Blank page introduction Summary Conclusions and Recommendations 9
Current situation and developments in individual countries
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- Country 1995 1997 2000
- Total 33 35
- Total 30 31
- Total 38
8. Current situation and developments in individual countriesThe overall response of individual countries to the 2000 questionnaire survey was 54% (74 out of 137); of contracting parties to the Bonn (CMS) Convention, 62% responded. For the AEWA and the Bern Convention, the response was 72% and 71%, respectively. In order to quantify the current ‘status’ of a country’s legislation, and its progress since the first International Update Report on Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds in 1995, all countries were classified according to the schedule below:
B= There is a partial statutory ban (certain species, certain areas) on the use of lead shot for waterbird hunting C= There is a voluntary ban on the use of lead shot for waterbird hunting D= There is no statutory or voluntary ban, but waterbird hunting is only a (very) small-scale activity E= Waterbird hunting is a medium/large scale activity. There is no statutory or voluntary ban, but there is an awareness of the problem and legislation is being considered F= Waterbird hunting is a medium/large scale activity. There is no statutory or voluntary ban, nor any awareness of the problem; legislation is not being considered U= It is unknown to the informer whether lead shot is used for waterbird hunting, and whether there is any legislation concerning the use of lead shot N= There is no waterbird hunting at all, for whatever reason (e.g. no wetlands, total ban on all hunting, or no reason given) Table 1 shows the classification of all responding countries in 1995, 1997 and 2000, as well as the convention status of each country in 2000. The complete answers to the questionnaire can be found in Appendix II (table with the answers to all yes/no questions) and III (complete description of the situation in each country, including contact addresses). Table 2 shows the total number of countries in each category, both in absolute numbers and in percentages. Table 1: Legislation concerning the use of lead shot, and convention status of responding countries, sorted by category in the year 2000 (for a complete, alphabetical overview please refer to Appendix II)
Table 2: Total__30________31'>Total__33________35'>Totals of each category per year
Compared to 1995 and 1997, approximately twice as many countries were queried in 2000. Many of the ‘new’ countries were non-contracting parties to the relevant conventions, and often non-EU and non-OECD countries. Since these countries are therefore less likely to have any legislation concerning the use of lead shot, the quantification in Table 2 gives a somewhat biased picture: the numbers in 2000 imply that the relative number of countries with legislation has decreased, whereas this effect appears to be entirely caused by the enlargement of the sample group. Therefore, when making comparisons between years, it is more useful only to analyse those countries which responded in more than one year. Table 3 and figure 1 show the category distribution after this correction. For comparison, Table 4 shows the category distribution of countries which were queried for the first time in 2000. Table 4: Totals of each category in 2000; only countries which were queried for the a first time in 2000 Table 3: Totals of each category per year; only countries which responded in more than one year
F Overall, 38% of the countries which responded more than once, and which did not already have a total statutory ban, made progress concerning their regulations since the 1995 survey (moving not necessarily from non-legislation to legislation, but at least one category higher up). Most of this progress was accomplished between 1997 and 2000 (1997-2000: progress in 30% of those countries, vs. 19% in the period 1995-1997). Interestingly, however, most of the shift from non-legislation to legislation was accomplished between 1995 and 1997 (see figure 2). An example for the two different kinds of progress is that in the period 1997-2000, category B increased significantly (see figure 1), but since this increase was at the expense of category C, the total of countries with legislation (A+B+C) shows only a minor increase (see figure 2). The progress of countries which ratified the Bonn, AEWA or Bern conventions, does not differ significantly from this overall average, nor from that of countries which did not ratify the respective conventions. However, when looking at the absolute situation, and not merely at the development over time, it appears that the percentage of AEWA countries which currently have statutory or voluntary regulations (A+B+C) is higher in all three years than that of non-AEWA countries (1995: 38% vs. 18%; 1997: 62% vs. 28%; and 2000: 67% vs. 30%, respectively). This difference is not present, or if present, not significantly so, for the other conventions. This analysis was not performed for Ramsar countries, because this convention includes the vast majority of countries which responded to the questionnaire. Countries were asked to roughly estimate the amount of lead present in their wetlands. Table 5 shows these estimates calculated for all responding countries, and also calculated only for countries which had responded at least once before. The majority of countries report the estimated amount of lead to be medium. Table 5: Estimated amount of lead present in wetlands on an arbitrary scale
Table 6 shows levels of a few parameters in relation to legislation (monitoring, enforcement, and preparation of new legislation), in addition to the percentage of countries in which lead shot is still used for hunting waterbirds. For comparison, the percentage of countries which currently have legislation (see also tables 2, 3 and figure 1) is given as well. It is apparent that the countries which were queried for the first time in 2000 do not significantly differ from the countries which responded at least once before, apart from the percentage of countries which currently have legislation. Apparently, monitoring, enforcement and preparation levels are comparable world-wide regardless of a country’s convention status. It is noteworthy that countries which already have legislation, engage significantly more in the preparation of new legislation than countries which do not have any legislation. Table 6: State of legislation parameters in 2000
Table 7 shows awareness, research, and co-ordination levels. Percentages indicate that not all countries in which there is an awareness of the problem, engage in awareness raising, research, or co-ordination activities. Especially the availability of information materials is low. In countries which were queried for the first time in 2000, the awareness, research and co-ordination levels are relatively low compared to the countries which responded at least once before. Table 7: Levels of awareness, research, and co-ordination concerning the lead poisoning problem
Several reasons were given for the absence of, or impediment to, development of legislation, awareness, research and co-ordination (see also Appendix III):
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