Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

government to play an active part in research, and in providing information

about erosion and soil conservation, to facilitate a better functioing land

market. This is distinct from having clear advantage over market forces in the

use of this information. Cross-compliance programmes, should perhaps be

considered as short to medium-term strategies, to encourage farmers to implement

soil conservation activities.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; KWAZULU NATAL; POLICY; SOIL

CONSERVATION; SUBSIDIES; EROSION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; MONITORING;

LEGISLATION

Notes : There are some interesting figures showing the relationship between

soil-agricultural productivity and soil depth. There are also some interesting

notes on subsidies paid out to commercial farms for soil conservation works.

The document is incomplete.

Ref ID : 410

363. Barnard, C.E. The law and environmental rehabilitation. South African

Journal of Science 91:334-335, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Notes : Rehabilitation, sustainability and a proper condition of land is

achieved if the economic value of a new resource is equal to the value of the

resource that will be destroyed during development. If it is not possible to

replace a destroyed asset adequately, rehabilitation is not possible. In

developing rehabilitation processes, a function of the non-legal fraternity, the

prerequisites contained in the definition and required by law must be met. For

this purpose several practical aspects will have to be considered. It includes

the application of the principle of the precautionary rule, determining an end-

use for the land to be rehabilitated, quantifying externalities, developing a

management system that will ensure that the solution is applied in practice, to

name a few. In this article an exploratory legal framework is provided. What

are exploratory solutions of the non-legal disciplines to the many problems of

rehabilitation in SA?

Ref ID : 1985

364. Barnard, D. Onregmatigheid in die gebruik van grond.Anonymous

Pretoria:Council for the Environment. 7, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2284

365. Barnard, R.O. and Newby, T.S. National State of the Environment Report:

chapter 2: sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. National state of the

environment report.Anonymous Pretoria:Institute for Soil, Climate and Water.

Chapter 2, 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RAINFALL; NORTHERN PROVINCE; KWAZULU NATAL; EASTERN CAPE; LAND

DEGRADATION; BIODIVERSITY; LAND USE; POLLUTION; EROSION; CONSERVATION

Notes : This chapter concludes as follows. The current situation relating to

terrestrial ecosystems in South Africa is that degradation is taking place,

often in areas not previously perceived as being important. Both soil and veld

degradation need to be considered, as was done in a combined index of

degradation. Areas with steep slopes, low rainfall and high temperatures are

significantly more degraded, especially in communal as opposed to commercial

areas. The Northern Province, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape are the

provinces with the highest levels of degradation. Land allocation in South

Africa in the past has impacted on land degradation. Habitat loss is taking

place, raising concern about potential loss of biodiversity. Prime agricultural

land needs to be prioritized for the most sustainable utilization and

development, through effective land-use planning. Specific problems of soil

degradation (such as acidification, salinity, pollution and erosion) need to be

addressed, where applicable. Data acquisition needs to be effective and

widespread so that trends and changes can be identified. Research into

appropriate technologies for understanding and managing terrestrial ecosystems

needs to be undertaken. A more holistic view of soil utilization, embodying

conservation tillage practices to increase soil organic matter, needs to be

adopted. Attention needs to be given to both the commercial as well as the

communal sectors and it is anticipated that the differences between them will

diminish. Participation in various international conventions and agreements, as

well as focused local initiatives such as the Working for Water and Land Care

programmes, will ensure that South Africa is committed to striving for

sustainability of its terrestrial ecosystems. The responsibility does not only

lie with government, however: it lies in the hearts and souls of individuals.

Ref ID : 1805

366. Barnes, D.L. A survey of grazed and ungrazed grassland in the south-eastern

Transvaal highveld 2. Potential floristic composition and patterns of

degradation. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 7(4):223-231,

1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRASSLAND

Abstract : The floristic composition of selected veld communities which, by

virtue of their location were ungrazed but regularly burned, and which were

judged to reflect potential floristic composition, was measured at 112 sites in

the south-eastern Transvaal highveld. Relevant environmental parameters were

established for each site and the composition of the adjacent grazed veld was

determined. The potential floristic composition appears to conform to part of

the eutrophydystrophy gradient, with Themeda triandra most abundant in the

relatively eutrophic environments. Patterns of degradation in grazed

communities, involving undesirable floristic changes, were found to differ

between eutrophic and dystrophic environments.

Ref ID : 1803

367. Barnes, D.L. A survey of grazed and ungrazed grassland in the south-eastern

Transvaal highveld 1.Palatability composition and grazing capacity. Journal of

the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 7(4):217-222, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRASSLAND

Abstract : The floristic composition of selected veld communities which by

virtue of their location were ungrazed, but regularly burned, and which were

judged to reflect potential floristic composition, was measured at 112 sites in

the south-eastern Transvaal highveld. At each site the composition of the

adjacent grazed veld was also determined. Species were classified as palatable,

intermediate or unpalatable and the percentages of these components were

calculated for each of the 224 stands. By using previously established

weighting values, namely, 3; 2 and 1 for the three components, a weighted

palatability composition (WPC) value was derived for each community. Changes in

the proportions of the palatability classes along the WPC gradients, as well as

the frequency distributions of WPC values and grazing capacity, on grazed and

ungrazed stands, are presented.

Ref ID : 1807

368. Barnes, D.L. A critical analysis of veld management recommendations for

sourveld in the south-eastern Transvaal. Journal of the Grasslands Society of

Southern Africa 9(3):126-134, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT

Abstract : Surveys have shown that the grazing value of veld in the south-

eastern Transvaal is well below the estimated potential. Extension efforts

aimed at rectifying the situation have been unsuccessful in that most

recommendations have not been acceptable to producers. An appraisal of the

factual base for the recommendations revealed that the latter are seriously

flawed. Although enough is known for the formulation of greatly improved

recommendations, there is a need for critical research to broaden the factual

base. Aspects requiring special attention are indicated.

Ref ID : 1780

369. Barnes, D.L., Odendaal, J.J., and Beukes, B.H. Use of the dry-weight-rank

method of botanical analysis in the Eastern Transvaal Highveld. Proceedings of

the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 17:79-82, 1982.

Reprint : In File,

Abstract : The dry-weight-rank method of botanical analysis was tested in the

highveld of the Eastern Transvaal and was found to be an efficient and accurate

means of determining the botanical composition of veld herbage. Accuracy was

increased by weighting ranks on the basis of quadrat yield, and by allocation of

equal ranks to species with a similar contribution to yield within a quadrat.

Although multipliers derived from local data gave the most accurate estimates,

the gain in precision was only marginal as compared with estimates obtained with

the use of the original multipliers proposed by 't Mannetjie & Haydock (1963).

The use of the latter is recommended. A regression relating accuracy of

estimates of botanical composition to sample size was established. Possible

applications of the method in studies on veld are briefly indicated.

Ref ID : 1762

370. Barnes, D.L., Rethman, N.F.G., Beukes, B.H., and Kotze, G.D. Veld

composition in relation to grazing capacity. Journal of the Grasslands Society

of Southern Africa 1(1):16-19, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRAZING EFFECTS; VELD CONDITION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; STATISTICS

Abstract : Present methods of evaluating veld composition in relation to grazing

capacity can be criticised on grounds of subjectivity, especially with regard to

the assignment of relative values to the constituent species. Data relating to

botanical composition and estimated grazing capacity, derived from long-term

animal production systems trials, were used to examine the possiblity of

increasing objectivity. A "multiplier-correlation" method involving four

palatability classes was devised, which appears to provide valid estimates of

the status of different species in terms of grazing capacity. Multi-variate

analysis of the proportional species composition, classified into four

palatability classes, provided confirmation of the validity of the multiplier-

correlation method.

Ref ID : 1138

371. Barnes, G. Land and tenure reform in post apartheid South Africa: an

international perspective. South African Journal of Surveying and Mapping

22(3):145-152, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; LAND REFORM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLICY;

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

Abstract : This paper evaluates the land and tenure reform experience in Africa

and Latin America with a view to defining an acceptable land reform strategy for

post-apartheid South Africa. The current status of land is examined as a means

of understanding how past land policy has impacted on land tenure and

administration in present day SA. An argument is made for redistribution of

land in order to promote a more efficient agrarian sector and to address

inequities in the landholding structure. Four different tenure reform

approaches are discussed and effectiveness of each is evaluated in the context

of Africa and Latin America. In this evaluation an attempt has been made to

extract the experience and identify the issues that are most relevant to SA.

The paper is structured so that it deals with the three fundamental dimensions

of the land question - land policy, land tenure and land administration.

Perhaps the most urgent message behind this paper is that the surveying

profession should play a greater role in the land policy, tenure and

administration debate, thereby ensuring that the concerns of surveyors are

reflected in future land arrangements.

Ref ID : 133

372. Barnes, G.R., Danckwerts, J.E., Hobson, F.O., Stuart-Hill, G.C., Teague,

W.R., van Niekerk, J.P., Swart, L.P.J., King, P.G., Trollope, W.S.W., and

Tainton, N.M. Veld management in the eastern Cape. Pretoria, South

Africa:Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, 1989.pp. 1-196.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; EASTERN CAPE MANAGEMENT; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SAVANNA;

BUSH ENCROACHMENT; VELD MANAGEMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION;

STOCKING RATE; EASTERN CAPE

Notes : A copy of this document is obtainable from the Director, Eastern Cape

Region, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim 4930. In file. The object of this chapter

is firstly to explain what is meant by adaptive management and then to

illustrate the role of researchers, farmers and extension officers in adaptive

management programmes.

Ref ID : 1392

373. Barnes, G.R., Danckwerts, J.E., Hobson, F.O., Tainton, N.M., Trollope,

W.S.W., and van Niekerk, J.P. Weiding, 'n strategie vir die toekoms.

Weidingsbestuurbeginsels en -praktyke. Pretoria:Department of Agriculture and

Water Affairs. , 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1625

374. Barraclough, S. A social issue. Our Planet 6(5):18-20, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : It is argued in this paper that land degradation is a social concept.

It involves value judgments about an area's long-term potential for contributing

to human welfare - and about the sacrifices, efforts and other costs implied in

realising it. Such judgments are influenced both by the social context and by

the position of different actors within their societies.

Ref ID : 1915

375. Barrow, C.J. Land degradation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION

Ref ID : 1140

376. Barry, M. Conceptual design of communal land registration systems for South

Africa. South African Journal of Surveying and Mapping 23(3):153-162, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; LAND REFORM; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 597

377. Baskin, J. Access to land in the Transkei. Carnegie Conference Paper No 45.

In: Second Carnegie inquiry into poverty and development in Southern Africa,

held at the University of Cape Town, 13-19 April 1984, directed by the Southern

Africa Labour and Development Research Unit,Anonymous 1984,

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; LAND REFORM; LAND USE

Ref ID : 394

378. Baskind, P., Holland, J., Mckenzie, C., and Weilbach, D. Environmental

analysis: Requirements and monitoring processes, Johannesburg:Development Bank

of Southern Africa, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; MONITORING

Notes : This document describes the environmental analysis requirements and

enviromental monitoring procedures of DBSA and is intended for the Bank's

project staff. It explains the environmental inputs required at every stage of

the project cycle and attempts to serve as a stand alone reference document for

project leaders to ensure satisfactory and timely compliance with the DBSA's

environmental analysis requirements. The document is also intended to serve as

a reference document to DBSA borrowers. The document is divided into two

sections: section A describes DBSA's enviromental analysis requirements, i.e.

the mechanics and procedures for possible financing; and section B outlines

DBSA's project cycle and the system of monitoring the adequate implementation of

environmental mitigation measures. It also includes a number of separate

appendices. These contain a sample list of projects and their indicative

environmental categories; a list of designated and demarcated areas or features;

an annotated format for the initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report; a

list of the IEE matrices which are available; and an annotated format for the

Environmental Assessment report.

Ref ID : 21

379. Basson, H. 'Woestyn'-speelplek vir landbou gered/('Desert' playground saved

for agriculture). Landbouweekblad (3 October 1975):8-11, 1975.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; FREE STATE

Notes : Five years prior to the writing of this article, desert conditions

prevailed on an eastern Free State farm. Seventy ha. of hard, barren ground and

sand dunes existed. After a unique renewal scheme of covering this land with

rotten hay, this same ground is now covered with waving grasses and, in

addition, rows of fir trees have converted this portion of land into something

aesthetically pleasing to the eye.

Ref ID : 687

380. Basson, M.S., Van Niekerk, P.H., and Van Rooyen, J.A. Overview of water

resources availability and utilisation in South Africa.Anonymous

Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. P RSA/00/0197:2-72, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY; POPULATION; WATER CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : South Africa's water resources are vital to the economic development of

our country, the health and prosperity of our people, and the sustenance of our

natural heritage. The report provides a first-level overview of SA's available

water resources for 1996 and current patterns of utulisation. Based on present

trends in water use and population growth, avaliability and utilisation have

been projected to the year 2030, revealing that SA will reach the limits of its

economically usable, land-based fresh water resources during the first half of

next century. This will occur irrespective of where development takes place in

the country. However, trends can be changed by means of strategic intervention

to ensure the secure and adequate supply of water, and to sustain the prosperity

and natural environment of SA in the foreseeable future. Key recommendations

are that water allocation priorities should be coordinated with national

development objectives and strategies for the country as a whole, and that a

greater emphasis be placed on water conservation coupled to the most beneficial

use of this scarce resource. This should be combined with a comprehensive

programme to instill in the public a new appreciation of the true value of water

and the importance of a changed approach to water utilisation countrywide. The

report serves as a macro-level guide for developing a national water resource

management strategy or master-plan. It also recommends further investigations

of possible water importation, as well as appropriate steps to keep abreast of

technological developments such as desalinating seawater, weather modification,

and the use of icebergs. As a desk study, the report makes use of information

that varies in levels of accuracy. Further work is, therefore, required to

ensure a consistently high level of accuracy for the relevant data.

Ref ID : 1627

381. Bastin, G.N., Pickup, G., Chewings, V.H., and Pearce, G. Land degradation

assessment in central Australia using a grazing gradient method. Rangel,J

15(2):190-216, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; GRAZING EFFECTS; MONITORING; RAINFALL; LABOUR;

REMOTE SENSING; BIODIVERSITY; VELD CONDITION; HYDROLOGY; FARMING SYSTEMS; LAND

USE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SATELLITE IMAGERY

Abstract : Rangeland monitoring using ground-based methods has been fraught with

difficulty because of the lack of accurate and repeatable techniques capable of

separating grazing impact from both seasonal variability and natural landscape

heterogeneity. The results presented here show how these problems can be

overcome by analysing the entire grazed landscape using remotely-sensed data and

'grazing gradient' methods which separate grazing effects from natural

variation. Land degradation is defined as 'a reduction in the capacity of

landscapes to produce vegetation cover from rainfall'. After a period of

grazing, vegetation cover typically decreases as water is approached producing a

spatial pattern known as a grazing gradient. Vegetation increases across the

whole landscape following rain and the extent of vegetation recovery in the

vicinity of watering points after significant rainfall is determined for each

mapped land system. A 'percentage cover production loss' index is then derived

allowing grazing management effects across land systems (and paddocks) to be

compared. We report on the analysis of 38.000 km2 of grazed country on all or

parts of 16 pastoral leases. Land systems containing a high proportion of

palatable forage have high index values and are most adversely affected by

grazing. These land systems are frequently the most intensively stocked due to

their original productivity. In some cases, parts of these land systems have

also had a relatively long history of grazing. Some land systems of lower

pastoral value show no gradient after rainfall but a pattern of decreasing cover

with distance from water after a period of grazing. This is associated with an

increase in cover of unpalatable shrubs. We advocate the use of grazing gradient

methods which utilise remotely-sensed satellite data as an operational means of

determining grazing impact in the arid rangelands. Our methods compare

favourably with conventional ground-based monitoring in terms of cost and labour

requirements. The remote sensing-based method is capable of providing

comprehensive, objective and repeatable analysis of grazed country after future

significant rainfalls. It also offers the significant additional advantage of

immediate information about landscape condition through the analysis of archived

remotely-sensed data.

Ref ID : 1628

382. Bastin, G.N., Sparrow, A.D., and Pearce, G. Grazing gradients in central

Australian rangelands: ground verification of remote sensing-based approaches.

Rangel,J. 15(2):217-233, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRAZING EFFECTS; LAND DEGRADATION; EROSION; RAINFALL; REMOTE SENSING;

SATELLITE IMAGERY; VEGETATION CHANGE; SOIL EROSION

Abstract : Remotely-sensed data collected by satellites have been proposed for

investigating grazing effects across the large paddocks of arid Australia.

These data are used to compute indices of vegetation cover which are then

analysed with reference to patterns of grazing behaviour around watering points.

Grazing pressure typically increases as water is approached, resulting in a

decrease in herbage cover. This pattern of cover change is called a grazing

gradient. The change in these gradients from a dry to wet period forms the

basis for assessing land degradation as described in an accompanying paper.

This study demonstrates that grazing gradients do exist, that they can be