Chapter-i origins Why are snakes called reptiles? What is a reptile?


Which are the venomous snakes of India and how common and how dangerous are they?



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Which are the venomous snakes of India and how common and how dangerous are they?




Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

1

Himalayan keelback

(Rhabdophis himalayanus)

The eastern Himalayas from Sikkim to Arunachal Pradesh

Common

It has no venom but has highly toxic saliva

Not many cases known

Severe reactions known from one case

2

Red-necked keelback

(Rhabdophis subminiatus)

Eastern Himalayas from Sikkm and Assam to Arunachal Pradesh.

Common

It has no venom but has highly toxic saliva.

Not many cases known

Severe symptoms

3

Himalayan krait

(Bungarus bungaroides)

Eastern Himalayas(Darjeeling district,;Sikkim); Assam(Khasi Hills); Cachar

Rare

NA

But kraits generally have potent venom



NA

NA

4

Banded krait

(Bungarus fasciatus)

West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Assam upwards to Arunachal Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Northern Andhra Pradesh and U.P.

Common

Potent but not as potent as No.5

Rare.

Reluctant to bite



One case of death known.

5

Common krait

(Bungarus caeruleus)

Most of mainland India.

Common


Highly potent

Many cases

Many fatalities

6

Andaman krait

(Bungarus andamanensis)

Andaman Islands

Uncommon



N.A.

But kraits generally have potent venom



Not many known

No fatalities known.




Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

7

Black krait

(Bungarus niger)

Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh

Rare


N.A.

But kraits generally have potent venom



N.A.

N.A.


8

Wall’s Sind krait

(Bungarus sindanus walli)

Gangetic plain, Central and Western India—Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Bengal

Rare


N.A.

But may be as toxic as of No.5



N.A.

N.A.

9

Lesser black krait

(Bungarus lividus)

West Bengal, Assam, Eastern Himalayas.

Rare

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

10

Slender coral snake

(Calliophis melanurus)

Probably most of Peninsular India. Definite records from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu. Also West Bengal

Rare


Mild

A few known

Slight swelling and itching.

11

Striped coral snake

(Calliophis nigrescens)

Western Ghats (Kerala, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra) and Gujarat.

Rare



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

12

Beddome’s coral snake

(Calliophis beddomei)


Shevaroy hills (Tamilnadu) and Karnataka.

Rare



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

13

Macclelland’s coral snake

(Sinomicrurus macclellandi)

Northeast India from Darjeeling to Arunachal Pradesh.

Rare



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.



Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

14

Bibron’s coral snake

(Calliophis bibroni)

Western Ghats as far north as Coorg

Uncommon


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

15

Spectacled cobra

(Naja naja)

Throughout mainland India

Common



Highly toxic

Many cases

Severe. Only a small percentage of bites are fatal because not enough venom gets injected.

16

Monocled cobra

(Naja kaouthia)

North and eastern India from Haryana, most of the Gangetic plains, West Bengal, Orissa, Sikkim, Assam to Arunachal Pradesh. Probably in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar also.

Common



Highly toxic

Many cases

Severe. Only a small percentage of bites are fatal

because not enough venom gets injected.



17

Andaman cobra

(Naja sagittifera)

Andaman Islands

Rare


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

18

Central Asian cobra

(Naja oxiana)

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh. Probably in Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat also.

Rare


N.A.

No record of bites from India.

N.A.


Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

19

King cobra

(Ophiophagus hannah)

Western Ghats (Karnataka, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), UP, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, the Northeast to Arunachal Pradesh and the Andaman Islands.

Rare


Less toxic than No.15 and 16. But capable of injecting a large dose of venom.

Rare

Four deaths in the last 30 years all from South India.

20

Common sea krait

(Laticauda laticaudata)

Off Kolkata coast and Nicobar Islands

Rare


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

21

Yellow-lipped sea krait

(Laticauda colubrina)

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Common


Very potent

A few known

“One or two deaths reported”

22

Jerdon’s sea snake

(Kerilia jerdonii)

West coast (Kerala), East Coast from Chennai to Puri

Uncommon



N.A.

N.A.

No fatalities reported

23

Viperine sea snake

(Praescutata viperina)


Indian coasts

Rare


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

24

Hook-nosed sea snake

(Enhydrina schistosa)

Indian coasts.

Common


Highly potent

Rare

Deaths reported

25

Black-banded sea snake

(Hydrophis nigrocinctus)

Bay of Bengal(Sundarbans)

Rare

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.



Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

26

Yellow sea snake

(Hydrophis spiralis)



East Coast and occasionally on West Coast.

Common



N.A.

Fatalities reported from outside India

N.A.

27

Annulated sea snake

(Hydrophis cyanocinctus)

Indian coasts.

Uncommon


N.A.

N.A.

Fatalities reported

28

Estuarine sea snake

(Hydrophis obscurus)

East Coast of India

Common


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

29

Bengal sea snake

(Hydrophis stricticollis)

East Coast of India, north of Orissa

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Fatalities reported

30

Cochin banded sea snake

(Hydrophis ornatus)

Coasts of India

Rare


High

A few known


Fatalities reported

31

Persian Gulf sea snake

(Hydrophis lapemoides)

Coasts of India.

Rare


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

32

Bombay Gulf sea snake

(Hydrophis mamillaris)

Coasts of India

Rare


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

33

Malacca sea snake

(Hydrophis caerulescens)

Between Mumbai and Karwar on the West Coast and from Chennai northwards to mouth of the Ganges on East Coast

Uncommon


N.A.

Generally inoffensive, but will bite if provoked

Fatalities reported



Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

34

Banded sea snake

(Hydrophis fasciatus)

Coasts of India

Common



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

35

Short sea snake

(Lapemis curtus)

Coastal waters (more common on the West Coast)

Uncommon



Venom very toxic

Fatalities reported

Fatalities reported

36

Large-headed sea snake

(Astrotia stokesii)

Bay of Bengal.

Rare



High

N.A.

N.A.

37

Common small-headed sea snake (Hydrophis gracilis)

Gujarat and coasts of India

Common



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

38

Cantor’s narrow-headed sea snake

(Hydrophis cantoris)

Western Coast of India.

Common


N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

39

Black & yellow sea snake

(Pelamis platurus)

Indian coastal waters and Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Uncommon


N.A.

Usually inoffensive- bites if handled

One death known from Sri Lanka




Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

40

Russel’s viper

(Daboia russelii)

Throughout India.

Common


Potent

“..they cause as many, or more, snakebites than cobras”(Whitaker and Captain)

“Usually not fatal” (Whitaker & Captain) but life-threatening

41

Levantine viper

(Macrovipera lebetina)


A few localities in Kashmir including Srinagar and Dachigam.

Uncommon



Toxic venom but not much known

N.A.

No known fatalities from India

42

Saw-scaled viper

(Echis carinatus)

Throughout mainland India except West Bengal and the Northeast.

Common



Very toxic

Many cases

Many fatalities

43

Himalayan pit viper

(Gloydius himalayanus)

The Western Himalayas – Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal

Common in parts of range


Not particularly toxic

A few known


Localized pain and swelling, No fatalities reported




Sl.

No.

Common name and

Scientific name

Distribution

Range

Status within its distribution range

Potency of venom

Incidence of bites

Effect of bites

44

Hump-nosed pit viper

(Hypnale hypnale)

TheWestern Ghats as far North as Belgaum

Common


Quite toxic

A few known


Considerable swelling and pain. Life-threatening symptoms. But no fatalities reported from India.

45

Large-scaled pit viper

(Trimeresurus macrolepis)

South India

Common


Not very toxic

N.A.

Local pain and swelling. No fatalities reported.

46

Brown-spotted pit viper

(Protobothrops mucrosquamatus)

Assam (the Naga Hills)

Rare



N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

47

Mountain pit viper

(Ovophis monticola)

Uttaranchal, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland to East Arunchal Pradesh

Common

Little is known

A few known


Much pain. Swelling and continuous bleeding. No fatalities recorded in India.


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