Constitutional court of south africa

Makwanyane at para 263 that “[t]he need for ubuntu expresses the ethos of an instinctive capacity for and enjoyment of love towards our fellow men and women; the joy and the fulfilment involved in recognizing their innate humanity; the reciprocity this generates in interaction within the collective community; the richness of the creative emotions which it engenders and the moral energies which it releases both in the givers and the society which they serve and are served by.” See also Makwanyane at para 237.

180 Id at para 224.

181 Above n 25 at 99.

182 South African Law Commission Project 90 Report on Customary Law of Succession, 2004 at 15; Bekker and De Kock above n 22 at 366; and Bennett above n 25 at 382.

183 Bennett above n 22 at 383.

184 Ndulo above n 25 at 100.

185 Maithufi above n 24 at 147.

186 In this judgment the term indlalifa will be used as it is more appropriate in the context of succession in indigenous law.

187 Bekker and De Kock above n 24 at 368; and Maithufi above n 24 at 147.

188 South African Law Commission Project 90 above n 31 at 17; and Magaya above n 26 at 109E-G.

189 Chihowa v Mangwende 1987 (1) ZLR 228 (SC) at 231H-232D; and Magaya above n 26 at 110B-E.

190 Mgoza and Another v Mgoza 1967 (2) SA 36 (A) at 440E-G.

191 Above n 38.

192 Above n 26 at 109E-H.

193 Bekker and De Kock above n 24 at 366 and 368.

194 Rautenbach “Law of succession and inheritance” in Bekker (ed) Introduction to Legal Pluralism in South Africa Part 1 Customary Law 109 at 110.

195 Bekker Seymour’s Customary Law in Southern Africa 5 ed. (Juta, Cape Town 1989) 298.

196 Above n 39 at 440E-F.

197 Mbatha “Reforming the customary law of succession” (2002) 18 South Africa Journal on Human Rights 259 at 260.

198 Id at 261.

199 Above n 26 at 109B-E.

200 Mabena above n 16 at 1073J.

201 Above n 18.

202 Id

203 Id at para 8.

204 Mabena above n 16 at 1074E-F, where the court found that female family heads were on the increase. See also paras 73-74 and 83 below.

205 Nhlapo “The African family and women’s rights: Friends or foes?” (1991) Acta Juridica 135 at 141-142.

206 S v Makwanyane and Another 1995 (3) SA 391 (CC); 1995 (6) BCLR 665 (CC) at paras 155-156; Shabalala and Others v Attorney-General, Transvaal, and Another 1996 (1) SA 725 (CC); 1995 (12) BCLR 1593 (CC) at para 26; Brink v Kitshoff NO 1996 (4) SA 197 (CC); 1996 (6) BCLR 752 (CC) at paras 33-40; Fraser v Children’s Court, Pretoria North, and Others 1997 (2) SA 261 (CC); 1997 (2) BCLR 153 (CC) at para 20; National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others 1999 (1) SA 6 (CC); 1998 (12) BCLR 1517 (CC) at paras 15-25; National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Others v Minister of Home Affairs and Others 2000 (2) SA 1 (CC); 2000 (1) BCLR 39 (CC) at para 58; Hoffmann v South African Airways 2001 (1) SA 1 (CC); 2000 (11) BCLR 1211 (CC) at para 27; and Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2002 (6) SA 1 (CC); 2002 (9) BCLR 986 (CC) at paras 17-18.

207 Above n 25 at 99-100.

208 Above n 49 at 1074F-G.

209 Elias “Nigerian Land Law and Custom” (Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London 1951) at 216-235; Ezeilo: “Laws and practices relating to women’s’ inheritance rights in Nigeria: An overview” available at www.wacolnig.org/LawAndPracticesRetakingToWomensInheritNig.doc accessed on 1 June 2004 at 11.

210 Elias id at 216.

211 Ezeilo above n 58 at 11.

212 [1997] 7 NWLR 283.

213 Id at 305A-D.

214 Act 15 of 1982.

215 1984 (2) ZLR 112 (S).

216 Id at 117G-H.

217 1986 (1) ZLR 138 (SC).

218 Id at 143A.

219 Above n 38.

220 Id at 231E-F and at 232H-233A-B.

221 1992 (1) ZLR 167 (S). This case was decided by a bench of three judges.

222 Id at 169F-G.

223 Id at 170A-B.

224 Stewart “Untying the Gordian knot! Murisa v Murisa S-41-92: A little more than a case note” (1992) 4 No 3 Legal Forum at 8.

225 Above n 26.

226 Id at 111B.

227 Id at 105G-106B.

228 “Land and property rights of widows: A case study of inheritance customary law in Tanzania” at 6 available at www.widowsrights.org accessed on 12 October 2004.

229 No 4 Order, 1963.

230 Article 13(4) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977 provides that “no person shall be discriminated against by any person or any authority acting under any law or in the discharge of the functions or business of any state office”.

231 1965 G.L.R 13.

232 Id at 17.

233 Id at 16.

234 Id

235 1965 G.L.R 138.

236 Id at 148.

237 Id at 144.

238 Id

239 Articles 1, 2, and 5(a). South Africa signed the Convention on 29 January 1993 and ratified it on 14 January 1996.

240 Article 18(3). South Africa signed the Charter in 1995 and ratified it in 1996.

241 Articles 2(1) and 26. South Africa ratified the Covenant on 10 March 1999.

242 Articles 2 and 5 of the CEDAW.

243 2000 (2) SA 425 (CC); 2000 (1) BCLR 86 (CC).

244 Id at para 13.

245 Above n 6.

246 Id at para 33.

247 Id

248 Id at para 39.

249 See the development of the common law relating to delictual liability for an omission in cases such as Minister van Polisie v Ewels 1975 (3) SA 590 (A); Administrateur, Natal v Trust Bank van Afrika Bpk 1979 (3) SA 824 (A); and Schultz v Butt 1986 (3) SA 667 (A). See generally Corbett “Aspects of the role of policy in the evolution of our common law” (1987) 104 South African Law Journal 52.

250 Above n 49.

251 Id at 1074F-G.

252 Daniels v Campbell NO and Others 2004 (7) BCLR 735 (CC) at para 56.

253 See para 108 of the main judgment.

254 Above n 46 at 285.

255 Ex Parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly above n 6 at para 202.

256 Id at para 197.

257 See para 107 of the main judgment.

258 South African Law Commission Project 90 above n 31 at 83.

259 Id

260 Id at 86.

261 Above n 39.

262 2000 (4) SA 757 (CC); 2000 (10) BCLR 1051 (CC).

263 Id at para 24.

264 Above n 25 at 100.

265 Above n 23 at 165.