and Koch, H. The influence of runoff upon lake

transparency and light attenuation between 1974 and 1984 in Swartvlei, Cape.

Long term data series relating to South Africa's renewable natural resources.

South African national Scientific Programmes Report 157. McDonald, I. and

Crawford, R.South African National Scientific Programmes. 157, 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RUNOFF

Ref ID : 2110

99. Allanson, B.R., Hart, R.C., O'Keeffe, J.H., and Robarts, R.D. Inland waters

of southern Africa: an ecological perspective, London:Kluwer Academic

Publishers, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2328

100. Allen, L.J.S., Allen, E.J., Kunst, C.R.G., and Sosebee, R.E. A diffusion

model for dispersal of Opuntia Imbricata (cholla) on rangeland. Journal of

Ecology 79:1123-1135, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS

Abstract : 1. The dispersal of Opuntia imbricata (cholla) on rangeland may be

directly or indirectly affected by the presence of livestock and wildlife.

Overgrazing creates gaps or opens spaces for seeds or stems that fall to the

ground to become established (passive dispersal). In addition, livestock or

wildlife may cause stems and fruits to fall to the ground (active dispersal).

2. A theoretical model is formulated for the dispersal of plants based on the

diffusion equation which assumes one or more mechanisms of dispersal (e.g.

passive and active dispersal). The X2 goodness-of-fit test is used to determine

whether the data may be explained by one or by two mechanisms of dispersal.

Methods for estimating the model parameters are presented based on the X2 method

and the method of moments. 3. The model and analytical techniques are applied

to field data on the spatial distribution of Opuntia imbricata in four different

pastures. 4. The results indicate that dispersal of cholla can be attributed

to two dispersal mechanisms. Passive dispersal alone cannot account for the

current spread of cholla on some of the pastures.

Ref ID : 1744

101. Allsop, N. Soil change associated with small stock production and

cultivation in the Paulshoek communal area, Leliefontein, Namaqualand: final

project report.Anonymous Cape Town:Range and Forest Institute Agricultural

Research Council. , 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION; COMMUNAL AREA; SOIL NUTRIENTS; LAND USE; VELD

MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; SOIL PROPERTIES; SOIL EROSION; AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION

Notes : The author summarises the report as follows: (1) Soils from Paulshoek

are generally infertile. (2) Patterns of soil nutrient distribution at the

landscape level are a result of nutrient enrichment associated with perennial

shrubs. Ecologically based management of the veld for animal production should

recognize the role of shrubs in this environment with respect to soil nutrient

ecology. (3) Land use in the form of cultivation and small stock production

results in a depletion of soil nutrients at the landscape scale since larger

areas of low nutrient soil develop when shrub density decreases. (4) Heavy

grazing has not affected soil particle size and cultivation has resulted in a

small change in particle size distribution. Hence the soil environment cannot

be considered to be irreversibly degraded in a physical sense. (5) The

potential exists for increasing productivity of cultivated lands by improving

soil nutrient levels through the cultivation of suitable fodder legumes and the

judicious application of chemical fertilisers. (6) Improved fodder production

can potentially facilitate the ecological management of the natural veld by

enabling stock farmers to remove livestock from the veld during periods critical

for maintaining vegetation vigour. (7) Farmers in the Paulshoek area may want

to consider the added value that selling their grains at the higher rates that

organically grown crops realise. Since artificial fertiliser and pesticide use

is largely absent from their current production systems, this would not involve

any large change of practice. It would, however, be necessary to actively avoid

any use of these to maintain market confidence in their product. Crop rotation

with legumes would be a means of enhancing soil fertility naturally.

Ref ID : 1745

102. Allsop, N. Effects of grazing and cultivation on soil patterns and

processes in Namaqualand.Anonymous Cape Town:Range and Forage Institute,

University of Western Cape. , 1999. Soils were sampled at three different sites

within the Paulshoek area of the Leliefontein District in Namaqualand, SA. At

one site the effect of heavy grazing on soil characteristics under shrubs and

from open positions was compared to a more lightly grazed area. At this site a

diverse shrub community was mostly replaced by a single species, Galenia

africana, when overgrazed. In another area the effects of cultivation on soil

properties was investigated. At the third site the effect of galenia shrub size

on soil properties was measured. Soils from the Paulshoek area of Namaqualand

are generally infertile and very low in arbuscular mycorrhizal propagules.

Patterns of nitrogen distribution at the landscape level are a result of

nutrient enrichment associated with perennial shrubs. Arbuscular mycorrhizal

infectivity, soil moisture and pH are also affected by shrubs. Only species

capable of forming arbuscular mycorrhizas support populations of mychorrhizal

propagules in their rhizosphere. Differences in plant available phosphorus

under some shrubs indicate that processes associated with nutrient cycling are

also affected by shrubs. Galenia tended to deplete soil moisture and increase

soil pH more than other shrubs. Small stock production results in a depletion

of soil nutrients at the landscape scale since larger areas of low nutrient soil

develop when shrub density decreases following heavy grazing. Heavy grazing

also affects soil properties indirectly through a change in shrub composition.

Cultivation resulted in loss of soil nitrogen and organic matter which was still

detectable after 20 years of fallow. Zones of nutrient enrichment and higher pH

were found whree Galenia established in the old field. When soil was sampled

under different size Galenia shrubs a positive correlation was found between

shrub diameter and nitrogen, available phosphorus and pH indicating that Galenia

was capable of establishing patches in the soil with different properties rather

than selecting such areas for establishment. Thus Galenia is able to maintain

soil patterns typical of succulent karoo although it also establishes conditions

which probably ensure its competitive advantage. Individual shrub species also

affect soil differently with respect to some components such as mycorrhizas.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION; SOIL PROPERTIES; POPULATION; SOIL NUTRIENTS; SUCCULENT

KAROO; GRAZING EFFECTS; MONITORING; BUSH ENCROACHMENT; SALINIZATION; VEGETATION

CHANGE

Ref ID : 1526

103. Anable, M.E., McClaren, M.P., and Ruyle, G.B. Spread of introduced Lehmann

lovegrass Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees. in Southern Arizona, USA. Biological

Conservation 61:181-188, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRASSLAND; FIRE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRAZING EFFECTS; PLANT

PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Abstract : Through seeding and subsequent spread, Lehmann lovegrass Eragrostis

lehmanniana Nees. has transfomred the structure and function of at least 145 000

ha of semi-desert grassland in southern Arizona since its introduction in 1932.

Our study of its spread on the Santa Rita Experimental Range since 1954 showed

that by 1989 it was present on >85% of 75 relatively widely dispersed non-seeded

permanent plots and accounted for >40% of all perennial grass plants on these

plots. In addition, it represented >50% of the perennial grass plants on sites

<16 years after colonisation, livestock grazing was not necessary for its

spread, and it can account for >90% of the grass biomass and produce 2 - 4

times more biomass annually than native grass vegetation. In the future, strong

consideration of these plant composition changes, and the likely decrease in

wildlife diversity and increase in fire frequencies accompanying Lehmann

lovegrass dominance, should be made before seeding the species.

Ref ID : 2531

104. Anderson, N. and Galt, K. The Wild Coast SDI. Community needs and views of

development. CIET Report.Anonymous CIET. , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; WATER QUALITY;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; LABOUR

Notes : The purpose of this study was to describe and examine the promotion of

informal, small and micro-enterprise on the Wild Coast. The study method

consisted of the use of questionnaires, key informant interviews and secondary

data review. The present project covers several cycles of research, analysis

and communication in 20 sentinel communities. The findings came up with the

following results: water - 77% of the communities had unprotected primary

sources of water; health - 38% used government health and 14% said that they

were dissatisfied with these health services; education - 34% of the heads of

the households had no education and 95% of the 11 - 13 year olds attend school.

The average walking time from a school is 23 minutes; transport - 66% of

households had used public transport in the past month before the survey and the

average household expenditure on transport was R47 per month; telephones - 75%

had no expenditure on telephones and 54% of the households have never made a

phone call. The average distance from a telephone was 18 km; food and security

- two out of every ??? households produced food, but only one in ten of these

sold food. Only one household in every 50 had bought meat or vegetables in the

past month. Fifteen percent said food is their main problem; income and credit

- with an overall average income of R1000 per month per household of 5,8 people,

one household in ten had zero income in the anchor areas. Fifteen percent had

credit, compared with 18% outside the anchor areas. The average household had a

debt of R437 in the anchor areas and R744 outside; and employment and wages -

23% of adults were employed. There is very little awareness of the SMEs. This

report is available at the RRDI-Unitra, Umtata. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2457

105. Andrew, M. and Wotshela, L. Report on land related issues in the

Ciskei.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; CULTIVATION; LABOUR; LAND USE; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; FARMING

SYSTEMS; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of private and state

land. Participatory rural appraisal and individual interview and reports. Much

of the former Ciskei land and private land is not being used at its maximum

potential. There is a very high incidence of absentee land-owners on purchased

and leased land. It is clear that most of the people who have purchased land

are part time farmers who do not intend to rely on farming as their sole source

of income. The majority of users are running livestock on the farms but often

this is for traditional rather than commercial farming purposes. In the Seymour

district where land used to be under commercial tobacco cultivation, little

cultivation is taking place except in cases where ULIMOCOR is leasing land.

Intensive crop cultivation employing relatively large numbers of people has

therefore given way to extensive livestock ranching methods which require little

labour. Hence the loss of local jobs. In addition there are a number of

communities who have staged a claim to adjacent state and private land and have

invaded the land with their livestock. In a few cases actual settlements of

household has begun. However it is also clear that many rural communities are

simply using the resources on this state land and private land, such as water

and wood which are severely lacking on their own land. This invasion and

plundering of state and private land has undermined the ability of these new

owners to farm the land commercially. This report is obtainable from the Border

Rural Committee, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1528

106. Angstreich, M. Joint forum in combatting desertification. Circular on

desertification 16:10, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; RESTORATION; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; POLICY;

GLOBAL CHANGE; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Notes : An article lobbying for readers to join ForUm whose goals are,

briefly:to ensure security of the livelihood and the environmental

rehabilitation through partnership between e.g. farmers, pastoralists,

researchers, government agencies, NGO's and CBO's, both from the North and

South.

Ref ID : 683

107. Anim, F.D.K. An economic comparison of livestock production on private and

open access grazing in the Peddie coastal area of Ciskei.University of Natal,

Pietermaritzburg. , 1992. Economic theory suggests that privatisation of open

access grazing land will reduce stocking rates and promote investment in pasture

quality. In this study, sample data drawn from livestock farmers in the Peddie

coastal area of the Ciskei are analysed to check the relationship between land

tenure arrangements, cattle sales and veld quality. The findings support the

contention that private access to grazing land is strongly associated with

better veld quality and higher sales rate. Cattle taxes, quotas, institutional

rules and privatisation of grazing land are discussed as possible solutions to

problems encountered with communal grazing. It is emphasised that taxes and

quotas will not solve the problem of low investment in communal grazing and it

is shown that these solutions to overstocking have not been successful in

Southern Africa. Likewise it is shown that attempts to create institutional

rules (for stocking rates and investment) by restricting access to defined

groups of users have been undermined by free-riders. It is concluded that

exclusive use rights to grazing land should be promoted in areas where this

policy is acceptable as they encourage commercial livestock production and are a

prerequisite for a land rental market which has both efficiency and equity

advantages. This has favourable implicaitons for pasture quality, farm incomes,

consumers and future generations.Master of Agricultural Management.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND TENURE;

CISKEI; STOCKING RATE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; POLICY

Notes : Abstract in file.

Ref ID : 2427

108. Anim, F.D.K. and Lyne, M.C. The effect of land tenure on commercial

livestock production in the Peddie coastal area of Ciskei. Agrekon 31(4), 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; CISKEI; STATISTICS; MODELS; STOCKING RATE; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION; COMMUNAL AREA; VELD CONDITION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to empirically investigate the relationship

between land tenure arrangements, cattle sales and veld quality. Data was

gathered from a sample of zoo stock owners identified from 20 locations in the

Peddie coastal area. Out of 336 respondents, 184 stock owners had private

access to grazing land while the remaining 152 shared unrestricted access to

common grazing. Information was collected with the help of two livestock

inspectors resident in the area using a standardised questionnaire. Descriptive

statistics, probit model, discriminant model and OLS regression models were used

as analytical tools. Economic theory suggests that privatisation of open access

grazing land will reduce stocking rates and promote investment in pasture

quality. The findings of this study support the contention that private access

to grazing land results in better veld quality increased sales and commercial

livestock production. The authors concluded that private access to grazing land

has a significantly positive effect on commercial livestock production. This

article can be found at the library at Fort Hare University. See ref. I.D. no:

2339.

Ref ID : 269

109. Annandale, G.W. Ondersoek na die tempo van toeslikking van Mentzmeer.

Internal Report.Anonymous Pretoria:Dept Water Affairs. , 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; NAMA KAROO

Ref ID : 270

110. Annandale, G.W. Sediment discharge estimation in Southern Africa: state of

the art. 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; MAPS

Notes : Paper presented at the eighth Quadrennial Convention of SAICE, Pretoria,

July, 4-8, 1988.

Abstract : Supply of sufficient water is one of the primary objectives in the

development of any area, be it developed or underdeveloped. The large reservoir

capacities demanded by the semi-arid environment of South Africa, however, often

deplete rapidly due to deposition of sediment. In order to plan and design such

water resource systems it is therefore often required of the engineer to

estimate the volume of sediment that is expected to desposit in such reservoirs.

The paper divides the empirical techniques normally applied for this purpose

into four categories, whereafter each is discussed and evaluated. It is

concluded that sediment transport theories, interpolation and extrapolation

techniques and currently available sediment yield maps should not be used for

estimating mean annual sediment yield. It is further recommended that bootstrap

techniques and morphometric methods should be given more consideration in such

estimates, and that current sediment yield maps should be subjected to further

development to allow for probabilistic estimation of sediment yield.

Ref ID : 1969

111. Annecke, D.P. and Moran, V.C. Critical reviews of biological pest control

in South Africa. 2. The prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. Journal

of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 41:169-188, 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 5

112. Annersten, L. Land degradation and desertification control in the SADCC

region: report from a workshop. SADCC Soil and Water Conservation and Land

Utilization Programme Reports No 5.Anonymous Lesotho:SADCC ELMS. 5, 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION

CONTROL; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2487

113. Anonymous Integrated livestock and crop development for the Eastern Cape: a

community development land care project. A community land care project.Anonymous

, 199.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; TRANSKEI; CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS;

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; VELD MANAGEMENT; INSTITUTIONAL

ASPECTS; COMMUNAL AREA

Notes : The following are some long term objectives: 1. to make a direct and

lasting improvement in the socio-economy of rural communities in the Transkei

and Ciskei through a. developing agricultural production and marketing

opportunities; b. establishing animal and crop production, handling, processing

and marketing facilities; c. improving animal and crop production management; d.

developing tailor-made sustainable veld and fodder management systems for animal

production in communities; e. providing training for the above; production and

classing of wool, beef, dairy, pig, poultry, vegetable and crop production; and

f. empower rural communities to form legitimate, acceptedand functional

agricultural management structures. The following are short term objectives:

1. to determine the needs and potential of communities and resources through

socio-economic studies; 2. to facilitate the formation of accepted and

functional institutions for collective management of common property; 3. to

develop a community agricultural development plan; 4. to develop participative

agricultural demonstrations units in communities; 5. to demonstrate and train

communities in agricultural production and techniques; 6. to involve

agricultural advisors and facilitators directly in an effective strategy to

drive development; and 7. to establish a link between research and development,

and the application of results in communities.

Ref ID : 1156

114. Anonymous Lily Park bush-clearing experiment. 199.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; EASTERN CAPE; FIRE

Notes : This is an experiment to evaluate the effects of bush-clearing on the

herbaceous and woody components of the mesic bush-grass communities of the

Eastern Cape. The study addresses the following questions: what is the

efficacy of chemical and mechanical control methods for different woody species

and for bushclumps of different sizes?; what is the rate of re-establishment of

woody vegetation after clearing in terms of both spatial extent of canopy cover,

and biomass and density of individuals?; does the herbaceous component increase

both beneath and between former bushclumps, and to what extent is this decrease

negated by the subsequent increase in the woody component?; can follow-up

treatments (fire, browsing) sufficiently arrest or even revert the re-

establishment of woody individuals?; and what are the economics of bush

clearing?

Ref ID : 1157

115. Anonymous Land indicator related work in which UNEP is involved. 199.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Notes : This is an undated, one-page list of work in which UNEP is involved.

Ref ID : 1034

116. Anonymous Report of the commission appointed to inquire into and report