D. N. R. Islamic Perspective Javeed Akhter md

D.N.R. Islamic Perspective

• Javeed Akhter MD

• Director Pediatric Pulmonology,

• Advocate/hope Children’s Hospital

Primary Sources

• Qur’an.

• Precepts of prophet Muhammad(pbuh) or Sunnah

• Words (Qauliya)
• Deeds (Filiya)
• Tacit approval (Taqririyah)

• Record of his words and actions is the Hadith literature. There is a careful attempt at documenting the identity and authenticity of the narrators.

Ijtehad

Tools Used for Ijtehad

• Consensus (Ijma).Initially consensus of the Ulama.

• Analogy (Qiyas)

• “Should I do Hajj for my mother?”

• Prophet’s reply. “Yes. Would you not pay her debt?”

• Alcohol prohibited because it is an intoxicant.

• Drugs intoxicate therefore they should be prohibited

Tools Used for Ijtehad

• 3. For the greater good of the community (Maslaha wa Mursalah)

• Killing of a Muslim used as a human shield

• 4. Reasoning behind a directive, ratio legis, as a basis of a new ruling based on personal opinion (Rai)

Secondary Sources

• The edicts from both the primary and secondary sources together are documented in books of Fatwas that form the corpus of Sharia laws.

• The discipline of rules and logic that are used to formulate Sharia is the Fiqh.

Sharia

The Sharia Rating System

• Obligatory: Fard

• Recommended: Mustahabb or Mandub

• Permitted: Mubah

• Discouraged: Makruh

• Forbidden: Haraam

Sharia Categories.

Entities That May Give an Opinion or Fatwa

• Official Muftis

• National Fiqh council of ISNA.

• Unofficial Aalims and Muftis. Historical precedence of the piety minded independent scholar serving as a conscious of the community.

• Periodic conferences like that produced the Kuwait document: 1981

Human Life

• “If one slayeth another, for other than man-slaughter or spreading disorder in the land, it shall be as if he hath slain all mankind.

• But if one saveth a life, it shall be as if he hath saved all mankind.”

• Qur’an 5:32.

• “Every soul shall taste death” Qur’an 3:185.

Death: International Collective Of Islamic Jurists And OIC. Amman, Jordan 1986

• Declaration of death:

• Heart and and breath have stopped and the condition is irreversible.
• Mental function has ceased and the condition is irreversible
• Responsibility of the physician

The Physician

DNR

• Permitted: Mubah.

• Consent or will of the patient if available or permission of the family.

Withdrawal Of Life Support

• Permitted: Mubah

• “It is the process of life that the physician should strive to maintain and not the process of dying”-

• Kuwait document; Islamic code of medical ethics 1981

Mercy Killing and Euthanasia

• Forbidden: Haraam

• “My subject hastened his end…. I (God) deny him paradise’- Hadith of prophet Muhammad