10
It supports only one species of native monkey.
11
Its monkey population helps the agriculture of the area.
12
It is home to populations of all three local monkey species.
13
Its landscape was altered by the construction of a transport link.
List of Locations
A
Hacienda La Pacifica
B
Santa Rosa National Park
C
Cholula Cacao Farm
DAY 17
1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-17, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
What exactly is a hoard? Broadly speaking, a hoard is a group of items kept together,
perhaps gathered all at once or gradually over time. Even though a typical image of a
hoard is a pot full of gold coins, it need not be a collection of metal objects. Hoards that
have survived over the centuries are the ones which were either lost or deliberately thrown
away. Many of those discovered have been split up, spent or melted down, leaving no
traces behind.
People have been finding hoards since the practice of burying them began. In the past,
they were dug up by farmers while working the soil and clearing land, or were exposed by
fallen trees or eroded riverbanks. Some of the places where hoards have been found seem
to have held particular significance throughout centuries. Bronze Age (around 3000 to 1200
BC) objects appear in later hoards, and the Romans in particular (Britain’s rulers 43 to 410
AD) seem to have found ancient artefacts intriguing: they buried fossils and prehistoric
weapons alongside their own items. In Britain’s historic town centers today, the past is
revealed when buildings are knocked down or rebuilt. In these urban areas, hoards are
usually found by archaeologists excavating sites before they are redeveloped, whereas
many recent discoveries in rural areas have been made by amateur metal-detector users.
Each newly found hoard raises questions. Who did it belong to? Why was it not recovered?
The actual contents of hoards have much to tell us when studied. The act of hiding a group
of objects in a pot in the ground or behind a wall often keeps them in good condition. In
contrast to single objects that have been accidentally dropped on the ground. These are
often later damaged as fields are ploughed. Hoarded objects may be rare survivals: things
that would normally be melted down for recycling or coins that would have been recalled by
the authorities had they not been hidden.
Archaeologists have come to realize, however, that the key to understanding a hoard is
usually held not in the group of objects itself but in its context; that is, in the information
held in the soil immediately around it and evidence of human activity in the wider
landscape. Where the precise locations of hoards have been investigated further, their
stories are enriched with detail. Although metal items may be thrown up to the surface
during farming activities, archaeological remains are often waiting to be discovered below
ground.
Why were hoards buried? Some smaller hoards were certainly accidental losses, or so-
called ‘purse hoards.’ This may be the case for smaller groups of coins found together,
sometimes still with the bags that had contained them. Larger hoards may have been
emergency hoards hidden in times of conflict, when people who owned precious objects
had to flee suddenly, or felt their homes were under threat.
A combination of conflict and economic insecurity may explain why so many hoards were
buried in late third-century Britain. Instability in the Roman empire led to rapid inflation and
the official coinage decreased in silver content, to the point where the coins had little
DAY 17
2
intrinsic value. When the coinage was eventually reformed, older coins may have been
unacceptable for official payments, so coins were discarded, or hoards were not recovered.
Concealing coins and valuable items would have been more common before ordinary
people had access to banks. Savings would need to be kept secure and hidden, and many
hoards clearly started off this way. The Beau Street hoard of over 17,5000 coins found in
Bath in 2007 is composed of eight lots of money that appear to have been sorted and then
stored under the floor of a Roman building. The hoard could represent savings made by a
wealthy individual or business, but the reason why the hoard was not recovered is
uncertain. It is also important to remember that not all hoards found in the ground had been
buried there: many hoards from Roman villas were hidden within walls that later collapsed.
There are other reasons for the burial of hoards. A strong theme that runs through
prehistory is the practice of ‘deliberate deposition’ – that is, putting something underground
or under water, which was perhaps a way of releasing it to the gods. There are no records
to allow us ever to know the exact significance of prehistoric rituals but some later offerings
are accompanied by legible inscriptions. Such offerings may have been made on one
occasion or built up over a long period of time.
Seemingly unusual rites were often simply part of everyday life in the past. In Iron Age
Britain (800 BC to the Roman Invasion), for instance, chosen objects were carefully placed
in pits and ditches in settlements as well as at shrines, possibly marking the beginning or
end of use of a building, or defending significant boundaries. In some societies, a public
destruction or donation of valuable items enhances the status of the person giving them
away. These ceremonies may be carried out when there is a change of leader, to create
social cohesion in a time of uncertainty or to make significant events in the community
–
and some hoards may be the result of such ceremonies.
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