Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

curves with those determined by the model. Although the modelled curves compare

well with those of Borland Miller, this does not form a very good basis for

verification since the distribution of sediment does not depend solely on a

reservoir's shape as assumed by Borland and Miller. The sensitivity of the

model to a number of flow and sediment related parameters was therefore

analyzed. The response of the model to these parameters was as predicted by

Strand which provides additional verification of the model. It has not yet been

possible to verify the two-dimensional flow model due to a lack of reliable

data. It is recommended that this be done by means of a hydraulic model study

which could also be used for further testing of the sediment routing module.

Ref ID : 1408

1345. Mammon, N., Simmonds, G., and Van Horen, C.R. Energy sector in SADC

countries - Environmental challenges and policy change. The case of South

Africa.Anonymous Cape Town:Southern African Energy & Environment Programme.

SAEEP WP No. 1:1-64, 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENERGY; POLICY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; FIRE

Notes : Headings dealt with in photocopies notes (not complete) include: (1)

energy sources, including coal, hydro-electricity, petroleum and gas, nuclear

energy, biomass, and solar and wind energy; (2) energy end-use; (3) national

energy and development priorities. Chapter 3 concerns energy-related

environmental problems. Headings include: (1) energy-environment problems at

the household level, including poor air quality in urban coal-using areas (also,

nature and impact of the problem, stakeholders and government policies,

programmes and projects); (2) poor indoor air quality among rural wood-using

households (including nature and impact of the problem, stakeholders, and

government policies, programmes and projects); (3) accidents with paraffin and

candles: fires, burns and poisoning (including nature and impact of the problem,

stakeholders, and government policies, programmes and projects); (4) fuelwood

scarcity (also nature and impact of problem, stakeholders, and government

policies, programmes and projects); (5) low-income household energy efficiency

(also nature and impact of the problem, barriers, recommendations and directions

for further studies); (6) increasing fuelwood security in rural areas (also

barriers, recommendations and directions for further studies); (7) increasing

fuelwood security in rural areas (including opportunities, barriers,

recommendations and directions for further studies; and (8) improving the energy

efficiency of low cost housing (including opportunities and [partly] barriers).

Ref ID : 2407

1346. Mampofu, S.P. A diffusion of four maize production practices in St.

Augustine's area. 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; TRANSKEI; PLANT-

ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Notes : Specifically, the objectives of the study were to: 1. identify and

describe the nature of communication, diffusion and adoption of information

about the use of hybrid seed, fertiliser, stalk-borer control remedy and cutworm

control remedy in maize production; 2. identify the most credible and often used

sources of information; 3. determine the influence of a combination of factors

in the social life of farmers on the adoption of recommended farming practices.

Several hypotheses were formulated. An interview/survey method was used to

gather data from respondents. The findings suggest that communication of

agricultural information to the farmers is the key to their subsequent adoption

and practice. Poorly organised communication networks contribute to the low

rate of adoption of recommended production processes. A large number of people

are not achieving the improved quality of life, which should be possible through

the application of new developments in science and technology. The wealth of

agricultural information generated through scientific research could lead to a

marked improvement in agricultural production, provided it is communicated

effectively to the farmer. This thesis is obtainable at the Document Centre,

Agriculture, UFH. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2450

1347. Mandela, M.P. Gender relations and patriarchy in South Africa's

Transkei.University of Port Elizabeth. , 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; POLICY; GENDER ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Notes : The purpose of the study was to come to an understanding of how, why and

under what conditions and with what impact women are subjected to inferior

roles. Questionnaires were used for the study. The study examined the extent

at which gender inequality and patriarchal domination are incorporated into

spheres of Transkei culture both ideologically and practically. A central claim

of the study was that gender plays a key role in determining the ways in which

men and women participated in economic, social and political activities. Men

and women's lives are socially and culturally structured in different ways and

therefore male dominated state policies and programmes affect them differently

and provide kifferent responses from them. This thesis can be found at the

University of Fort Hare. See also I.D. ref. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1589

1348. Mander, J.J. and Quinn, N.W. Biomass Assessment. National Overview

Report. Biomass Assessment Report.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Mineral and

Energy Affairs. PFL-ASS-01:1-85, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DEFORESTATION; ENERGY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY

Notes : This report attempts to address the following five objectives: (1) the

collation of contextual datasets required for integrated energy planning; (2) a

review of rural household energy use research (3) a survey of wood and woodfuel

consumption; (4) an assessment of woody biomass resources and potentially

harvestable fuelwood; and (5) the formulation of conclusions and recommendations

on the consumption and supply of fuelwood. This report provides an overview of

the manner in which the five objectives were addressed, including their purpose

and major findings.

Ref ID : 703

1349. Mander, J.J. and Quinn, N.W. Biomass assessment: Northern Cape Regional

Report. Investigational Report 114.Anonymous Scottsville:Institute of Natural

Resources. IR 114, 1995. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Pretoria.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; FOREST; POPULATION; FIRE

Notes : Woody biomass resources were found to be extremely scarce in

Namaqualand; limited by aridity and harsh climatic conditions. The only

occurrences of vegetation with a significant woody biomass component are the

small areas of desert woodland, reverine forest and patches of indigenous

thicket/bushland/shrub, comprising less than 1% of the landscape. Sustainable

yield of fuelwood from these arid environments is uniformly low. In contrast to

the limited fuelwood yield from the region, utilisation of wood appears high.

Wood is used by more than 80% of households and is used as the main cooking fuel

by approximately 20% of households. Nevertheless it is apparent from the

extended time required for wood gathering and from the number of households

purchasing, rather than collecting wood, that the supply of fuelwood is limited.

In addition, it is reported that fuelwood in the vicinity of settlement is

scarce. As a consequence, gas is currently the most commonly used fuel with

households using on average 22 kg per month. Consumption of wood is surprisingly

high (217 kg/household/month), given the scarcity of the resource. Based on the

above estimate and using an average household size of 5.1, annual per capita

consumption is 0.508 t/yr. Due to the extremely low population density this

only amounts to an annual demand for woody biomass of 15 565 t/yr. Fuelwood

consumption in Namaqualand however varies from 108 kg/household/month in

Komaggas to 342 kg/household/month in Pella. According to Gandar (pers. comm.

1995) this is a large range for an area which appears to have a much higher

degree of homogeneity than most of the other regions. The consumption of wood

is lower in the larger less rural settlements of Steinkopf, Komaggas and

Concordia. This suggests that the pattern of domestic energy consumption may be

in a transitional phase, even though wood is still used by 85% of households and

provides most of the total energy used. Gandar (pers. comm. 1995) also notes

that in contrast to most other rural areas, the main transitional fuel for

cooking is gas, which is more convenient to use than paraffin, and is evidently

also in demand for refrigeration. Paraffin on the other hand is the most widely

used fuel for space heating, even more so than wood. Nevertheless, wood

continues to be the primary fuel which is still collected in the traditional

way, although 40% of wood users buy all or part of their fuelwood. Some of this

demand is evidently being supplied from the more remote areas of Namaqualand for

sale within the former reserves, as wood purchases are second only to gas.

However, it should be stressed that although gas appears to account for the

highest proportion of total monthly energy consumption, wood is typically

depended upon more by the lower income groups. Borchers, Archer and Eberhard

(1990) have stressed the need for the provision of an adequate low cost or free

wood supply for these groups. They also highlight the important social function

wood fires provide and indicate that demand for wood is likely to be substantial

for many years. In summary, this region exhibits a mixed energy economy borne

out by the many respondents who expressed a preference for a mix of fuels, while

aspirations have also been influenced by exposure to electricity, and even solar

energy has penetrated into the area. Furthermore, although there are some

woodlots in the region, conditions are not favourable for rapid tree growth and

hence climatic constraints on possible biomass production strategies focus

options for energy provision onto alternate energy sources. In light of the

above comments and the findings of the resource assessment, a tree growing

programme is not recommended in this region. The provision of affordable

commercial fuels, including a supply of wood because of its social importance,

is considered to be the most appropriate strategy.

Ref ID : 776

1350. Mander, M., Mander, J.J., and Makhaye, S. An assessment of losses incurred

as a result of the destruction of indigenous vegetation on the property of Mr

Protus Cele, Umlazi. Working Paper No.118.Anonymous Anonymous

Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. :1-7, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ECONOMIC ASPECTS; DEFORESTATION; COMMUNAL AREA

Notes : Spreadsheets have been produced for modelling the losses incurred by Mr.

Cele. A short summary of direct loss, potential loss and total losses are

provided. The potential losses as a result of lost future production is a

preliminary estimate as little documented evidence exists as to production rates

of indigenous plants. However, the production estimates are conservative [and

probably under-estimate production yields] giving an indication of what the

minimum losses may be. A 20 year time horizon has been used for this analysis

and current prices are used throughout the analysis [price increases due to

inflation and supply constraints have not been included]. Interest reates of

12% [1.12] have been used in the analysis. Risk has not been included as a

separate variable in the analysis as the estimated production rates have been

made conservative to incorporate natural phenomena which may affect the

production rate.

Ref ID : 774

1351. Mander, M. and Piper, S.E. An investigation into the suitability of

panchromatic SPOT satellite imagery for mapping rural land-cover. Working Paper

No.78.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources,

University of Natal. :3-30, 1992. An assessment of a SPOT panchromatic image was

undertaken in order to determine its usefulness in mapping land-cover in a rural

environment. The investigation was conducted by comparing the SPOT imagery with

various surface reference data (printed maps and local knowledge) and so

determining whether generalizations could be made in regard to those features

apparent on the SPOT image. Once it was clear that a number of land-cover

categories could be identified these were then mapped across the whole image

without the aid of the surface reference data. The final mapping units were

then checked against surface reference data. We conclude that the land-cover

features which can readily be mapped are human settlement patterns, hydrology,

transport networks and boundaries. Moderate success was achieved in mapping

vegetation communities, geomorphology and degraded lands. The features more

difficult to map were geology and soils. We are firmly convinced that SPOT

panchromatic imagery is a cost-effective alternative to aerial photography and

ground surveys for the production of up-to-date land-cover maps in the rural

regions of southern Africa.1-874897-07-7.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; MAPS;

AID; HYDROLOGY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 1188

1352. Manona, C. Rural land use and tenure: a case study in the Eastern Cape.

In: Proceedings of the international conference on land tenure in the developing

world with a focus on Southern Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 27-

29 January 1998, edited by Barry, M.Cape Town:Department of Geomatics,

University of Cape Town, 1998,p. 404-409.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; EASTERN CAPE; LAND REFORM

Abstract : The paper examines the related issues of rural land use and tenure in

the Eastern Cape. Based on an observation of a particular village it shows that

as more and more pressure has been exerted on arable land in that village, the

significance of agriculture has dwindled there. To this effect, the emerging

rural lifestyle now points to some economic activity re-orientation, away from

the agrarian patterns of the past. Also, this lifestyle is shaped by the strong

interconnection of town and country. Many of the people who are in town

continue to have a stake in their rural homes and must hang on to their land for

security. The paper suggests that the changing position of women must be

recognised especially in view of the gender equality principle that is clearly

articulated in the constitution. In many respects the overcrowding in the rural

areas and the chaotic state of land administration are some factors that are

retarding development. Moreover, land reform in these areas must be linked to

the complex questions of the restructuring of local government.

Ref ID : 2572

1353. Manona, C.W. The decline in the significance of agriculture in the former

Ciskei community: a case study. Proceedings of a symposium on policy-making for

the sustainable use of Southern African communal rangelands.Anonymous Anonymous

, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; CULTIVATION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND

USE; POLICY

Notes : The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the changed nature of many

rural areas of the former Ciskei where agricultural activities have declined

significantly. The method used for the study was a stratified sampling

procedure. Information was collected from 100 households using structured

questionnaires. The paper highlighted the rural crisis that is evident by the

virtual collapse of agriculture in the former Ciskei. Although the shortage of

agricultural land is the major reason for the virtual collapse of cultivation

and stock rearing, the current situation does not favour any significant measure

of agricultural production. Thus, the planning that must be done to improve the

situation should be part of an overall strategy of rural development. This

paper is available at the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare.

See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2542

1354. Manona, C.W. No visible means of subsistence rural households, social

networks and de-agrarianization. Research Report, ISER, Rhodes University,

Grahamstown.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University. , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; CISKEI; LABOUR; ECONOMIC ASPECTS;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Notes : The aim of the study was to investigate how rural livelihoods in three

selected rural villages in the Eastern Cape are made, focusing on the survival

strategies of rural people who have limited or no access to land. The study was

initiated by means of a census covering the whole village of Melani. A

questionnaire was administered to gather information for statistical purposes

from a stratified sample of 100 households. The questionnaire was applied to

one out of every two adjacent households. More in-depth data, using case

material and general observation, was collected. The study was conducted at

Melani village, which is 16 km. from Alice in the Victoria East district of the

Eastern Cape. The report contains a brief history of the village and

information on infrastructure, local administration, household dynamics, rural-

urban interactions, other aspects of social interactions, de-agrarionization and

rural development. The study concluded that agriculture in the village is

virtually collapsing and the inhabitants of the village consequently depend on

non-agricultural means of living. This includes wages, social pensions,

remittances and, to a small extent, informal economic activities. About 56% of

adults in the village are unemployed. Forty-six percent of the village rear

cattle and a few households rear sheep and goats. Very few households sell

their stock. This report is obtainable from the ISER, Rhodes University,

Grahamstown. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1313

1355. Mansvelt, P.R. and Skinner, J.D. The cattle of Bavenda: a note on

indigenous cattle in the Sibasa district of Northern Transvaal, with special

reference to the influence of enviromental conditions upon frequency

distribution of calf births.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:Department of

Agricultural Technical Services. :1-21, 1962.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RAINFALL

Notes : (1) A contribution is made to the general description of indigenous

Bantu cattle by a preliminary note on the cattle of the Bavenda in the Sibasa

district of the north-eastern Transvaal. (2) The origin of the breed husbandry

of its owners and environmental conditions of its habitat are briefly described.

(3) Characteristics of the breed are discussed and tables are given to

illustrate some variations in growth in different localities. (4) Detailed

observations over a number of years are made on natural breeding seasons. There

appear to be standard tendencies which do not markedly differ on the different

veld types. An important and measurable factor viz. rainfall, apparently has a

noticeable influence on the calving rates. Further statistical elucidation on

this point is still necessary. (5) Certain suggestions are put forward to

stimulate further research.

Ref ID : 2388

1356. Marais, J.N. The ecotope: a vehicle for agro-technology transfer. Ciskei

Journal for Rural Development 2:2-7, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; RAINFALL; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to adopt the ecotope concept in compiling

and storing agronomic information in a data bank for the former Ciskei. Major

cropping ecotopes in the former Ciskei were identified and sites which were

truly representative of each ecotope, were selected. An intensive study of

rainfall characteristics of the former Ciskei was undertaken. Field experiments

were conducted on each ecotope to compare three and one cultivar of maize,

sorghum and sunflower respectively. The study established a valuable agronomic

data bank for some of the major former Ciskeian cropping ecotopes. It further

contributed to an undersatnding of the cause and effect relationships between

ecotope characteristics or qualities and crop performance. This in turn enabled

agrotechnology transfer among ecotopes characterised by common limitations.

This article is obtainable from the Document Centre, Agriculture, (UFH). See

ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 603

1357. Marcus, T., Eales, K., and Wildschut, A. Down to earth: land demand in the

new South Africa, Johannesburg:Land and Agricultural Policy Centre (LAPC),

1996.pp. 1-208.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND REFORM; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LAND USE; POLICY; DROUGHT;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Notes : Some of the conclusions reached at the end of this book are noted. This

is the first ever national study of the need for land in SA undertaken almost

concurrently with the process of political transition into a new democratic

order, and provides insight into current conditions, especially the countryside.

The research brings the reader up to date with social changes that have been

wrought on rural areas by political and economic processes over the past

century, and establishes the starting point from which to initiate reform.

There is a large expressed demand for land. The most universal and immediate

land need is for a place to live and a secure place of settlement. The need for

residential land in rural areas signifies the extent to which political and

economic changes in the countryside have lost poor people their homes,

contributed to their impoverishment and forced changed patterns of settlement

and livelihood. It also underscores the degree to which the majority of rural

people are detached from commercial farming, the dominant agricultural land use

system. The detachment from productive land and the desire to use residential