An amendment of the Constitution introduced in 1913, finally declared that Senators are directly elected by the people there of.
The Swiss Constitution follows the same principle of direct election of members of the Senate.
In both federations the citizens of the states directly elect the members of the second chamber
Chapter Three Federations and Second Chambers
In Germany, by virtue of Article 51 of the Basic Law the members of the Bundesrat are delegates of their Land cabinets,
Each Land Government sends members of its cabinet to represent the interests of the Land in the Bundesrat.
As these officials are simultaneously delegates for the Bundesrat and officials of the Land government, they can be instructed and recalled by the Land government
It appears that they represent the Land government, and more specifically the regionally governing party.
Chapter Three Federations and Second Chambers
In India, members of the federal second chamber are for the most part indirectly elected by the state legislature.
Federal appointments are also provided as a means for ensuring representation of some particular interests and for this reason it provides for twelve such appointments out of an overall total of 250 members.
Chapter Three Federations and Second Chambers
IN ETHIOPIA?
In the Ethiopian situation Article 61(3) envisages two possibilities. Members of the House of Federation may be elected indirectly by the state legislatures or the state legislature may decide the members to be elected directly by the people.
So far experience indicates that all members are indirectly elected (by the states
Chapter Three Federations and Second Chambers
Article 61(1) of the Ethiopian Constitution provides that the HoF is composed of representatives of nations, nationalities and peoples.
Membership in the HoF appears to be not based on the principle of territoriality but on what the Constitution defines namely nations, nationalities, and peoples.
But the net effect as such may not be significantly different, because the Constitution defines the states in terms of ethno-linguistic identities.
