18 – 3 EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF “DURING THE SAME TIME” IN MODIFYING
ADVERBIAL PHRASES
a) While I was walking down the street, I ran into an
old friend
b) While walking down the street, I ran into an old
friend
c) Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend
d) Hiking through the woods yesterday, we saw a
bear
e) Pointing to the sentences on the board, the
teacher explained the meaning of modifying
phrases
Sometimes while is omitted but the
-ing phrase at the beginning of the
sentence gives the same meaning
(i.e., “during the same time”). (a),
(b), and (c) have the same meaning
18 – 4 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
f) Because she needed some money to buy a
book, sue cashed a check
g) Needing some money to buy a book, sue
cashed a check
h) Because he lacked the necessary
qualifications, he was not considered for the
job.
i) Lacking the necessary qualifications, he
was not considered for the job.
Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a
sentence gives the meaning of “because.” (f)
and (g) have the same meaning.
Because is not included in a modifying
phrase. It is omitted, but the resulting phrase
expresses a cause and effect relationship, as
in (g) and (i).
j) Having seen that movie before, I don’t
want to go again.
k) Having seen that movie before, I didn’t
want to go again
Having + past participle gives the meaning
not only of “because” but also “before”
l) Because she was unable to afford a car, she
bought a bicycle
m) Being unable to afford a car, she bought a
bicycle
n) Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle
A form of be in the adverb clause may be
changed to being. The use of being makes
the cause and effect relationship clear. (l),
(m), and (n) have the same meaning
EXERCISE 2. Modifying adverbial phrases. (Chart 18 – 3 and 18 – 4)
Directions : discuss the meaning of these sentences. Which ones give the meaning of
because? Which ones give the meaning of while? Do some of the sentences give the idea
of both because and while?
1. Sitting on the airplane and watching the clouds pass beneath me, I let my thoughts
wander to the new experiences that were in store for me during the next two years of
living abroad.
2. Being a self - supporting widow with three children, she has no choice but to work
3. Lying on her bed in peace and quiet, she soon forgot her troubles
4. Having already spent all of his last paycheck, he does not have any money to live on
for the rest of the month
5. Watching the children’s energetic play, I felt like an old man even though I am only
forty.
6. Having brought up then children of their own, the Smiths may be considered experts
on child behavior.
7. Being totally surprised by his proposal of marriage, Carol could not find the words
to reply.
8. Driving to my grandparents’ house last night, we saw a young woman who was
selling flowers. We stopped so that we could buy some for my grandmother.
9. Struggling against fatigue, I forced myself to put one foot in front of the other.
10. Having guessed at the correct answers for a good part of the test, I did not expect to
get a high score.
11. Realizing that I had made a dreadful mistake when I introduced him as George
Johnson, I walked over to him and apologized. I know his name is John George.
12. Tapping his fingers loudly on the desk top, he made his impatience and
dissatisfaction known.
EXERCISE 3. Modifying adverbial phrases. (Chart 18-4)
Directions: Change the adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases.
1. Because Sam didn’t want to hurt her feelings, he didn’t tell her the bad news.
Not wanting to hurt her feelings, Sam didn’t tell her the bad news.
2. Because the little boy believed that no one loved him, he ran away from home.
3. Because she was not paying attention to where she was going, Rosa stepped into a
hole and sprained her ankle.
4. Because I had forgotten to bring a pencil to the examination, I had to borrow one.
5. Because Chelsea is a vegetarian, she does not eat meat.
6. Because he has already flunked out of school once, Mike is determined to succeed
this time.
EXERCISE 4. Modifying adverbial phrases. (Charts 18-2 18-4)
Directions: Change the adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases.
1. Before I talked to you, I had never understood that formula.
2. Because he did not want to spend any more money this month, Larry decided against
going to a restaurant for dinner. He made himself a sandwich instead.
3. After I read the chapter four times, I finally understood the author’s theory.
4. Because I remembered that everyone makes mistakes, I softened my view of his
seemingly inexcusable error.
5. Since he completed his Bachelor’s degree, he has had three jobs, each one better than
the last.
6. While I was traveling across the United States, I could not help being impressed by the
great differences in terrain.
7. Before he gained national fame, the union leader had been an electrician in a small
town.
8. Because we were enjoying the cool evening breeze and listening to the sounds of
nature, we lost tract of time.
9. Because she had never flown in an airplane before, the little girl was surprised and a
little frightened when her ears popped.
10. Before he became vice-president of marketing and sales, Peter McKay worked as a
sales representative.
EXERCISE 5. Modifying adverbial phrases. (Chart 18-3 and 18-4)
Directions: Combine the two sentences, making a modifying phrase out of the first
sentence if possible.
1. The children had nothing to do. They were bored.
Having nothing to do, the children were bored.
2. I heard that Nadia was in the hospital. I called her family to find out what was wrong.
3. We slowly approached the door to the hospital. The nurse stepped out to greet us.
4. I live a long distance from my work. I have to commute daily by train.
5. Heidi lives a long distance from her work. She has to commute daily by train.
6. Abdul lives a long distance from his work. His car is essential.
7. I did not want to inconvenience my friend by asking her to drive me to the airport. I
decided to take a taxi.
8. I was sitting on a large rock at the edge of a mountain stream. I felt at peace with the
world.
9. I am a married man. I have many responsibilities.
10. The little boy was trying his best not to cry. He swallowed hard and began to speak.
11. Anna kept one hand on the steering wheel. She opened a can of soda pop with her
free hand.
12. Anna kept one hand on the steering wheel. Bob handed her a can of pop to hold in the
other hand.
13. I recognized his face, but I had forgotten his name. I just smiled and said, “Hi.”
14. Martha was picking strawberries in the garden. A bumblebee stung her.
15. Ann was convinced that she could never learn to play the piano. She stopped taking
lessons.
EXERCISE 6. Modifying adverbial phrases. (Chart 18-3 and 18-4)
Directions: Make sentences by combining the ideas in Column A and Column B. use the
idea in Column A as a modifying adverbial phrases. Show logical relationships.
Example:
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