DAY 19 E In fact, Stoddard’s team were surprised by their findings: that egg shape is strongly
correlated with a measure of wing shape, which in turn reflects how well the birds can fly
a
nd therefore their frequency of flight. ‘There was an obscure hypothesis that egg shape
could be related to flight ability that no one had paid any attention to,’ Stoddard says. To
her team’s surprise, they found that egg shape does depend on how much the species
flies. Good fliers such as sandpipers tend to lay eggs that are more elongated and more
asymmetrical. This is probably because a bird which spends lots of time in the air requires
a compact, long, streamlined body, and this best accommodates an elongated egg.
Meanwhile, birds that spend little or no time in the air, like tropical pittas and trogons, do
not need elongated bodies and therefore have more spherical eggs. For such round eggs
to be laid, the bird requires a wide pelvis. By contrast, birds needing aerodynamically
shaped bodies have smaller, less heavy skeletons and their eggs have evolved to fit
through their relatively narrow pelvises.
F Martin Sander, a paleontologist at Bonn University in Germany, says that scientist
can quite accurately predict how good a flier a bird species is just by looking at the shape
of its eggs. ‘What’s cool is you have the [overall] formula for egg shape,’ Sander says. ‘You
can take this study and look at the egg and immediately get some general information.’
Surprisingly, though, penguins lay pointed, asymmetrical eggs too, even though they are
flightless. Stoddard says that penguins’ bodies may be an adaptation to allow them to
swim, and so perhaps the same processes that influence egg shape in flying birds are at
work in swimming birds.
G The work is significant on two levels, Stoddard says. For one, the results of the
research ‘could be of value to the egg industry’, she says, perhaps by helping in the
production of more durable eggs. But for her, just solving the puzzle is reward in itself. A
specialized egg like that of modern birds made it possible for young to survive on land, she
notes, and thus allowed our land vertebrate ancestors to leave the seas about 36 million
years ago. Stoddard adds that she is eager to explore how eggs changed the shape at the
point when birds evolved from dinosaurs. She believes that both egg symmetry and flight
evolved roughly at this time, raising the intriguing possibility that the emergence of flight is
associated with egg shape variation.