15.7. EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
The construction of an embankment mainly consists of the following activities: (i) Excavation of the material,
(ii) Hauling the excavated material to the site of the dam,
(iii) Mixing the material (either in the borrow pit or the embankment surface) with water to obtain the uniformity of desired water content and other properties,
(iv) Spreading the material in layers on the embankment surface, and (v) Compacting the spread material to the desired density.
Over the last fifty years there has been considerable development in larger and faster earth-handling equipment. The rate of embankment construction depends primarily on the amount and types of equipment used and can be of the order of 2000 m3/day. The types of equipment generally used for the construction of embankment dams are as follows:
(i) Excavating equipment, viz., power shovels, drag lines, scrapers, etc., (ii) Hauling equipment, viz., scrapers, truck, belt conveyors, etc.,
(iii) Spreading equipment, viz., bullozoers, graders, etc.,
(iv) Compacting equipment, viz., sheepsfoot and rubber-tyred rollers, etc., and (vi) Watering equipment, viz., water trucks, hose, etc.
Depending upon the site conditions, some other types of equipment for specific purposes may also be needed.
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