agricultural under-development, due to residential relocation into villages,
inadequate land use planning, a reduction in arable land holdings, increased
landlessness, erosion and overgrazing. This paper can be obtained from the
Border Rural Committee, East London. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.
Ref ID : 2421
1387. McAllister, P.A. Development planning and land use practices in rural
Transkei.Anonymous , 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; BETTERMENT PLANNING; GRASSLAND;
RURAL DEVELOPMENT; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Notes : The purpose of the study was to assess selected aspects of the Transkei
agricultural development. Contact with rural communities and quantitative data
collection. The study found that initially, betterment planning, although
misconceived, did involve fairly careful planning, but soon deteriorated into a
superficial exercise. The planners of recent betterment schemes in Transkei
seldom spent more than two or three days in the area to be planned. Yet, they
were responsible for excising lands deemed to be no longer suitable for
agriculture. The general effect of betterment was to reduce the total amount of
arable land available. Furthermore, in areas where large gardens had been
established (often to compensate for the declining fertility of fields)
homesteads lost these gardens because they had to move to new smaller sites in
the villages. And existing households in these areas had to reduce their garden
size to conform to the new site boundaries. This was a serious setback to
agricultural activity even to those who were allocated new arable lands because
turning such land from virgin grasslands into productive plots took time and
money, and it has been recorded that betterment schemes, for reasons such as
this, discouraged investment in agriculture. This report can be obtained from
the Border Rural Committee, East London. See also ref. I.D. no: 2339.
Ref ID : 2432
1388. McAllister, P.A. Rural production, land use and development planning in
Transkei: a critique of the Transkei Agricultural Development Studies. Journal
of Contemporary African Studies , 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND USE; TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;
POVERTY; POPULATION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES;
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; FARMING SYSTEMS
Notes : The purpose is to understand the impact of past rural development
initiatives on agricultural production, current land use patterns and
agricultural practices in the Transkei through time, and also to look into the
impact of rural development initiatives. The author depended heavily on a
literature review. The study found out that the rural development initiatives
in Transkei have in the past brought more poverty than plenty, and more control
than liberation. There has been a tendency for outside assistance to undermine
indigenous and dynamic coping practices and thereby diminish, rather than
enhance, mobility of the displaced to establish a more independent and self-
sufficient life. There has been a lack of knowledge, from the planners and
decision-makers, about how rural people live and survive, about how they use
their land and their livestock, and about how they relate to each other and to
the natural environment. The author emphasized that planners can not wish beef
and dairy farming on a population living in circumstances that make such
enterprises unfeasible, nor can planners wish away subsistence agriculture and
turn all such producers into either commercial farmers or non-agricultural
villages. This article can be found in the main library at the Universit of
Fort Hare. See also ref. I.D. no: 2339.
Ref ID : 989
1389. McCabe, K. Veld management in the karoo. The Naturalist 31(1):8-15, 1987.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; NAMA KAROO
Notes : This paper is an attempt to communicate to scientists and researchers
(especially those working on the Karoo biome project) the ways in which the
Karoo is put to use by the farmer explaining how and why he utulizes his farm in
the manner in which he does. Management is an essential environmental process,
it is continuous and cannot be stopped and started. By altering the management,
the influences exerted on the veld are altered and this ultimately changes the
vegetation. A change in vegetation will in every case affect all other
components of the environment; e.g. the soil moisture and temperature, and the
animal life which is directly or indirectly dependant on specific components of
the veld.
Ref ID : 2051
1390. McCann, K., Hastings, A., and Huxel, G.R. Weak trophic interactions and
the balance of nature. Nature 395:794-798, 1998.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 797
1391. McCarthy, J., Quinlan, T., and Pillay, S. Planning and sustainability:
Challenge for project managers in informal settlement upgrade. 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT; POLICY
Notes : The purpose of this project is to promote common understanding amongst
project managers about how 'the environment' can be incorporated into informal
settlement upgrade projects. The research project attempts to clarify what
sustainable development means in the case of settlement upgrade projects by: (1)
providing a baseline description of how environment and sustainable development
are being interpreted at a practical level, in upgrade projects; (2) assessing
current problems and successes in relation to contemporary principles of
integrated environmental management; (3) proposing a set of practical principles
and procedural guidelines for future use in upgrade projects in the province;
and (4) providing a basis for design of policy on integrated environmental
management in the province. The document is not a research report in the
standard sense, nor does it attempt to be a specific development strategy
proposal. It is written in order to provide a focus at the workshop which is
itself part of the research, in terms of being a means to obtain further
information on the issues in question. It should be read as an initial
indication of how the informal settlement upgrade process is being shaped by its
participants, notably project managers. In turn, the documents intends to give
insight into how ideals, such as sustainable development and improvement of
environmental quality, are being interpreted in practice, and hence to
illustrate dynamics of the upgrade process that need to be considered if a
coherent environmental strategy is to be created.
Ref ID : 2163
1392. McCormick, S. and Cooper, J.A.G. Fluvial sediment yield to the Natal
coast: a review. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 18(1/2):74-88,
1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 415
1393. McCracken, D.P. The colonial sugar lands of Kwazulu/Natal. Veld & Flora
82(3):84-86, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CULTIVATION; KWAZULU NATAL; POPULATION; FOREST; GRASSLAND
Notes : The author asserts that it is a fallacy to assume that sugar farming,
like an environmental juggernaut, in one generation obliterated the indigenous
flora of the north coast. A dramatic increase in population; expanding African
and settler agriculture (which only in the 20th century came to be dominated by
sugar), modern technology allowing for extensive land clearance and a phenomenal
development of transport capacity, all contributed to an inevitable and
dramatic reduction in the extent of the coastal flora. But it could be argued
that these coastal lands survived longer in their natural state than did much of
the Natal midlands, where farming and forest exploitation was well entrenched by
the late 1950's, when most of the coast was still 'a region of wild and
trackless bushland; of unbridged rivers, and unscraped hills; of forests
thronged by wild beasts; and of grasslands dotted over with kraals....'.
Ref ID : 2164
1394. McCullum, J. Freshwater resources. State of the environment in South
Africa. Chenje, M. and Johnson, P. Lesotho:Southern African Research and
Documentation Centre. :181-206, 1994.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 2253
1395. McDowell, C. and Moll, E. The influence of agriculture on the decline of
West Coast Renosterveld, south-western Cape, South Africa. Journal of
Environmental Management 35:173-192, 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : RENOSTERVELD
Ref ID : 1876
1396. McKenzie, B. Resilience and stability of the grasslands of Transkei.
Proceedings of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 17:21-24, 1982.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : GRASSLAND; TRANSKEI; STOCKING RATE
Abstract : In spite of very high stocking rates the grasslands of Transkei still
have in many areas a high basal cover and many climax grass species. The
concepts of resilience and stability are used in an attempt to explain dynamics
of the grasslands.
Ref ID : 1336
1397. McKenzie, B. Anthropogenic influenced vegetation change in Transkei. 1984.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : VEGETATION CHANGE; TRANSKEI
Notes : This paper examines vegetation change in an area of Transkei where
traditional farming methods are still used. It is suggested that the pattern of
vegetation change observed over the last 45 years is indicative of anthropogenic
influence on vegetation since the arrival of iron age farmers some 1 000 years
ago.
Ref ID : 550
1398. McKenzie, B. Historical, political and sociological factors affecting land
use in the Transkei today: an ecological interpretation. Carnegie Conference
Paper No 307. In: Second Carnegie inquiry into poverty and development in
Southern Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 13-19 April 1984, directed
by the Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit,Anonymous 1984,
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND USE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; TRANSKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS;
POLITICAL ASPECTS; POVERTY
Ref ID : 1730
1399. McKenzie, B. Composition, pattern and diversity of some Transkein
grasslands. Journal of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 4(4):135-138,
1987.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : GRASSLAND; BIODIVERSITY; TRANSKEI; VELD CONDITION; VEGETATION
DYNAMICS; VEGETATION CHANGE; COMMUNAL AREA
Abstract : Species composition, pattern and diversity of selected grassland
communities were determined by using point samples, transects and quadrats. The
continuously grazed grasslands of Dohne Sourveld generally had the richer
species composition, the highest diversity and the most variable intra-community
pattern. Forb species were mainly responsible for the higher diversity in these
grasslands compared with more severely disturbed sites (e.g. old fields). The
intra-community pattern was, however, determined by the relative proportions and
distribution of the grass species.
Ref ID : 903
1400. McKenzie, B. Medium-term changes of vegetation pattern in Transkei. South
African Forestry Journal (150):1-6, 1989.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; VEGETATION CHANGE; TRANSKEI; MAPS; LAND USE;
GRASSLAND
Notes : Vegetation change was examined over a 45 year period in parts of the
Transkei. Maps produced from aerial photographs indicated that the main
changes, which were an increase or decrease in woodland, were influenced by the
establishment or abandonment of cultivated fields. It is suggested that this
pattern of land use is indicative of land use over the past few centuries and
that Iron Age people may not have been responsible for the destruction of vast
woodland communities to create grasslands.
Ref ID : 688
1401. Mckenzie, C. The economics of soil degradation in southern Africa. World
Environment Day Symposium on Soil, Randburg, 5 June 1991.Anonymous Anonymous
Society of Professional Engineers (SPE). :1-12, 1991. 06-05-1991.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION; SOUTHERN AFRICA;
LAND USE; POLICY
Notes : The paper looks at various economic forces influencing soil degradation
in both the commercial and subsistence farming areas of SA. Past and present
patterns of land use are surveyed briefly in order to illustrate distortions
that economics and political policies have had on land use, and their effect on
the soil. Various corrective policies are discussed and their chances of
implementation, in a future SA, are anticipated.
Ref ID : 781
1402. Mckenzie, C. Degradation of arable land resources: policy options and
considerations within the context of rural restructuring in South Africa. Policy
Paper No.11.Anonymous Anonymous LAPC. , 1994.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CULTIVATION; LAND DEGRADATION; POLICY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION; EROSION; WIND EROSION; POLLUTION; LAND USE
Notes : The rural sector in SA is on the verge of great change brought about by
the achievement of a democratic SA. Major structural reforms in the rural area
will be necessary to achieve the overriding political and social objectives of
equity/efficiency and sustainability. This period represents a unique
opportunity to reconsider natural resource policy which has been deficient with
respect to land management and to introduce innovative incentives and
anticipatory programmes. Conversely, there is grave danger of increased land
degradation and a subsequent reliance on costly remedial action, if certain do
not accompany a rural restructuring in SA. This document looks at: land
resources and agricultural production; the land resource and agricultural
sustainability, including measuring resource depletion; annual economic costs of
land degradation; potential costs of degradation and policy options (including
water erosion on arable land, wind erosion on arable land, soil compaction on
arable land, soil compaction, acidity on arable dry land, salinisation and water
logging, reductions in soil fertility through cultivation, soil pollution,
nutrient excesses and loss of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses);
degradation of non-arable lands; off site costs; and sustainable land use
strategy (including guiding principles and a strategic framework).
Ref ID : 1244
1403. McKenzie, J., Weiner, D., and Vink, L. Land use, agricutural productivity
and farming systems in Southern Africa.Anonymous DBSA unpublished report. :1-45,
1988.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : LAND USE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; FARMING SYSTEMS; POLICY
Notes : The purpose of this assingment is to generate information on the
relative productivity and land use intensity of different farming systems within
the various agro-economic zones of Southern Africa. The compilation of this
information intends to: (1) provide information on the distribution and access
to land; (2) provide a sounder base of data for the estimation of comparative
advantage in production across agro-climatic zones and between farming systems
for planning purposes; (3) provide sounder estimations of yields obtainable
under various systems and agro-climatic conditions for project appraisal
purposes; and (4) provide a sounder base of data for the evaluation of
development policies for the various regions and states.
Ref ID : 321
1404. McKenzie, L.A. Silt in South African Rivers. Professional Paper No
16.Anonymous Anonymous Union of South Africa:Irrigation Department. , 1997.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION
Ref ID : 199
1405. Mcl Daniel, J.B. Has the South African environment been respected? SA
Geographer 15(1/2):3-11, 1988.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT
Notes : In this paper, two statements are put forward for closer examination in
an attempt to reflect the complexity and diversity found amongst the people of
SA: (1) The deterioration of the environment in white-occupied rural areas is a
reflection not so much of human ignorance as ineffective government action; and
(2) The deterioration of the environment in the black-occupied rural areas is a
reflection of the division of the land, boundary changes and the dislocation of
communities.
Ref ID : 466
1406. McPhee, P.J., Smithen, A.A., Venter, C.J., Hartmann, M.O., and Crosby,
C.T. The South African rainfall simulator programme for assessing soil loss and
runoff. Proc Ist National SA Hydrology Symposium.Anonymous Anonymous
Pretoria:Department of Environmental Affairs. Technical Report 119:352-363,
1984. The Swanson rotating-boom simulator is being used to apply two 63mm/h
storms of one hour duration to run-off plots in croplands. Programme objectives
include a first assessment of soil erodibility for the main agricultural soils.
The effect of various levels of crop and mulch cover on soil loss and run-off
has been shown to be dramatic. Run-off from bare soils is twice as great as
run-off from mulched plots. Results for mulch tillage practices in wheat
(Winter Rainfall Region), maize (Western Transvaal and Natal) and pineapples
(East London area) are presented.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RUNOFF; MODELS; RAINFALL
Ref ID : 1110
1407. Meadows, M. The nature, extent and significance of land degradation in the
mediterranean-climate region of South Africa. Petermanns Geographische
Mitteilungen 1998.(In Press)
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : WESTERN CAPE; FYNBOS; RENOSTERVELD; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION
ASSESSMENT
Ref ID : 67
1408. Meadows, M. and Asmal, O. Chronology, sedimentology and geochemistry of
sediments at Velorenvlei (Western Cape Province, South Africa) as evidence of
anthropogenically induced land degradation. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie
Supplementband 117:45-62, 1996.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; WESTERN CAPE; SEDIMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;
PALAEOENVIRONMENTS
Ref ID : 1108
1409. Meadows, M. and Baxter, A.J. Late quaternary palaeocology of the
southwestern Cape, South Africa: a regional synthesis. Quaternary International
1998.(In Press)
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; WESTERN CAPE; EASTERN CAPE; FOREST
Notes : The vegetation history of the Winterberg escarpment of the eastern Cape
is described for the last 12 500 years by means of pollen analysis of organic
sediments cored from two large vleis. The late Pleistocene was characterised by
conditions cooler and drier than today with more xeric elements evident in the
pollen spectra. Montane forest expanded somewhat in the mid-Holocene from
8000BP as moisture and temperature conditions improved, but never dominated the
escarpment or plateaux in the area. The effects of human activity are noted in
the recent past. Contemporary pollen rain studies support the conclusions from
the fossil analysis.
Ref ID : 467
1410. Meadows, M. and Meades, A. Soil erosion in the Western Cape: did the
dongas linger longer? Paper presented at the First International Geography
Conference "Geography in a Changing Society: Critical Choices for Change in
Southern Africa", University of Durban-Westville, 10-14 July. 1995.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; WESTERN CAPE
Ref ID : 514
1411. Meadows, M., Washington, R., Baxter, A., and Wynberg, R. Global warming:
the importance of the past in understanding the future. South African
Geographical Journal 75(2):41-45, 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; MODELS; CLIMATE; VEGETATION
CHANGE; FYNBOS
Abstract : The current global warming controversy has sparked vigorous research
activity, the ultimate aim of which is to undersand the effects of predicted
climatic changes on both natural and managed ecosystems. In the search for
reliable and appropriate models of ecosystem response, the evidence of climate
and vegetation change from the past has frequently been promoted as a valuable
guide to the future. In this paper the logic of using information from the
geological past is reviewed and it is concluded that the value of such evidence
lies not so much in the provision of palaeoanalogues for future ecosystems, but
in the insights that vegetation history can yield as to the processes
accompanying climatic change. This point is made with reference to the late
Quarternary vegetation history of the mountain fynbos communities in the
Cederberg, SW Cape. Apparently subtle shifts in plant community features during
the late Pleistocene-Holocene transition might, at first sight, support the
contention that fynbos is potentially unresponsive to climatic changes and that
its survival under globally warmed climatic scenarios is therefore assured.
Closer inspection of the fossil pollen evidence, however, reveals some
characteristics of the vegetation history which suggest that, given the
contemporary situation of fragmented, insular natural communities and altered
disturbance conditions, the future of mountain and, more especially, lowland
fynbos communities is indeed severely threatened by climatic change. Mitigatory
measures to ensure the continued survival of the species-rich and
biogeographically unique fynbos biome are presented.
Ref ID : 1109
1412. Meadows, M. and Watkeys, M.J. Historical biogeography and
palaeoenvironments of the Karoo. In: The ecology of the Karoo, edited by Dean,
W.R.J. and Milton, S.J.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998,
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO
Ref ID : 800
1413. Meadows, M.E. The southwestern Cape of South Africa. In: Soil erosion and
land degradation in regions of mediterranean climate. Zeitschrift fur
Geomorphologie, edited by Meadows, M.E. and Sala, M. 1996,-93.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION; WESTERN CAPE; CONSERVATION; RAINFALL
Dostları ilə paylaş: |