Environmental monitoring plans include the activities to be monitored (parameters and indicators) during pre-construction, construction and operation phases. The purposes of monitoring are to investigate and understand the quality of the environment prior to project and keep records of the project impact on the environmental quality during construction and operation phases of the project so as to provide reliable information and scientific basis for environmental management. Therefore, environmental monitoring is a mechanism which evaluates whether the mitigation and monitoring actions were actually carried out or not and evalutes the effectiveness of the implemented measures to curb the percieved impacts or identify unforeseen impacts for further corrective actions to avoid or minimise the impacts before it is too late.
8.3.1 Monitoring Agency
Regular monitoring of EMP implementation will be conducted by the implementing agency as well as by an independent external monitoring and evaluation organization or individual designated by Ministry of Energy (MoEn) to verify:
-
Actions and commitments described in the EMP are implemented fully on time;
-
EMP actions and compensation measures are effective enough to enhance (or at least restore) affected environmental components;
-
Complaints and grievances lodged by project affected people are followed up and, where necessary, appropriate corrective actions are implemented; and
-
If necessary, changes in EMP procedure are made to improve delivery of entitlements to project affected people.
For the KAHEP, primary monitoring responsibility will rest with KEL. KEL has established a Kabeli-A Environment and Community Development Unit (KAECDU) to undertake social and environmental monitoring of the project.
8.3.1.1 Internal
The internal monitoring will be carried out by KAECDU on a regular basis to assess progress against the schedule of actions defined in the EMP/SAP. Activities to be undertaken by KAECDU for EMP implementation will include:
-
Liaison with the EMP implementation team, land acquisition team, construction contractor and project affected communities to review and report progress against the EMP;
-
Assess the progress on implementation of actions and commitments described in the EMP;
-
Verify that agreed measures to restore or enhance affected environmental components are being implemented;
-
Identify any problems, issues or cases related to environmental degradation and hardship of affected communities resulting from the resettlement process;
-
Assess project affected peoples’ satisfaction with environmental and resettlement outcomes through informal interviews of village heads and households;
-
Collect record of grievances, and follow-up to check that appropriate corrective actions have been undertaken and that outcomes are satisfactory; and
-
Prepare brief quarterly progress and compliance report for KEL and external monitoring team, World Bank Group and MoEn.
8.3.1.2 External
An independent external monitoring and evaluation organization or individual designated by MoEn will carry out a review of the EMP implementation every six months. External monitoring will be conducted during the implementation period to ensure that the project activity comply with the environmental standards, the EMP is properly implemented, and grievances are addressed in a prompt manner.
Activities that will be undertaken by the external consultants include:
-
Review internal monitoring procedures and reporting to ascertain whether these are being undertaken in compliance with the EMP;
-
Review internal monitoring records as a basis for identifying any areas of non-compliance, any recurrent problems, or potentially disadvantaged groups or households;
-
Review grievances record for evidence of significant non-compliance or recurrent poor performance in the resettlement implementation;
-
Discuss with KEL, KAECDU staff, and others involved in land acquisition, compensation disbursement or livelihood restoration to review progress and identify critical issues;
-
Survey affected households and enterprises to gauge the extent to which project affected peoples’ standard of leaving and livelihood have been restored or enhanced as a result of the project;
-
Assess overall compliance with the EIA and the EMP requirements; and
-
Prepare a summary monitoring report for KEL (KAECDU), MoEn and the World Bank Group on the progress of EIA/ EMP implementation, any issues arising and any necessary corrective actions.
8.3.1.3 Panel of Experts
A Panel of Experts (POE), comprising an environmental expert and social expert is established as per the World Bank Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment, Involuntary Resettlement of Indigenous people for the project preparation phase. This Panel will be continued during the construction stage. The Panel will, inter alia, review, comment, provide suggestions or recommendations as it deems necessary and appropriate, twice during the project life-time (mid-term and at the end of the project completion) or as requested by the KEL or its consultants on any subject it considers vital to the successful completion and approval of the environmental and social studies of the project. The key tasks of the POE are to:
-
Carry out an independent review of the EIA and SA processes and steps followed. Provide guidance on the treatment of environmental and social issues associated with the Project at critical stages of EIA and SA;
-
Review the methodology, work-plan, approaches to consultations proposed by the EIA and SA team and provide expert opinion and advice on them as well as review EIA and SA reports;
-
Provide specialized guidance on the main and critical environmental and social issues of the Project such as environmental flows, cumulative impact assessment, and construction stage impacts, and advise the EIA and SA teams on the preparation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and SAP of the KAHEP in compliance with relevant national and World Bank Group policies;
-
Advise KEL on incorporating the environmental and social findings and recommendations into the project and on ensuring adequate interaction between the Engineering Consultant and EIA & SA teams, providing timely and strategic social and environmental inputs to the Engineering Consultant in potential conflict areas with locals and helping avoid unnecessary delay in the implementation of the EMP and the SAP;
-
Assess and advise on incorporating the environmental and social obligations in bidding documents and contract documents; and
-
Review and advice on the implementation of the agreed and approved social and environmental action plans during project’s construction.
The POE will provide report to KEL including the topics reviewed, areas of concern, request for additional analysis and conclusions and recommendations for action, if any. The KEL will forward the report to the financing agencies (World Bank Group and any others), including a statement of actions taken on the recommendations of the previous meeting of the Panel.
8.3.2 Monitoring Phase
Three types of monitoring; Baseline Monitoring, Impact Monitoring and Compliance Monitoring have been proposed to implement during the project pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Details are following.
The KEL has started quarterly sampling of fish in the Kabeli and Tamor river in June 2013 as one of the continuing activities of the project. The findings and results from the sampling will be helpful not only in assessing the impacts of the project during the construction period but also in evaluating the long term implications (post construction) of the project on the aquatic life.
8.3.2.1 Pre-construction Phase (Baseline Monitoring)
Most of the baseline databases of the project area environment (local and site specific) have been gathered during this EA process (Refer Chapter IV of this report). Since there will be a considerable time gap in decision making based on this report and actual construction time, it is recommended to undertake the following monitoring activities at the pre-construction phase, just before the start of actual construction works as part of the internal monitoring by KAECDU of KEL. Besides, indicators (parameters) established during this monitoring phase will be continued for monitoring during the construction and operation phases to understand the range and degree of influence on the environmental quality by the project construction and operation. Table 8.12 presents the Baseline Monitoring Plan for updating.
Table 8.12: Baseline Monitoring Plan for Updating
Issues for Monitoring
|
Monitoring Indicator
|
Monitoring Location
|
Monitoring Method
|
Monitoring Frequency
|
Monitoring Responsibility
|
Landslides and slide erosion
|
Number of landslides/ debris flows/gully formation sites/ major/ minor
|
Headwork site
Powerhouse Site
Internal access roads, camp sites, quarry site, reservoir area hill flanks and tunnel alignment areas
|
Direct observation and mapping in the appropriate scale map
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Air Quality
|
TSP , PM10and PM2.5
|
Lower Dhuseni settlement.
Lower Pinase settlement
|
As per National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Nepal, 2003 (Annex 8.1)
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Water Quality including micro biology and water temperature
|
As there is no water quality standard set for fresh water bodies and rivers, parameters as per Generic Standard Part I: Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, 2003 (Annex 8.2) will be used for monitoring indicators. In addition, Microbiology and temperature measurement with relevance to the regulated situation would be algae, bacteria and parasites.
|
Just upstream dam site
Just before the confluence of Tamor
In Tamor upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence
In Tamor before powerhouse
In Tamor after tailrace
|
As per Generic Standard Part I: Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, 2003 (Annex 8.3). In situ and laboratory water analysis
Water temperature will be measured through loggers installed in the river
|
Temperature will be measured for an annual cycle. Micro biology and other water quality parameter measurements will be measured every alternating month (six times a year)
|
KAECDU
|
Noise level
|
LAeq (dBA)
|
Lower Dhuseni settlement.
Lower Pinase settlement
|
Type 1 and type 2 sound level meter meeting IEC standard
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Land pollution
|
Open defecation and garbage disposal places
|
Kabeli river banks Reservoir to Rajabesi
Tamor left river bank and PipleKhola river bank
|
Direct observation
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Springs and water holes
|
Number, discharge/uses/ household dependence
|
300 m stripe of tunnel alignment
|
Field Survey and documentation in maps and photographs
|
Dry season, wet season
|
KAECDU
|
Structural conditions of built structures
|
Number of houses, built of material, cracks, house owner
|
500m stripe of tunnel alignment
|
Field Survey and documentation in maps and photographs/ /discussion with water users
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Forest Ecology
|
Forest Status in terms coverage, species present
|
Forests within 2 km distance of the Headwork
Forest within 2 km distance of the powerhouse
|
Three sample plots in the headwork surrounding and three samples in the powerhouse surrounding
And photographic documentation showing the forest area from a fixed distant spot (locate the sample plot and photograph taken spot in map)
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Wildlife / Wildlife status
|
Wildlife status in terms of species present and reported, raider wildlife (monkey, porcupine, jackal, leopard)
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi, Pinase, Kabeli Bazaar and surrounding areas
|
Consultation with locals, note season of raiding, frequency of raiding, and the place raided
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Aquatic life
|
Fishery Study of Kabeli and Tamor River
|
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Tamor.
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Kabeli
Headwork area
At least 5 KM upstream headwork
At least 10 KM upstream headwork
About 2.5 KM downstream from dam
Downstream of the Kabeli-Tamor confluence half distance to powerhouse
Downstream of tailrace at Tamor
|
Caste net at least 200 times in a sampling stretch
|
Four times in the first year starting from monsoon 2013 to capture four seasons
|
KAECDU
|
Markets
|
No of Hotels/Tea stall and Restaurants
|
Dhuseni,
Pinase, Kabeli Bazaar
|
Direct enumeration
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Consumer price
|
Price of local and imported consumer items such as rice, wheat, maize, millet, milk, meat (chicken, mutton, buff), sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female)
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, Kabeli Bazaar
|
Market survey and documentation
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Sanitation
|
Number of HH having toilets, practice of sanitation (child defecation, solid waste disposal), source of water (piped, springs, river etc.) and their quality
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, KabeliBazaar
|
Field survey and documentation, photographs and testing water quality samples as per drinking quality standards
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
Energy use
|
Wood fuel, kerosene, LPG, biogas
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, KabeliBaazar
|
Field survey and documentation,
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
River Use
|
Community use of water and riverine areas
|
Tamor River Downstream powerhouse tailrace for at least 5 km
|
Field survey and documentation
|
Once
|
KAECDU
|
8.3.2.2 Construction Phase
Two types of internal monitoring, namely compliance and impact monitoring will be undertaken during the construction phase. The compliance monitoring will monitor whether the mitigation measures recommended in Chapter 6 of the EA report were actually implemented as designed for the construction phase, while the impact monitoring will monitor the indicators as elaborated for the baseline environment. Table 8.13 presents the compliance and impact monitoring for the construction period. The KAHEP management will include the contractors’ obligation in the bidding documents.
Table 8.13: Construction Phase Monitoring
Monitoring Issues
|
Monitoring Indicator
|
Monitoring Location
|
Monitoring Method
|
Monitoring Frequency
|
Monitoring Responsibility
|
Compliance monitoring
|
Mitigation Measures
|
All mitigation actions listed in Chapter VI for construction phase, all management plans that will be developed as listed in section 8.2.1
|
All structural sites and facility sites and their surroundings
|
Direct supervision and documentation
|
Daily/weekly/monthly depending upon the measure
|
KAECDU
|
Water quality
|
Parameters listed in “Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters” 2003 – for compliance Annex 8.2
|
Tunnel discharge after treatment
Sanitary discharge of camps after treatment
Aggregate washing point discharge after treatment
|
As per Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters” 2003, Annex 8.3/ In situ and laboratory analysis of water samples
|
Monthly
|
Contractor
|
Tunnel Air Quality
|
TSP/PM10, CO, CO2, NOx, SOx
|
Active tunnel working face, and midway between active tunnel working face and outlet portal
|
As per international norms for air quality monitoring at the tunnels
|
Monthly
|
Contractor
|
Water quality in the camps
|
As per Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard for compliance (Annex 8.4)
|
Water supply reservoir and one end tap of the camps (8 Nos)
|
As per Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (Annex 8.5)
Laboratory analysis
|
Monthly
|
Contractor
|
Public and Occupational Health (ambulance, medical doctor, first aid, PPE)
|
Outbreak of epidemic disease in the village, in the construction camps, number of workers reporting sickness, number of workers injured, number of construction accident, number of fatal incidents etc.
|
All surrounding villages, construction camps,
|
Direct obsevation, consultation with local people/communitiesand health workes, managers of camps and construction workforce, health care facilites of the construction camps and sites
|
Twice a month
|
Contractor for labor camps, construction sites, KAECDU for engineer camps, villages, and off construction sites
|
Law and order and security
|
Theft, burglary, quarrels, social unrest, no of police cases etc.
|
Construction areas, labor camps
|
Direct observation and consultation with the local communities and affected VDCs authority and reports of the construction camp management
|
Monthly
|
KAECDU
|
Impact Monitoring
|
Landslides and erosion
|
Number of landslides/ debris flows/gully formation sites
|
Headwork site
Powerhouse Site
Internal access roads, camp sites, and quarry site, reservoir area hill flanks
|
Direct observation and mapping in the appropriate scale map
|
Three times a year
|
KAECDU
|
Air Quality
|
24 hours TSP and PM 10 ( to examine impact on ambient air quality in relation to NAAQS standards Annex 8.1)
|
Lower Dhuseni settlement.
Lower Pinase settlement
|
As per National Ambient Air quality Standards, Nepal, 2003 (Annex 8.1)
|
Twice a year (November, April)
|
KAECDU
|
Water Quality including Micro biology and water temperature
|
Parameters listed in “Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be discharged into Inland Surface Waters” 2003 – to examine impact on the receiving water body - Annex 8.2.
|
Just upstream dam site
Just before the confluence of Tamor
In Tamor upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence
In Tamor before powerhouse
In Tamor after tailrace
|
As per Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters” 2003, Annex 8.3.
Laboratory analysis
|
Every alternating month (six times a year) (November, January, March, May, July, Septemberl)
|
KAECDU
|
Noise level
|
LA eq (dBA) to examine impact on communities reference guideline IFC, EHS guideline (2007) – Annex 8.6.
|
Lower Dhuseni settlement.
Lower Pinasi settlement and the construction camps
|
Type 1 and type 2 sound level meter meeting IEC standard
|
Twice a year (November, April)
|
KAECDU
|
Land pollution
|
Open defecation and garbage disposal
|
Kabeli river banks Reservoir to Rajabesi
Tamor left river bank and PipleKhola river bank
|
Direct observation
|
Daily
|
KAECDU
|
Springs and water holes
|
Discharge/second, for the complained spring
|
200 m strip of tunnel alignment
|
Field survey and documentation in maps and photographs
|
Only when there is a complaint (monitoring in March/April only)
|
KAECDU
|
Structural conditions of built structures
|
Cracks of the complaining owner
|
500m strip of tunnel alignment
|
Field survey and documentation in maps and photographs
|
Only when there is a complain
|
KAECDU
|
Forest Ecology
|
Forest status in terms of density, coverage and species
|
Forests within 2 km distance of the Headwork
Forest within 2 km distance of the powerhouse
|
Three sample plots in the headwork surrounding and three samples in the powerhouse surrounding
and photographic documentation showing the forest area from a fixed distant spot (spot and sample plot same as baseline monitoring)
|
Twice a year (September and March)
|
KAECDU
|
Wildlife
|
Wildlife status in terms of presence of species
|
Raider wildlife (monkey, porcupine, jackal, leopard)
|
Consultation with locals, note season of raiding, frequency of raiding, and the place raided
|
Twice a year (September and March)
|
KAECDU
|
Aquatic ecology
|
Fish types available
|
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Tamor.
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Kabeli
Headwork area
At least 5 KM upstream headwork
At least 10 KM upstream headwork
About 2.5 KM downstream from dam
Downstream of the Kabeli-Tamor confluence half distance to powerhouse
Downstream of tailrace at Tamor
|
Cast net, 200 times in one stretch
|
Twice a year (September and March)
|
KAECDU
|
Markets
|
Number of hotels/tea stall and restaurants
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase
|
Direct enumeration
|
Every month
|
KAECDU
|
Consumer price
|
Price of local and imported consumer items such as rice, wheat, maize, millet, milk, meat (chicken, mutton, buff), sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female)
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase
|
Market survey and documentation
|
Every month
|
KAECDU
|
Sanitation
|
Number of HH having toilets, practice of sanitation (child defecation, solid waste disposal), source of water (piped, springs, river etc.)
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase
|
Field survey and documentation, Photographs
|
Once a year
|
KAECDU
|
Energy Use
|
Wood fuel, kerosene, LPG, biogas
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, KabeliBaazar
|
Field survey and documentation,
|
Once in a year
|
KAECDU
|
8.3.2.3 Operation Phase Monitoring
Similar to the construction phase, the operation phase internal monitoring will conduct two types of monitoring: compliance and impact monitoring. Table 8.14 presents the operation phase monitoring plan.
Table 8.14: Operation Phase Monitoring
Monitoring Area
|
Monitoring Indicator
|
Monitoring Location
|
Monitoring Method
|
Monitoring Frequency
|
Monitoring Responsibility
|
Compliance monitoring
|
Mitigation Measures
|
All mitigation actions listed in Chapter VI for operation phase
|
All structural sites and facility sites and their surroundings
|
Direct supervision and documentation
|
Daily/weekly/monthly depending upon the measure
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Water quality in the operation camp
|
As per Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (Annex 8.4)
|
Supply water reservoir and one end tap of the camps (3 Nos)
|
As per Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (Annex 8.5)
Laboratory analysis
|
Once in six months
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Impact Monitoring
|
Landslides and erosion
|
Number of landslides/ debris flows/gully formation sites
|
Headwork site
Powerhouse Site
Internal access roads, reservoir area hill flanks
|
Direct observation and mapping in the appropriate scale map
|
Twice a year for the first 5 years
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Water Quality including Micro biology and water temperature
|
Parameters listed in “Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters” 2003 – to examine impacts on the receiving water body - Annex 8.2
|
Just upstream dam site
Just before the confluence of Tamor
In Tamor upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence
In Tamor before powerhouse
In Tamor after tailrace
|
As per Tolerance Limits for Industrial effluents to be discharged into inland surface waters” 2003, Annex 8.3.
Laboratory analysis
|
Twice a year (November, April) for the first 5 years
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Noise level
|
LAeq (dBA)to examine impact on communities
Reference guideline IFC, EHS guideline (2007) – Annex 8.6.
|
Lower Dhuseni settlement.
Lower Pinasi settlement and the boundary of the powerhouse compound
|
Type 1 and type 2 sound level meter meeting IEC standard
|
Once after operations
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Springs and water holes
|
Discharge/second, for the springs monitored in the baseline monitoring
|
300 m strip of tunnel alignment
|
Field survey and documentation
|
Once a year in dry season for the first 5 years
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Forest Ecology
|
Forest status in terms of coverage, density and species
|
Forests within 2 km distance of the headwork
Forest within 2 km distance of the powerhouse
|
Three sample plots in the headwork surrounding and three sample plots in the powerhouse surrounding
Photographic documentation showing the forest area from a fixed distant spot (spot and sample plot same as baseline monitoring)
|
Twice a year for the first 5 year (September and March)
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Wildlife
|
Wildlife status in terms of presence and siting species
|
Raider wildlife (monkey, porcupine, jackal, leopard)
|
Consultation with locals, note season of raiding, frequency of raiding, and the place raided
|
Twice a year (September and March)
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Aquatic ecology
|
Fish types available
|
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Tamor.
Upstream of Kabeli-Tamor confluence at Kabeli
Headwork area
At least 5 KM upstream headwork
At least 10 KM upstream headwork
About 2.5 KM downstream from dam
Downstream of the Kabeli-Tamor confluence half distance to powerhouse
Downstream of tailrace at Tamor
|
Cast net, 200 times in one stretch
|
Twice a year for the first 5 years (September and March)
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Markets
|
Number of hotels/tea stall and restaurants
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, KabeliBazaar
|
Direct enumeration
|
Every month/ for the first year of operation
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
Consumer price
|
Price of local and imported consumer items such as rice, wheat, maize, millet, milk, meat (chicken, mutton, buff), sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female)
|
Dhuseni, Rajabesi,
Pinase, KabeliBazaar
|
Market survey and documentation
|
Every month for the first year of operation
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
River Use and Safety
|
Community water use and safety
|
i. Tamor River up to 5 km downstream tailrace
ii. Kabeli River between dam and Kabeli- Tamor Confluence
|
On site survey, discussions with communities
|
Once a year for the first five years
|
KAHEP operation Management
|
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