YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6
In the knowledge society, knowledge can be passed down from parents to children.
7
Everyone is expected to be successful in the knowledge society.
8
The knowledge society means that some people may become successful by accident.
9
The knowledge society has both good and bad points.
10
Schoolchildren should not study so hard that they risk becoming ill.
11
It is right for schools to encourage a high degree of competition between their students.
12
When choosing outside interests, knowledge workers should avoid the need to try to
do better than other people.
13
Outside interests are more fulfilling if they involve helping other people.
DAY 9
1
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
How babies see colour
A
Alice Skelton and fellow researchers at the Baby Lab at the University of Sussex in
the UK are attempting to answer a basic question which has fascinated parents and
scientists alike: when it comes to colour, what exactly can babies see? The Baby Lab
study also hopes to develop ways to identify babies at risk of becoming colour blind and
to discover ways to minimise the impact of this condition on their health and well-being.
The technology used at the Baby Lab involves a sophisticated eye-tracking system
which allows the researchers to follow the eye movements of the babies. While a
camera locks its focus onto their faces, sensors register the corneal reflections in the
babies’ eyes and the position of the pupils in the eyes. With this data, the researchers
can assess the babies’ reactions to colours.
B
To illustrate one of their methods of studying babies, the Sussex researchers place
an infant subject, four-month-old Teo Bosten-Lam, in a padded seat arranged so he
gazes at a computer screen. The screen is grey, but in the top right-hand corner is a
deep blue circle. When Teo shows he is aware of the circle by looking directly at it, it
changes into a smiley face and a happy tune fills the room. At one point, Teo begins to
look around the room. When this happens, suddenly a black and white spinning disc
appears on the screen, making a ‘bong’ sound. A researcher explains, ‘Babies can’t
resist the black and white swirl things.’ These are played when they look away to get
their attention back to the screen. And, when Teo shows he is getting tired of the whole
process, the screen flashes a clip of an animated cartoon character. This results in
Teo’s eyes returning to the screen.
C
To a baby, the world changes rapidly. At birth, everything is a blur, with visual acuity
around 5% of that a mature individual and faces initially only discernible at a distance of
around 30 cm. But change is rapid. ‘The early stages of learning to see colour and basic
forms happen relatively quickly,’ says Alex Wade, professor of psychology at Britain’s
University of York and an expert in visual processes. By the age of six months, he adds,
a baby’s visual acuity has developed to almost its full extent.
D
Just how such changes occur, and their impact on a baby’s understanding of the
world, is the driving force behind baby labs around the world in many different things.
The Sussex Baby Lab is attempting to discover how colour is seen and understood by
infant
s; ‘It is a myth that babies see in black and white,’ says Anna Franklin, head of the
Baby Lab, pointing out that studies have found that newborn babies can see large,
bright patches of red on a grey background. An expert on colour vision, Franklin is
engaged in infancy to why certain children have colour obsessions. Her research has
aided the development of infant toys, as well as children’s theatre and television shows.
E
That we can see the world in glorious colour at all, Franklin points out, depends on
specialist cells in the retinas of our eyes. Known as cones, these come in three types
–
those sensitive to long, medium, and short wavelengths of light. While babies are born
with all three types of cones, it takes time for these to mature, and for the brain to make
sense of the signals on which a baby’s discrimination of colours depends. By two
DAY 9
2
months, babies can tell red and green colours apart; a few weeks later, they can also
recongise blues and yellows. But the intensity of the colours is crucial. Franklin notes
that if you show a baby a kind of washed-
out green, they won’t be able to see it, even if
they can see a strong green. While a gradual improvement in a baby’s ability to see
faint colours occurs as they mature, it isn’t known whether all colours need to be just as
strong for a baby to spot them.
F
Skelton has found, through testing more than 40 babies, that even at four months they
need blues and yellows to be stronger than reds and greens in order to be able to see
them. Recently, Franklin and her team have been exploring the number of colour
categories babies possess. More than 170 babies were recruited for the experiment,
with each repeatedly shown two squares of the same colour, then two of different
colours, and the babies’ behaviour was monitored. ‘The upshot is babies have got five
colour categories, we think: red, green, blue, purple and yellow-
brown,’ says Skelton.
Further categories, such as orange and pink, appear to emerge later with language.
But, not all societies categorise colours in the same way. This may be linked to the
words in different languages for particular colours. And the availability words may
depend on the needs of that society to be able to differentiate certain colours.
|