Chapter 1: introduction

Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Kabeli ‘A’ Hydroelectric Project

E2836 V7 REV



KABELI ENERGY LIMITED

Buddha Nagar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Kabeli-A Hydroelectric Project

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT



July, 2013

(Updated October 2013)

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 11

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 51

1.1Background 51

1.2Project Proponent 51

1.3Institution Responsible for Preparing the Document 52

1.4Purpose of the Project 52

1.5Statuary Environmental Requirement 53

1.6Objectives of the EIA Study 53

1.7EIA Study Methodology 54

1.7.1 Literature Review and Consultation with the Stakeholders 54

1.7.2 Field Study 55

1.7.3 Impact Analysis 55

1.7.4 Public Consultation and Public Hearing 55

1.8Supplementary Studies and Report Finalization 57

Chapter II: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 60

2.1Project Location 60

2.2Project Access 60

2.3Salient Features of the Project 62

2.4Project Components 63

2.4.1 Headworks 65

2.4.2 Waterways 66

2.4.3 Surge Shaft and Outlet Portal 66

2.4.4 Penstock Pipe 67

2.4.5 Powerhouse 67

2.4.6 Draft Tube and Tailrace Canal 67

2.4.7 Switchyard 67

2.5Project Support Facilities 67

2.5.1 Access Roads 67

2.5.2 Construction Power 67

2.5.3 Employer’s Camp, Contractor’s Camp and Labor Camp 68

2.5.4 Quarry Site 69

2.5.5 Batching Plants, Aggregate Crushing Plants and Construction Material Storage 69

2.5.6 Spoil & Muck Disposal Area 69

2.6Construction Associated Activities 70

2.6.1 River Diversion during Construction 70

2.6.2 Civil Works 70

2.6.3 Construction Traffic 72

2.7Project Requirements 73

2.7.1 Construction Materials 73

2.7.2 Land Requirement 73

2.7.3 Human Resources Requirement 74

2.8Implementation Schedule 74

2.9Project Operation Modality 75

2.10 Project Costs 75

Chapter III: LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 76

3.1 Plans, Policies and Strategy of Government of Nepal 76

3.1.1 Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 76

3.1.2 Thirteenth Three Year Plan, 2013-2016 76

3.1.3 Hydropower Development Policy, 2001 76

3.1.4 National Forest Policy, 1998 (Revised 2000) 77

3.1.5 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002 77

3.1.6 National Water Strategy (2002) and National Water Plan (2005) 77

3.2 Acts and Rules/Regulations 78

3.2.1 Environment Protection Act 1997, Environment Protection Rules, 1997 & as amended (1999, 2007, 2009 and 2010) 78

3.2.2 Electricity Act, 1992 and Electricity Regulation, 1993 80

3.2.3 Water Resource Act, 1992 and Water Resource Regulations, 1993 80

3.2.4 Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982 80

3.2.5 Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 1961 81

3.2.6 Forest Act, 1993 and Forest Regulation, 1995 81

3.2.7 Land Acquisition Act, 1977 81

3.2.8 Land Reform Act, 1964 82

3.2.9 Local Self-Governance Act (1998) and Regulations, 1999 82

3.2.10 National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 82

3.2.11 Labour Act, 991 82

3.2.12 Explosive Act, 1961 as amended 1974 and 1991 83

3.3 Guidelines 83

3.3.1 National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 83

3.3.2 EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 1995 83

3.3.3 Department of Electricity Development Manuals 83

3.3.4 Department of Forest Guidelines 84

3.3.5 MOE Guide to Environmental Management Plan of Hydropower Projects, 2006 85

3.4 Standards 85

3.4.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2003 85

3.4.2 Nepal Vehicular Emission Standards, 2000 85

3.4.3 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters, 2003 85

3.5 International Conventions 86

3.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 86

3.5.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973 86

3.5.3 International Labor Organization (169), 1989 86

3.6 World Bank Group’s Requirements 86

3.6.1 Relevant Policies and Guidelines of the World Bank 86

3.6.10 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines 88

Chapter IV: BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 90

4.1 Project Impact Area 90

4.2.1 Topography and Geomorphology 92

4.2.2 Geology and Soils 93

4.2.3 Climate and Meteorology 94

4.2.4 Drainage and Hydrology 95

4.2.5 Erosion and Sedimentation 103

4.2.6 Air Quality 105

4.2.7 Water Quality 105

4.2.8 Noise Level 107

4.2.9 Water Uses and Water Rights 107

4.2.10 Land Use 108

4.2.11 Seismicity 109

4.2.12 Glacial Lake and Glacial Lake Outbrust Floods (GLOF) 109

4.3 Biological Environment 110

4.3.1 Forest and Plant Diversity 111

4.3.2 Terrestrial Wildlife 116

4.3.3 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 123

Chapter V: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS 144

5.1 BACKGROUND 144

5.2 Choice of Hydropower versus other Sources of power 145

5.2.1 Fossil fuels 145

5.2.2 Solar and Wind power 146

5.2.3 Import of Electricity from Neighboring Countries 148

5.3 No Project Alternatives 148

5.4 Selection of KAHEP in the Context of Hydropower Projects in Nepal - Medium Hydropower Study Project 151

5.5 Alternative Analysis of Project Layout 153

5.6 Location and Design Alternatives of Project Structures and Ancillary Facilities 154

5.6.1 Dam Site 154

5.6.2 Powerhouse Site 156

5.6.3 Approach Canal vs. Approach Tunnel 157

5.6.4 Alternatives for Settling Basin 157

5.6.5 Penstock Pipe Alternatives 157

5.6.7 Access Road to Headworks 158

5.6.8 Access Road to the Powerhouse 158

5.6.9 Alternatives to Camps at Powerhouse and Headwork 159

5.6.10 Alternatives for Quarry, and Spoil Disposal Sites 160

5.7 No Forest Alternative 160

5.8 Associated Risks 160

5.9 Technology, Operation, Procedures, Time Schedules and Raw Materials to be used 161

Chapter VI: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 163

6.1 Adverse Issues 163

6.1.1 Primary Issues 163

6.1.2 Secondary Issues 198

6.1.3 Other Issues 207

6.1.4 Impacts not Covered by EIA Terms of Reference 217

6.1.5 Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project (KCTLP) Impacts 223

6.2 Beneficial Issues 227

6.2.1 Construction Phase 227

6.2.2 Operation Phase 228

Chapter VII: RAPID CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSESMENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT MEASURES 232

Chapter VIII: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN, MONITORING PLAN AND AUDIT 271

8.1 Environmental Management Plan 271

8.2 EMP Structure and Organization 272

8.2.1 Environmental Management Actions 272

8.2.2 Organization for EMP Implementation 273

8.2.3 Environmental Management of Construction 282

8.2.4 Adaptive Management of Selected Environmental Issues 303

8.3 Environmental Monitoring 305

8.3.1 Monitoring Agency 305

8.3.2 Monitoring Phase 307

8.4 Post-Construction Environmental Audit of KAHEP 318

8.4.1 Environmental Audit Framework for KAHEP 319

8.4.2 Agencies Responsible for Auditing 320

8.4.3 Environmental Auditing Schedule 321

Chapter IX: ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION, MONITORING, AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT COSTS 322

9.1 Cost for Environmental Mitigation 322

9.2 Costs for Environmental Monitoring 323

9.3 Environmental Management Cost 324

9.4 Environmental Audit 325

9.5 Summary of Environmental Mitigation, Monitoring, Management and Audit Cost 325

REFERENCES 326

List of Annexes
Annex 1.1 : Survey License

Annex 1.2 : Project Development Agreement

Annex 1.3a : Checklist for Chemical and Physical Environment

Annex 1.3b : Checklist for Biological Environment

Annex 1.4 : Summary of the FGD findings

Annex 1.5 : List of Person Consulted in Community Forest User Group Meeting

Annex 1.6 : Synopsis of public hearing/consultations, comments and suggestions

Annex 2.1 : River flow and storage analysis for two slots peaking for Kabeli – A

Annex 2.2 : Reservoir volumes and regulation levels in different for the 4 hour slot

Annex 2.3 : Reservoir volumes and regulation levels in different for the 2 hour slot

Annex 4.1 : Regional Plant Diversity

Annex 4.2 : Local Floral Diversity in the Project Area Region

Annex 4.3 : Description of Sample Plots

Annex 4.4 : Agro-Biodiversity of the Project Region

Annex 4.5 : Ethno Botany of the Project Region

Annex 5.1 : Comparative assessment of the Alternative I (the worst alternative) with Alternative IV (the selected alternative)

Annex 7.1 : Licensing Process for the hydropower Project in Nepal

Annex 7.2 : List of participants for VECs Scoping Exercise

Annex 8.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003

Annex 8.2 :

Generic Standard Part I: Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters

Annex 8.3 : Monitoring and Analysis Methods

Annex 8.4 : National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, 2006

Annex 8.5 : Monitoring and Analysis Methods

Annex 8.6 : Noise Level Guidelines

List of Tables
Table 1.1 : FGD Locations and Participant Details

Table 2.1 : Salient Features of KAHEP

Table 2.2 : Land Requirement for Various Project Structures and Facilities

Table 2.3 : Implementation Schedule of KAHEP

Table 2.4 : Flow Regulation of the Kabeli River during Operation of the Project

Table 3.1 : Compliance World Bank Safeguards Policies and IFC Performance Standards

Table 4.1 : Settlements in the Impact Areas

Table 4.2 : Physiographic Division of the Project Area

Table 4.3 : Expected Rock Types along the Headrace Tunnel

Table 4.4 : Rock Mass Quality of the Headrace Tunnel

Table 4.5 : Catchment Area Altitudinal Characteristics

Table 4.6 : Mean Monthly Flows from various Methods, m³/s

Table 4.7 : Low Flows at the Intake Site, m³/s

Table 4.8 : Flood Flow at Intake Site (m³/s)

Table 4.9 : Flood Flow at Powerhouse Site (m3/s) – Tamor and Kabeli Combined

Table 4.10 : Mean Monthly Flow of Tamor River at KAHEP Powerhouse Site

Table 4.11 : Major Water Sources along the Tunnel Alignment

Table 4.12 : The mean monthly flows for the three Kholsis in between Kabeli-A Barrage and Kabeli-Tamor Confluence by WECS Method

Table 4.13 : Water Quality of the Kabeli River

Table 4.14 : Micro-biological analysis of Kabeli and Tamor Rivers water quality

Table 4.15 : Land use of Affected VDCs (Area Km2)

Table 4.16 : Glacial Lake/ Pond within the Catchment of the Kabeli River

Table 4.17 : List of Rare/Endangered/Threatened and Endemic Plants in the Project Region

Table 4.18 : Mammals Recorded in Project Sites (Participatory information from locals)

Table 4.19 : Avi-fauna recorded for Project sites (Participatory information from locals)

Table 4.20 : Herpeto-fauna recorded for Project sites (Participatory information from locals)

Table 4.21 : Terrestrial Wildlife of Conservation Significance

Table 4.22 : Description of Sampling Station of KAHEP Affected Sites (October 2010)

Table 4.23 : Description of Sampling Station of KAHEP Affected Sites (July 2013)

Table 4.24 : Aquatic Habitat Characterization of Kabeli River in the Directly Project Affected Area

Table 4.25 : Number of Fish Species Recorded and Observed in the Sampling Stations (2010)

Table 4.26 : Number of Fish Species Recorded and Observed in the Sampling Stations (2013)

Table 4.27 : Fish Species Recorded in Sampling Stations (2010)

Table 4.28 : Fish Species Observed in Sampling Stations (2013)

Table 4.29 : Fish Species Observed and Recorded in Sampling Stations (2010)

Table 4.30 : Migratory Pattern of Fish Species

Table 4.31 : Long migratory Fish Species Migration Pathways in Different Seasons

Table 4.32 : Medium Distance Migratory Fish Species Migration Pathways in Different Seasons

Table 4.33 : Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern (2010)

Table 4.34 : Percentage Abundance at Sampling Stations (Caughtby cast net, 2010)

Table 4.35 : Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern (2013)

Table 4.36 : Percentage Abundance at Sampling Stations (Caughtby cast net, 2013)

Table 4.37 : Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) at Different Sampling Stations (2010)

Table 4.38 : Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) at Different Sampling Stations (2013)

Table 4.39 : Fish Species of Conservation Significance

Table 4.40 : Total Nnumber of phytoplankton

Table 4.41 : Phytoplankton Species Recorded at Different Sampling Stations

Table 4.42 : Population Density of Phytoplankton at Different Sampling Stations

Table 4.43 : Total Zooplankton Recorded in Different Sampling Stations

Table 4.44 : Zooplankton Species Recorded at Different Sampling Stations

Table 4.45 : Population Density of Zooplankton at Different Sampling Stations

Table 4.46 : Total Aquatic Insects Record in Different Sample Stations

Table 4.47 : Aquatic Insects Recorded at Different Sampling Stations

Table 5.1 : Summary of Project Alternatives.

Table 5.2 : Steps in MHSP Exercise.

Table 5.3 : Coarse Ranking Composite Technical/Economic Criterion

Table 5.4 : Coarse Ranking Composite Environmental/Social Criterion

Table 6.1 : Loss of Forest Vegetation in Different Project Structures and Facilities

Table 6.2 : Loss of Forest Resources in Different Forest Areas by KAHEP Forest Land Acquisition

Table 6.3 : Loss of GON Protected Floral Species in the Forestland Occupied by the Project

Table 6.4 : Monetary Value of the Lost Forest Resources

Table 6.5 : In-stream Flow for Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation (Tennant 1975)

Table 6.6 : In stream Flow Regimens for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and Related Environmental Resources Based on the Modified Tennant Method (Kali Gandaki “A” EIA Study)

Table 6.7 : Hydraulic Variables in the Dewatered Stretch at 10% discharge of the Average Monthly Flow of February as EF

Table- 6.8 : Flow Condition and Habitat Suitability for Fishes

Table 6.9 : Salient Features of the Monitored Projects

Table 6.10 : Selected target species of Kabeli

Table 6.11 : Water Availability situation at Dewater Section with 10% of Minimum Mean Monthly Flow from the Dam

Table 6.12 : Hydrological Change in the Tamor River (between Kabeli – Tamor confluence and Kabeli tailrace outlet) Due to KAHEP

Table 6.13: Hydrological Fluctuations in Tamor River in Non-operation and Peaking Operation Periods

Table 6.14 : Water Levels in the Non-operating and Peak Operating Periods in Tamor River

Table 6.15 : Summary of the Primary Environmental Issues- Impact Prediction

Table 6.16 : Summary of the Secondary Environmental Issues - Impact Prediction

Table 6.17 : Summary of the Other Environmental Issues - Impact Prediction

Table 6.18 : Summary of the Impact Prediction on Environmental Issues not Covered in the EIA TOR

Table 7.1 : Projects with a Generation (construction) License (as of June 21, 2013)

Table 7.2 : Projects with Survey License Issued (as of June 21, 2013)

Table 7.3 : Projects Reserved by the Government of Nepal (as of June 21, 2013)

Table 7.4 : Valued Environmental and Social Components of Tamor-Kabeli Basin

Table 7.5 : Selected Valued Environmental and Social Components

Table 7.6 : Physiographic Region of Nepal and their general characteristics

Table 7.7 : Fish Composition of the Tamor-Kabeli river system

Table7.8 : Proposed target fish species

Table 8.1 : Roles and Responsibilities of the Stakeholders

Table 8.2 : Permits and Approvals

Table 8.3 : Environmental Training Plan

Table 8.4 : Construction Camps and Traffic Management

Table 8.5 : Pollution Abatement Plan (Key Features)

Table 8.6 : Terrestrial Ecology Management Plan

Table 8.7 : Aquatic Ecology Management

Table 8.8 : Erosion Abatement and Muck/Spoil Management

Table 8.9 : Public Health and Occupational Safety Management Plan

Table 8.10 : Emergency Management Plan

Table 8.11 : Rehabilitation Management

Table 8.12 : Baseline Monitoring Plan for Updating

Table 8.13 : Construction Phase Monitoring

Table 8.14 : Operation Phase Monitoring

Table 8.15 : Environmental Audit for KAHEP

Table 9.1 : Environmental Mitigation Cost

Table 9.2 : Environmental Monitoring Cost

Table 9.3 : Summary of the Project Environmental Costs

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 : Location Map of KAHEP

Figure 2.2 : Location of the Key Project Structures in relation to the Project Districts and VDCs

Figure 2.3 : Road network linking the project area

Figure 2.4 : Project Layout in the Land Sat Imagery

Figure 2.5 : Location of Key Facilities at Headworks

Figure 2.6 : Location of Key Facilities at Powerhouse

Figure 4.1 : Key Settlement within the Direct and Indirect Impact Area

Figure 4.2 : Catchment Area of Kabeli upstream the KAHEP Barrage

Figure 4.3 : The Adopted Hydrograph of Kabeli at Intake Site

Figure 4.4 : Flow Duration Curve for Kabeli River

Figure 4.5 : Measured flows from Kabeli Gauging Station from November 2011 to June 2013.

Figure 4.6 : Streams downstream from the Dam

Figure 4.7 : Landslide and Glacial Lake Location in the Kabeli Catchment

Figure 4.8 : Land Use of the Project VDCs

Figure 4.9 : Location of the KAHEP in relation to Protected Areas of Nepal

Figure 6.1 : Comparative Hydrograph Existing and Operation Peroid in the Dewatered Section

Figures 6.2 : Observed real time flow data for 2011

Figure 6.3 : Observed real time flow data for 2012

Figure 6.4 : Actual flow data for dry months (November 2011-May 2012)

Figure 6.5 : Tamor River flow data below the Kabeli-A a tailrace with and without operation.

Figure 6.6 : Location of Religious and Cremation Sites downstream the Dam

Figure 6.7 : Districts and VDCs across KCTLP

Figure 7.1 : Location of the Kabeli-A HPP as it relates to all major watersheds of Nepal

Figure 7.2 : Layout of hydropower projects with government, survey and construction licenses

Figure 7.3 : Tamor Watershed- General schematic illustration of expected cumulative impacts resulting from cascading hydropower development and other present and foreseen activities.

Figure 7.4 : Land use in the Tamor-Kabeli Watershed.

Figure 7.5 : Hydropower sites, transmission lines and roads in the Tamor-Kabeli watershed

Figure 7.6 : Layout of hydropower projects under Scenario 1, showing the expected dewatered sections.

Figure 8.1 : Organization chart for planning and implementation of EMP and SAP


List of Photographs
Photograph 2.1 : Location of Powerhouse, Switchyard and Labor Camp

Photograph 2.2 : Location of Labor Camp at Headworks

Photograph 2.3 : Location of Quarry Site at Powerhouse

Photograph 4.1 : Headwater area of Kabeli-A hydroelectric project

Photograph 4.2 : Power house area of Kabeli hydroelectric project

Photograph 4.3 : Degraded and Pine afforested forests patches around Bijuli Danda along the access road.

Photograph 4.4 : Simal tree and Amala fruiting in the Pinase (Majhigaun) near the power house

Photograph 4.5 : A small patch of forest near Headwork and thin vegetation near Quarry Site

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAPA	Aquatic Animals Protection Act
AAS	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
AEMP	Aquatic Ecology Management Plan
AEPC	Alternative Energy Promotion Center
BOD	biological oxygen demand
BOOT	build, own, operate and transfer
BPC	Butwal Power Company Limited
BS	Bikram Sambat
CAO	Comprehensive Assessment of Option
CAR	Catchment Area Ratio
CAT	Catchment Area Treatment
CBO	Community Based Organization
CDO	Chief District Officer
CF	Community Forest
CFUG	Community Forest User Group
CIA	Cumulative Impact Assessment
CITES	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
cm	Centimeter
CPUE`	Catch per Unit Effort
CSR	Corporate Social Responsibility
DBH	Diameter at Breast Height
DDC	District Development Committee
DFO	District Forest Office
DFO	District Forest Office
DLRO	District Land Revenue Office
DO	Dissolved Oxygen
DoED	Department of Electricity Development
DoLIDAR	Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads
DSCO	District Soil Conservation Office
DSPR	Dam Safety Plan Report
E	East
EEC	Environmental Enhancement committees
EF	Environmental Flow
EHS	Environmental Health and Safety
EIA	Environmental Impact Assessment
EMEP	Environmental Management and Execution Plan
EMP	Environmental Management Plan
EPA	Environment Protection Act
EPP	Emergency Preparedness Plan
EPR	Environment Protection Rules
FGD	Focus Group Discussions
FPIC	Free Prior and Informed Consultation
GC	Grievances Committee
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GLOF	glacial lake outburst flood
GMF	Government Managed Forest
GoN	Government of Nepal
GRC	Grievance Redress Committee
GRO	Grievance Redress Officer
GWh	Giga Watt hours
Ha	Hectare
HCE	Hydro-Consult Engineering Limited
HCPL	Hydro-Consult Private Limited
HEP	Hydro Electric Project
HPP	Hydro Power Project
ICIMOD	International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
IEE	Initial Environmental Examination
IFC	International Finance Corporation
IFI	International Funding Institutions
IFIM	In stream Flow Incremental Methodology
ILO	International Labour Organization
IP	Indigenous People
IPPAN	Independent Power Producers’ Association of Nepal
IUCN	International Union for Conservation of Nature
IVCDP	Indigenous and Vulnerable Community Development Plan
JOR	Joint Operation Rule
JV	Joint Venture
KAECDU	Kabeli-A Environment and Community Development Unit
KAHEP	Kabeli-A Hydroelectric Project
KCA	Kanchanjunga Conservation Area
KCC	Kabeli Concern Committee
KCTLP	Kabeli Corridor Transmission Line Project
KEL	Kabeli Energy Limited
kg	Kilogram
kV	Kilo volt
kW	Kilo Watt
kWh	Kilo Watt hours
LF	Leasehold Forest
LFUG	Leasehold Forest User Group
LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
m	Meter
masl	Meters Above Sea Level
MBNP	Makalu-Barun National Park
MCT	Main Central Thrust
MDG	Millennium Development Goals
mg/l	Milligram per liter
mm	Millimeter
MOE	Ministry of Energy
MOFSC	Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
MOSTE	Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
MSHP	Medium Scale Hydroelectric Project
MW	Mega Watt
MWI	Monsoon Wetness Index
N	North
NEA	Nepal Electricity Authority
NESS	Nepal Environmental and Scientific Service
NGO	Non-Governmental Organization
NPWCA	National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act
NRs	Nepalese Rupees
NTFP	Non-Timber Forest Product
O&MP	Operation and Maintenance Plan
ºC	Degree Centigrade
OHS	Occupational Health and Safety
OP	Operation Policy
PAP	Project Affected Persons
PDA	Project Development Agreement
PDF	Power Development Fund
PHABSIM	Physical Habitat Simulation Model
PIC	Project Information Center
PM10	Particulate Matter
PMO	Project Management Office
PoE	Panel of Experts
PPA	Power Purchase Agreement
PRA	Public Relation Assistant
PROR	Peaking Run-Of-River
PS	Performance Standard
RCIA	Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment
RCLAP	Resettlement Compensation and Livelihood Assistance Plan
RMR	Rock Mass Rating
RoR	Run-of-River
RoW	Right of Way
S	South
s	Second
SA	Social Assessment
SAP	Social Action Plan
SEA	Sectoral Environmental Assessment
SHOP	Short-term Hydro Operation Planning
SHS	Solar Home System
STD	Sexually Transmitted Disease
SWCA	Soil and Watershed Conservation Act
TDS	Total Dissolved Solids
TMJ	Tinjure Milke Jaljale
ToR	Terms of Reference
TSP	Total Suspended Particles
TSS	Total Suspended Solids
UNCHS	United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
UNDP	United Notations Development Program
UNEP	United Notations Environment Program
USFR	Updated Feasibility Study Report
VDC	Village Development Committee
W	West
WBG	World Bank Group