Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLICY

Notes : The author concludes that, in essence, environmental control can be

exercised in the short-term and long-term by Environmental Impact Assessments

and Integrated Environmental Management respectively - the latter being linked

to national development policy. Tourism, although variable, provides rich

opportunities for improving the quality of life in urban and rural communities,

the challenge being to reap the benefit without reducing the pool of natural

resources while developing the human life. A centrally limited controlling body

is advocated in order to approve tourism strategies and its administration.

Ref ID : 2505

1296. Lloyd, H.R. and Levin, M. A population analysis of the Eastern Cape. Vista

University Statistical Report of the Eastern Cape.Anonymous Port Elizabeth:Vista

University. , 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POPULATION; EASTERN CAPE; TRANSKEI; CISKEI; STATISTICS; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; GENDER ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to provide a breakdown of the population

based on different racial groups in the Eastern Cape. The study was conducted

through literature review. The report provides the population numbers of the

Eastern Cape and a further analysis of these numbers based on districts, which

include all magisterial districts of the Transkei and Ciskei. This breakdown is

in terms of gender, race and age groups for urban and rural areas. These

figures include the functional urban and rural populations. For the Transkei

and Ciskei the report indicated that there are 225 traditional authority areas

each with a major settlement area. This report is obtainable from the

University of Port Elizabeth. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 409

1297. Lloyd, P.J.D. Environmental protection in South Africa. South African

Journal of Science 91:331-334, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; LEGISLATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; CLIMATE

Notes : Society is fully justified in its concern about the environment, but

that concern may, at present, be too uncritical. It is, for instance, essential

to establish that there is a valid environmental impact, and that there is truly

a causal link between a human activity and an observed shift in environmental

conditions. In establishing these, one must recognize that while scientific

proof offers consistency, it can never provide completeness. Thus no amount of

scientific endeavour can even prove that mitigation of the effects of human

activity will be perfect. Society normally expresses its concern through

regulation. A review of existing legislation was therefore carried out, and it

was found that: (1) laws regarding water were probably too stringent to be

effective; (2) legislation regarding air and land use was probably too lax; (3)

all environmental regulation was too fragmented to be efficient; and (4) the

Department of Environmental Af-fairs was hamstrung by inter-departmental

rivalry, and that its present proposals towards environmental protec-tion via an

integrated environmental protection procedure were incompatible with sustainable

development. I threfore conclude that, if means are to be found for ensuring

adequate mitigation of environmental impact in the face of ongoing economic

development, it will be necessary to: (1) accept that technology has a

significant role to play in ensuring sustainable development; (2) seek a revised

structure that is better equipped to resolve the complex legal issues that have

arisen than a government department; and (3) look to economic forces and fiscal

instruments to reinforce the relationship between the state and business in

creating a climate in which development may proceed in an open manner that does

not impact adversely on our environment.

Ref ID : 2507

1298. Lo Presto, C. Arable Land Use. ARDRI News , 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE; STATISTICS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;

VELD CONDITION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to gather quantitative information which

was lacking, concerning the fact that intensity of arable land use in the rural

locations of the former Ciskei, has resulted in a decline of arable land. The

research method includes field surveys on foot, quadrat survey and the use of

questionnaires. Land use intensity, crops grown and species composition on

fallow land were the elements commented on in the main findings of the study.

Monoculture maize accounts for between 49-90% of cultivated land. Beans and

pumpkins were also common, mainly intercropped with maize. The study concluded

that valuable land resources are not being optimally utilized in the Central

Eastern Cape. The study identified five categories of field fallow namely weed

fallow, weed fallow with grass intrusion, grass vegetation with weedy remnants,

grass vegetation and bush grass vegetation. The categorization was based on

years since last ploughed. This document is obtainable from the ARDRI Document

Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1187

1299. Lohnert, B. Rural-urban migration and land tenure: three case studies from

Cape Town, South Africa. In: Proceedings of the international conference on land

tenure in the developing world with a focus on Southern Africa, held at the

University of Cape Town, 27-29 January 1998, edited by Barry, M.Cape

Town:Department of Geomatics, University of Cape Town, 1998,p. 380-389.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; POLICY

Abstract : Taking three different case studies as examples - Marconi Beam

(Milnerton), Imizamo Yethu (Hout Bay) and Weltevreden Valley (Cape Flats) -

different approaches and concepts to solve the land tenure and housing problem

in urban areas are discussed. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative long

term socio-economic studies within these settlements, that do not only regard

the political environment and planning strategies, but also the social and

economic conditions of the dwellers, further research desiderata and policy

recommendations are developed that take the diversity of needs of urban dwellers

into account.

Ref ID : 412

1300. London, L. and Myers, J. General patterns of agrichemical usage in the

southern region of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 91:509-515,

1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; WESTERN CAPE; EASTERN CAPE

Notes : Exposure to agricultural chemicals in the farming sector is potentially

hazardous to health, yet quantitative data on which to base estimates of

exposure in SA are generally lacking. As part of a series of investigations

into the potential health effects of exposure to agrichemicals on farm workers

in the Western Cape, data on patterns of agrichemicals usage are presented for

the southern Cape region (Western and Eastern Cape as far as East London).

Results indicate the widespread use of diverse range of agents. Two criteria are

proposed for quantifying exposure: (1) The mass of active ingredient used, and

(2) standardizing the mass of active ingredient in terms of the oral LD50 value

to calculate biological equivalent units (BEUs). These units are recommended

when investigating acute health effects, whereas both BEUs and kilograms of

active ingredient may be useful in studies of chronic health effects.

Ref ID : 2041

1301. Lonsdale, W.M. Rates of spread of an invading species - Mimosa pigra in

northern Australia. Journal of Ecology 81:513-521, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 316

1302. Looser, U. Sediment problems in the Mfolozi catchment.Anonymous Department

of Water Affairs. , 1985.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; KWAZULU NATAL

Notes : Dept of Water Affairs internal report.

Ref ID : 2042

1303. Lotter, W.D. and Hoffman, J.H. An integrated management plan for the

control of Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe

41:63-68, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1276

1304. Louw, A.J. and Van der Merwe, J.J. Invloed van ontbossing van gemengde

veld of rooikleigrond van die Springbokvlakte op veldsamestelling en

diereproduksie.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agricultural Technical Services.

110:1-11, 1973. The influence of general and selective bush encroachment of

mixed veld on red clay soil at Towoomba research station is investigated, by

comparing it over a 19 year period with an undisturbed area of veld. Bush

destruction led to an intensification of and more species specific growth of

grass cover. As a result, the number of grazing days improved and livestock

production per surface unit was enhanced. However, it must be noted that the

change to a more species specific grass growth through bush destruction can

bring about certain livestock problems.Technical Communication.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; CARRYING CAPACITY; LAND DEGRADATION; SAVANNA;

STOCKING RATE

Ref ID : 2326

1305. Lovegrove, B.G. Mima-like mounds (heuweltjies) of South Africa: the

topographical, ecological and economic impact of burrowing animals. The

environmental impact of burrowing animals and animal burrows. Meadows, S. and

Meadows, A.Zoological Society of London no 63. Oxford:Clarendon Press. 63:183-

198, 1991. Mima-like mounds (heuweltjies) are circular (c.30 m diameter), raised

(<2 m high) earth mounds, found over extensive regions of the western Cape

Province, South Africa. Popular hypotheses attribute their origin to the

burrowing activities of termites, Microhodotermes viator, and the mole rates

(Bathyergidae). These animals account for the higher nutrient status, water-

holding capacity, organic content and pH and the finer soil structure of the

mound soils, compared with adjacent intermound soils. These soil parameters

determine the distinctive floristic composition of heuweltjie vegetation

semblages. The existence of the mounds profoundly increases local beta and

gamma plant species diversity. It is emphasized that, in agricultural regions,

the higher fertility of the mounds may be of significant economic importance.

Minimum objectives are proposed for a multi-disciplinary scientific approach to

ascertain the extent of energy flow through heuweltjies, to elucidate the

important topographical, ecological and economic impact of these two burrowing

animals on this ecologically sensitive region of South Africa, and to propose

serious consideration of appropriate conservation status for representative

mounds.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : WESTERN CAPE; ENERGY; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 2246

1306. Low, J.G. Die rol van goeie veldbestuurpraktykvoering in die voorkoming en

beheer van bos. Proceedings of a workshop on bush encroachment and bush

thickening held in Pretoria. Pienaar, A.J.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture and Fisheries. :I1-I10, 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 560

1307. Loxton, V.&. Report on a reconnaissance survey of soils and land use

suitability of KwaZulu area no.2.Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural

Resources. , 1981.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL;

COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 2352

1308. Loxton, V.&. Resource base study and agricultural potential. This project

report can be found at the document centre, Agriculture (UFH).Anonymous Vol 2 of

5, 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; RAINFALL; IRRIGATION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; SOIL EROSION; VELD CONDITION

Notes : The purpose of this study was to examine in detail the resource base of

the Ciskei and consider the agricultural potential of the area. Field surveys

and secondary sources of information were used. Rainfall is low and extremely

unreliable thereby ruling out the possibility of rainfed crop production in the

Ciskei. Much of the area comprises of severely eroded areas overlying Ecca

Shale with little or no agricultural potential. The area suitable for

irrigation amounts to some 1850 ha with moderate or better production potential.

Livestock production opportunities are extremely limited in the absence of

natural grazing. See ref. I.D. no 2339.

Ref ID : 1364

1309. Loxton, V.&. Herschel livestock farmers support programme. A socio-

economic survey.Anonymous Johanessburg:Loxton.Venn and Associates. Phase I &

II:S1-S7, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : Phase I of this report is concerned with a desk study of existing

information, to assist in identifying target areas for the development of a

Livestock Farmer Support Programme in the Herschel District, in order to assess

whether sufficient information is available. Phase II takes the form of a socio-

economic survey in which demographic, education, employment and income data were

obtained as well as information on current farming practices, production and

farmer's perceptions and their attitudes to possible developmental changes in

the area.

Ref ID : 2449

1310. Loxton, V.&. Jumba Tribal area development research report.Anonymous

Alice:Extension and Rural Development, University of Fort Hare. , 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to do a socio-economic assessment of the

Jumba Tribal Authority area in order to provide development planning guidelines.

Consultations with the relevant local authorities, workshops with the RDP

committees from different villages within the Jumba tribal area and desktop

studies. The study has found that both human and agricultural opportunities for

development do exist in the area. The main focus was on the creation of job

opportunities, but analysis of the reasons behind this request indicates that

principally, the need is for more income earning opportunities. This concept

could also lead to the need for domestic skills, which could substitute for

expensive purchases. Agriculture was also seen as one of the most important

facets of development in the Jumba area. Discussions on improving yields of

traditional crops so as to permit sales in addition to home consumption were

always high in the workshops. The study also showed that livestock play an

important role in the social and cultural live of the Jumba people and that

opportunities for increasing their economic value do exist. This report is

available at the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural

Development, University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1342

1311. Lubke, R. Conservation of Coastal Vegetation. Forum Botnicum 33(1):1-12,

1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Notes : The author notes that there are still numerous attractive coastal areas

on our coastline, but unless there is a change in thinking, we are in danger of

losing much of it, as has happened in most of the world. Over-populated coastal

regions such as on the eastern seaboard of America, and along the Mediterranean

are now a ribbon of resorts and high rise hotels along the shores. He advises

us to consider if this is what SA wants.

Ref ID : 402

1312. Lubke, R. and Judd, R. The Potters Pass Nature Reserve: Conserving the

eastern Cape coastal grasslands from the threat of invading industry and the

pressure of expanding human settlement. Veld & Flora 80(1):14-17, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; LAND USE; GRASSLAND; EASTERN CAPE; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS;

CONSERVATION

Notes : This article gazettes this small and important nature reserve on the

coastline, on the West Bank of East London. Expanding industry and squatters

constantly moving onto its borders, threatens the continued existence of this

reserve. Support for the conservation of this region as a reserve has come

mainly through the drive of local personalities. Preliminary studies of this

area as a whole were conducted in 1989, and into the reserve in more detail more

recently with the support of the municipality of East London. A detailed

project on the floristics, ecology and management of the region has been

initiated.

Ref ID : 2045

1313. Luckoff, H.A. Comment on A.C.A.C.I.A. South African Forestry Journal

102:15-16, 1977.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1736

1314. Ludick, B.P. Die toestand van die veld, weidingskapasiteit en voorkoms van

erosie, verklaarde onkruide en indringerplante in nege (9) landdrosdistrike van

die Noord-wes Provinsie.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agriculture. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; EROSION; STOCKING RATE;

ALIEN PLANTS; GRASSLAND; NORTHWEST PROVINCE

Ref ID : 1738

1315. Ludick, B.P. Die toestand van die veld, weidingskapasiteit en voorkoms van

erosie, verklaarde onkruide and indringerplante in sewe en twintig (27)

landdrosdistrikte van die Vrystaat provinsie.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture. , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VELD CONDITION; ALIEN PLANTS; STOCKING

RATE; EROSION; FREE STATE; GRASSLAND

Ref ID : 2484

1316. Lugemwa, W.H. and Darroch, M.A.G. Discrimination analysis of seasonal

agricultural loan repayment by small-scale farmers in Transkei. Agrekon , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; MODELS; LAND TENURE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AID

Notes : The purpose of this study was to supplement research on South African

rural credit markets by using discriminant analysis to identify factors

associated with seasonal loan success or default amongst small-scale farm

clients of the Agricultural Bank of Transkei in 1991. Data on seasonal input

loan applications by 38 representative borrowers who received credit for the

1990/91 agricultural season from the Agricultural Bank of Transkei, were

obtained from application forms and monthly loan reports. Factors associated

with loan default or success were estimated by linear discriminant analysis

(LDA). Results of the study indicate that small-scale farmers with a proven

credit history, higher repayment ability and collateral, and relatively more

off-farm income, were less likely to be default risks. The study made

suggestions that future financiers of small-scale farmers can partly contain

loan default rates (and hence reduce agency cost) by obtaining reliable

information on client credit-history and correct loan application dates, routine

financial indicators of repayment capacity, and solvency. Further research on

rural credit markets is needed to improve the screening methods and credit

scoring models for small-scale farmers. Future research topics include credit

access and agency costs in informal credit markets, group lending issues, and

the link between loan repayment performance and land tenure status of the

borrower(s). This article is available at the main library, University of Fort

Hare. See ID ref.no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1700

1317. Lund, B.G.A. How bad is the present drought? South African Journal of

Science 79(11):440-441, 1983.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; RUNOFF

Notes : In this article, the author attempts to answer two questions: (1) how

bad is the present drought in SA in comparison with previous droughts in terms

of Vaal river runoff?, and (2) how long may it be expected to persist? He

concludes that the drought, measured in terms of cumulative below-average

runoff, is 50% worse than any experienced in the past 60 years. However, below-

average flow has not persisted for more than 10 years in the past, in which case

the present drought might 'break' as early as 1988.

Ref ID : 2420

1318. Lund, S. Towards development in the Herschel district of Transkei: a

guiding plan.Anonymous , 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to find ways to address the most pressing

needs which continue to cripple opportunities for sustainable development and to

plan an appropriate role for the Environmental Development Agency (EDA) within

the framework of a desirable development programme. The study was conducted

through field visits and interviews. The report contains a situation overview

of the Herschel District and an evaluation of the findings of the EDA's Herschel

work. The report further contains an outline of the training and export inputs

gained during 1991 after evaluation, a grid of development priorities and goals

and detail of six inter-related programmes targeted for implementation. The

objectives of these programmes, strategies, further planning needs, input

requirements and organizational requirements, the overall programme facilitation

and a budget summary for the 3-year programme are also contained in the report.

This report is obtainable from the Border Rural Committee, East London. See

also ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1506

1319. Lye, W. and Murray, C. Transformations on the highveld; the Tswana and

Southern Sotho, Cape Town:David Philip, 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : NORTHERN PROVINCE; VEGETATION CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 416

1320. Lynch, S.D., Reynders, A.G., and Schulze, R.E. Preparing input data for a

national-scale groundwater vulnerability map of southern Africa. Water SA

20(3):239-246, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY; MAPS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; METHODOLOGIES; RAINFALL; MODELS

Abstract : Groundwater quality is affected by virtually every activity of

society, thereby making groundwater protection complicated and of national

importance. However, protection of the groundwater will always be cheaper and