Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

investigation and deliberation.

Ref ID : 586

593. Christopher, A.J. The world's landscapes: South Africa, London:Longman,

1982.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; STATISTICS

Ref ID : 1923

594. Chutter, F. Hydrobiological studies in the catchment of the Vaal Dam, South

Africa, Part 1. River zonation and benthic fauna. Internationale Revue der

Gesamten Hydrobiologie 55:445-494, 1970.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FAUNA

Ref ID : 1924

595. Chutter, F. Evaluation of the impact of the 1 mg1-1 phosphate-p standard on

the water quality and trophic state of Hartebeesport Dam. Water Research

Commission reports.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 181/1/89, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1922

596. Chutter, F. and Roussouw, J. The management of phosphate concentrations and

algae in Hartebeesport Dam. Water Research Commission reports.Anonymous

Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 289/1/92, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2120

597. Chutter, F.M. The rapid biological assessment of stream and river water

quality by means of the macroinvertebrate community in South Africa.

Classification of rivers and environmental health indicators. Uys, M.C. Cape

Town:Water Research Commission. TT63/94, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Proceedings of a joint South Africa/Australian workshop.

Ref ID : 2121

598. Chutter, F.M. Research on the rapid biological assessment of water quality

impacts on streams and rivers.Anonymous Pretoria:CSIR. , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WATER QUALITY

Notes : Final project report to Division of Water Technology, CSIR.

Ref ID : 1681

599. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes

(Pontederiaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-

3):207-218, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1682

600. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water fern, Salvinia molesta

(Salviniaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-

3):219-224, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1683

601. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes

(Araceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):225-

230, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1671

602. Cilliers, C.J. and Neser, S. Biological control of Lantana camara

(Verbenaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):57-

76, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 435

603. Ciskei Commission The Quail Report.Anonymous Pretoria:Conference

Associates. , 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CISKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 2000

604. Clark, D. Alien plant control by official bodies in the smaller nature

reserves in the fynbos biome. 3. Cape Divisional Council: Cape of Good Hope

Nature. In: Management of invasive plants in the fynbos biome, edited by

Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston, P.M.Pretoria:Foundation for

Research Development, 1985,p. 38-41.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; NATURE RESERVES; FYNBOS

Ref ID : 2001

605. Clark, J.S. Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal

biology and paleorecord. American Naturalist 152:202-224, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 26

606. Clarke, J. South Africa: the man-made desert? Personality :80-86, 1974.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION

Notes : Game herds that astonished the world once thundered across SA's

landscape. Today, after shooting those herds into near-extinction, we are

violating that land so cruelly that an unpayable price may soon be extracted.

The highveld is now mostly unpalatable sourveld and one can drive along its

endless straight roads and see nothing but mediocre crops of mealies for

kilometre after kilometre. The average annual yield in the whole of SA,

including African land, is less than half that of Rhodesia and a third of that

in the US. It took nature 40 million years to develop a grand balance between

animals and vegetation. It took man, with his firearms, a mere century to pick

the area clean of its wildlife and then a mere half a century to strip vast

ereas of its soil fertility and vegetation. This article explores this theme.

Ref ID : 27

607. Clarke, J. The Karoo and desert conquest. "Future of the Karoo". National

Symposium.Anonymous Anonymous Graaff-Reinet:South African Wool Board. , 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE;

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 163

608. Clarke, J. Back to Earth. South Africa's environmental challenges,

Johannesburg:Southern Book Publishers, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT; LAND DEGRADATION; FLOODS; DEFORESTATION

Notes : Only part of the book has been copied. In file only pp.175-198. This

article explores how human beings have caused land degradation, by for example

precipitating floods, deforestation, draining the land etc. It also explores

the possibility that land degradation is not inevitable, but is reversible,

although the degree to which this process necessarily requires the element of

urgency.

Ref ID : 1199

609. Clarke, P.W. The immediate post-burn grazing impact on soil loss and runoff

from two rangeland soils: a preliminary investigation.University of Natal,

Pietermaritzburg. , 1993. Accelerated soil erosion from rangelands, due to

injudicious grazing practices, is perceived to be a problem in SA. The highest

potential for accelerated soil erosion from rangelands appears to be when it is

grazed subsequent to being burnt (post-burn grazing). Animals have an indirect

influence on soil loss and runoff by initially exerting an impact on soil and

cover properties. The objectives of this study were to: determine the impact of

grazing on canopy cover at different stages of grass recovery after the burn;

determine the impact of post-burn grazing on properties of the soil (compaction

and soil disturbance); determine the impact of grazing on soil loss and runoff

at intervals after the burn; determine the impact of post-burn grazing on soil

loss and runoff from two soils with different erodibilities; and produce a

preliminary model describing post-burn grazing impact on soil erosion by water.

Rainfall simulation experiments were carried out at two sites to investigate the

impact of post-burn grazing on soil loss and runoff from stable, Mayo, and

unstable, sterkspruit soil forms. Three stocking density treatments [zero, low

(19 AU ha-1Mayo, 14 AU ha-1Sterkspruit) and high (43 AU ha-1Mayo, 33 AU ha-

1Sterkspruit)] were applied to each of the soil forms. The stocking density

treatments were applied at periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 weeks

after the burn for the Mayo and Sterkspruit soils respectively. A rotating-boom

rainfall simulator was used to simulate rainfall events of 63 mm hr-1. Sediment

yield and runoff were recorded for 'dry' and 'wet' pre-rain conditions.

Sediment yields for the Mayo form ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 t ha-1, compared with

0.5 to 4.0 t ha-1 for the Sterkspruit form. Sediment yields of 12.8, 4.3 and

2.9 t ha-1 were recorded from a wet, trampled and grazed Mayo form for the

heavy, light and zero stock density treatments respectively. A wet, trampled

and grazed Sterkspruit form yielded 1.6, 2.3 and 2.1 t ha-1 for the heavy, light

and zero stocking density treatments respectively. Results of the Mayo form

reflect the indirect relationship between post-burn grazing (defoliation and

trampling) and soil erosion by water. Problems (interference by wind, sediment

in the water source used for simulation) experienced with the rainfall

simulation rendered the results from the Sterkspruit soil questionable. Despite

this, the sediment yield and runoff results obtained reflect the inherent

erodibilities of the soil forms investigated. Grazing in association with moist

Mayo soil increases the potential for soil erosion. Generally, despite the

extreme stocking densities and high rainfall intensity applied, soil losses for

both soil forms were low. This result is in keeping with low soil losses from

rangeland recorded by other researchers in southern Africa. The shortfalls and

the advantages and disadvantages of simulator research as opposed to natural

rainfall/erosion research are discussed. Natural rainfall/erosion research is

recommended as a research technique to describe rangeland erosion in a

biological, process based, context. If rainfall simulation is to be used in

rangeland erosion research the technique involved requires refinement.

Recommendations are made to control prevailing wind and source water

sediment.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RUNOFF; SOIL EROSION; SOIL NUTRIENTS; FIRE; STOCKING RATE;

SEDIMENTATION; GRAZING EFFECTS; EROSION; MODELS; RAINFALL; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2122

610. Clayton, A.J. Annual report of the City Engineer, 1995/96.Anonymous Cape

Town:Cape Town City Council. 1995/96, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1454

611. Cleghorne, W.S.H. Soil erosion and reclamation. Reprinted from Farming in

South Africa (80), 1931.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION

Ref ID : 576

612. Cliffe, L. Southern Africa after the drought: a crisis of social

reproduction, Leeds:African Studies Unit: University of Leeds, 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUBSIDIES

Ref ID : 1557

613. Cloete, J.G. A proposed animal production research-development programme

for Transkei, Bophutswana, Venda and Ciskei.Anonymous :1-142, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; VENDA; CISKEI; RAINFALL; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; CARRYING

CAPACITY; DROUGHT; BOPHUTHATSWANA; FARMING SYSTEMS; POPULATION; CULTIVATION;

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; GRAZING EFFECTS; ECONOMIC

ASPECTS

Notes : Since mainly subsistence farming practices operate in TBVC countries, it

was decided in the present assessment also to reflect on some animal production

development aspects since these should obviously precede the implementation of a

research programme. TBVC states are more populated compared to SA. About 76%

of the area of TBVC countries enjoy a rainfall exceeding 500 mm pa and

therefore, have a good potential for semi-intensive livestock production and

which may also support cash cropping. Many reports have been received of low

levels of productivity, however, despite a potentially higher carrying capacity

in less developed areas with their characteristically subsistence agriculture.

There appears to be gross overstocking with progressive grazing deterioration.

Since many well-intended livestock development programmes in Africa have failed

due to planning without adequate facts, it was decided in this presentation to

address the status of livestock production in TBVC countries and its

contribution to the national economics by means of a questionnaire. The

questionnaire mainly focused on precipitation, factors influencing animal

productivity, grazing management and general management which also focused on

drought strategies.

Ref ID : 2429

614. Cloete, L. Domestic strategies of rural Transkeian women. This article can

be found at the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University.

See also ref. I.D. no: 2339.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University.

Working Paper 54, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; GENDER ASPECTS; METHODOLOGIES

Notes : The purpose of the study was to reveal the various community options

available to women in rural Transkei for coping with their domestic activities

in the face of the large-scale absence of men. Research methods included the

collection of both qualitative and quantitative data through interviews,

participant observation, filming on videos the daily domestic activities and

specific ritual behaviour of the subjects in four households. The research was

conducted at Cwebe in peripheral ward Shixini of the former Transkei. The

research reported on women's chores and responsibilities on daily, weekly,

monthly seasonally and occasional basis. Women's daily chores included the

collection of water, firewood and dung, washing utensils, making tea, cooking,

sweeping huts, chopping firewood, feeding animals, grinding or stamping maize

and caring for young children. Weekly, washing clothes; monthly, grocery

shopping; seasonally, weeding with hoes, harvesting, brewing beer for work

parties and collecting winter wood supply; occasionally, smearing floors with

dung, repairing walls, whitewashing, brewing beer (for rituals or to sell),

weaving mats/trays, hut building, attending public meetings and rituals.

Ref ID : 1347

615. Cloete.J.H. The stock reduction scheme. Farming in South Africa :3-15,

1971.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT

Notes : The purpose of this scheme was to bring about greater stability in

farming by stabilising pastures particularly in the drier sheep regions, which

are subject to long periods of drought. It is generally expected that a

considerable reduction in the number of stock together with complete withdrawal

of badly denuded and eroded parts from use and judicious grazing management on

the remaining parts, will give the veld a chance to recover.

Ref ID : 515

616. Cobban, D.A. and Weaver, A.v.B. A preliminary investigation of the gully

features in the Tsolwana Game Reserve, Ciskei, southern Africa. South African

Geographical Journal 75(1):14-21, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE; CONSERVATION; SOUTHERN AFRICA;

EROSION

Abstract : Gully forms in the Tsolwana region of the Ciskei, Southern Africa,

have been investigated using the SARCCUS (1981) classification system, followed

by a ground survey. The gullies are found to be preferentially located within

recent alluvial fan material. The implications of this for erosion remedial

measures are outlined. Gully wall stratigraphies were examined in detail from a

representative gully within the Tsolwana Game Park. Distinctive features

including stone lines, palaeochannel deposits, polygonal structures and calcium

carbonate (caCO3) mineralisation have been identified. The evidence presented

indicates a history of multiple reworking of the alluvial material under

potentially variable climatic regimes.

Ref ID : 1134

617. Cobbe, J. Rural development in Lesotho. Journal of Contemporary African

Studies 2(1):113-140, 1982.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LESOTHO; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY; LABOUR;

POPULATION

Notes : In economic terms Lesotho starts off with many disadvantages:

geographically it is completely surrounded by the RSA; a higher proportion of

its labour force works outside its boundaries than is the case in any other

country; and among countries with a population of more than a million,

manufacturing makes up less of its total output than any other low-income

country for which the World Bank provides data. This article attempts to survey

various ideas about how the process of labour migration has affected socio-

economic structures in the rural areas of Lestotho, and to explore some of the

implications for rural development of labour migration and the resultant rural

structures, with particular attention being paid to questions of policy and

planning. It will be necessary therefore to provide some descriptive material

on the rural economy and recent development efforts, and on the migrant labour

system and its future prospects. The first section of the article provides a

brief sketch of necessary background material on Lesotho's economy and history.

This is followed by a characterization of the rural economy, particularly its

agricultural aspects, and a discussion of the extent to which current socio-

economic structures in rural areas can be causally linked to the migrant labour

experience. The third section draws implications for policy and planning from

the preceding anlaysis, and compares them with recent government policy and

practice.

Ref ID : 1191

618. Cocks, M. and Kingwill, R.A. Land and agrarian reform: transition and

continuity on former white-owned farmland in an Eastern Cape locality. In:

Proceedings of the international conference on land tenure in the developing

world with a focus on Southern Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 27-

29 January 1998, edited by Barry, M.Cape Town:Department of Geomatics,

University of Cape Town, 1998,

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CISKEI; LAND TENURE; POLICY; LAND REFORM; BETTERMENT PLANNING

Abstract : The paper addresses the challenges of land and agrarian reform on

former white-owned farmland in the former Ciskei. The present inhabitants of

the farms are former farm workers who remained behind on the farms, where they

run relatively large numbers of cattle. Many are third generation inhabitants

of this land, but do not have any formal rights to it. The former farmworkers,

organsied into a group of around 100 families, are seeking land tenure security

and some services on at least one of the farms they currently occupy. In so far

as their aspirations to tenure security are limited to a closer settlement with

some commonage, these could easily be accommodated in terms of present land and

land tenure reform policies which lend themselves to group purchases by the

rural poor. The question we raise is, whose interests is this serving and is

this a viable strategy? A key issue is the interpretation of "state land" for

land reform. Unlike state land held in trust for communities in former "tribal"

areas, former white-owned frams, like private farms, are to be disposed of and

transferred via the market. This implies that the sale of such land may be

effective in redistributing land and mediating claims. In reality, this is not

"empty land" - in most cases it is subject to overlapping and conflicting claims

by the current lessees of the land (who see themselves as the future owners), by

adjoining overcrowded communal settlements and by the former farm workers; it is

also coveted for game ranching options. Former farm workers are not considered

potential beneficiaries of the farms and they appear to remain outside the

mainstream of agricultural land redistribution, as in the past. This is not a

simple phenomenon; it arises from a web of contradictory goals in policy, from

weak implementation capacity and, indeed, from gendered, stratified and

competing community interests. These multi-layered pressures may result in the

short-term expediency of restoring land rights in a modern variant of

"betterment planning", at the expense of a vision for agrarian reform. This

strategy is not unpopular with elements of the rural poor, particularly women,

who have been deprived of basic services and secure tenure for generations.

Ref ID : 2002

619. Coetsee, J. Maniere om wattel te bestry. Landbouweekblad 635:62-65, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1338

620. Coetzee, F.C.T. The development of an agricultural extension service for

the black farmers in South Africa. 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Notes : It is contended that a review of the development of an agricultural

extension service for Black farmers in SA must be seen against the background of

the historic development of the Black nations and the respective National

States, the culture of the Black people, and the interplay between two groups of

cultures, the African and the European culture, each of which consists of sub-

cultures. In order to gain a better understanding of the circumstances

surrounding the modernisation of the Black people, their culture is summarised.

Thereafter, an overview is given of the coming into history of the development

of an agricultural service in the Black areas. Lastly the future development of

an effective and viable extension service for Black farmers is considered

briefly.

Ref ID : 2238

621. Coetzee, J.J. Verslag werkgroep: riglyne vir weiveldbeplanning en ter

saaklike veldbestuurpraktyke. Proceedings of a workshop on bush encroachment and

bush thickening held in Pretoria. Pienaar, A.J.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture and Fisheries. :O1-O2, 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 2123

622. Coetzee, M.A.S. Water pollution in South Africa: its impact on wetland

biota. Cowan, G.E. Pretoria:Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. ,

1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLLUTION; WETLANDS

Ref ID : 806

623. Cogho, V.E., Kirchner, J., and Morris, J.W. A national ground-water data

base for South Africa - Development of the data base.Anonymous Pretoria:Water

Research Commission. 150/1/89, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 807

624. Cogho, V.E., Kirchner, J., and Morris, J.W. A national ground-water data

base for South Africa - User's guide.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research

Commission. 150/2/89, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 554

625. Cole, M.M. Land use studies in the Transvaal Lowveld: a contribution to the

study of the opportunities and difficulties inherent in the savanna enironment,

London:Geographical Publications, 1956.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; NORTHERN PROVINCE; LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;