De descartes

Clinical Psychology, 60:339 48.

R. Davidson (1992). Prolegomenon to emotion: Gleanings from Neuro 

psychology, Cognition and Etnotion, 6:245 68.

12. C. Darwin (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

Nova Iorque: Philosophical Library.

13. G. B. Duchenne (1862). The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression, or

An Electro Pliysiological Analysis of tue Expression of Emotions, trad.

R. A. Cuthberton: Cambridge University Press (1990).

14. P. Ekman (1992). Facial expressions of emotion: New findings, new

questions, Psychological Science, 3:34 48.

286 O ERRO DE DESCARTES

P. Ekman e R. J. Davidson (1993). Voluntary smiling changes régional

brain activity, Psychological Science, 4:342 45.

P. Ekman,R. W. LevensoneW.V. Friesen(1983).Autonomicnervoussys 

tem activity distinguishes among emotions, Science, 221:1208 10.

15. P. Ekman e R. J. Davidson (1993). Voluntary smiling changes régional

brain activity, Psychological Science, 4:342 45.

16. Enquanto parece existir uma grande componente biológica naquilo

que designei por emoçöes primárias, a forma como conceptualizamos as

emoçöes secundárias é relativa a culturas especificas (para provas sobre

a maneira como a cultura contribui para a forma como categorizamos as

emoçöes, ver james A. Russell [1991 J. Culture and the Categorization of

Emotions, Psychological Bulletin, 110:426 50).

17. O. Sacks (1987). The Man Who Mistook His Wifefor a Hat, and Other Cli 

nical Tales. Nova lorque: Harper & Row. I Parte. Capitulo 3, pp. 43.

18. A autobiografia de William Styron pode, mais uma vez, ser oferecida

como uma ilustraçäo oportuna destas muitas linhas de acçäo. Alguns dos

dados por mim utilizados para o quadro que estou aqui a construir

provêm também de estudos do estilo conceptual nos escritores. N. J. An 

dreasen e P. S. Powers (1974). Creativity and psychosis: An examination

of conceptual style, Archives of General Psychiatry, 32:70 73.

CAPITULO 8
1. Blaise Pascal. Pensées. A fonte usada para a presente obra foi a «nova

ediçäo» publicada por Mercure de France, 1976, Paris. O excerto citado na

p. 165 vem na secçäo 80.

«Que chacun examine ses pensées, il les trouvera toutes'occupées au

passé ou à l'avenir. Nous ne pensons presque point au présent, et si nous

y pensons, ce n'est que pour prenáre de la lumiére pour disposer de

l'avenir.»

O excerto citado na p. 200 surge na secçäo 680.

«Le coeur a ses raisons, que la raison ne connait point.» Traduçöes do

autor.

2. Phillip N. johnson Laird e Elgar Shafir (1993). The interaction between

reasoning and decision making: an introduction, Cognition, 49:109.

3. H. Garáner (1983) Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Nova Iorque: Basic Books.

4. A. Tversky e D. Kahneman (1973) Availability: A heuristic for judging

frequency and probability, Cognitive Psychology, 2:207 32.

NOTAS E REFERENCIAS 287

5. S. Sutherland (1992). Irrationality: The Eneniy Within. Lonáres: Cons 

table.
ó. L. Cosmides (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection

shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task,

Cognition, 33:187 276.

jeromeH. Barkow, LedaCosmidesejohnTooby(orgs.) TheAdaptedMind:

Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Nova lorque: Oxford

University Press (1992).

L. Brothers. cap. 4, nota 23 e Suomi. cap. 4, nota 22.

7. Sobre a anatomia frontal, ver F. Sanides (1964). The cytomyeloarchi 

tecture of the human frontal lobe and its relation to phylogenetic diffe 

rentiation of the cerebral cortex, íournalfur Hirnforschung, 6:269 82.
P. Goláman Rakic (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and

regulation of behavior by representational memory, in F. Plum e

V. Mountcastle, orgs., Hanábook of Physiology: The Nervous System, vol. 5,

pp. 373 401. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.

D. Panáya e E. H. Yeterian (1990). Prefrontal cortex in relation to other

cortical areas in rhesus monkey: architecture and connections, in

H. B. M. Uylings, org., The Prefrontal Cortex: Its Structure, Fonction and

Pathology, pp. 63 94. Amesterdäo: Elsevier.

H. Barbas e D. N. Panáya (1989). Architecture and intrinsic connections

of the prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkey. The Journal of Comparative

Neurology, 286:353 75.

8. M. Petrides e B. Milner (1982). Deficits on subject ordered tasks after

frontal and temporal lobe lesions in man, Neuropsychologia 20:249 62.

J. M. Fuster (1989). The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology and Neuro 

psychology of the Frontal Lobe (2'. ed.). Nova Iorque: Raven Press.

P. Goláman Rakic (1992). Workingmemoryand the mind, ScientificAme 

rican, 267:110 17.

9. R. J. Morecraft e G. W. Van Höesen (1993). Frontal granular cortex input

to the cingulate (M3), supplementary (M 2 ), and primary (Ml) motor cor 

tices in the rhesus monkey, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 337:669 89.

10. L. A. Leal (1991) Animal choice behavior and the evolution of cogni 

tive architecture, Science, 253:980 86.

1 1. P. R. Montagne, P. Dayan e T. J. Sejnowski (1993). Foraging in an uncer 

tain world using predictive hebbian learning, Society for Neuroscience,

19:1609.
12. H. Poincaré (1908). Le raisonnement mathématique, in Science et

méthode. Traduçäo de George Bruce Halsted, in B. Chiselin, The Creative

Process. Los Angeles: Mentor Books/UCLA (1955).

288 O ERRO DE DESCARTES

13. L. Szilard in W. Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows. Nova Iorque: Charles

Scribner's Sons (1992).

14. J. Salk (1985) The Anatomy of Reality. Nova lorque: Praeger 

15. T. Shallice e P. W. Burgess (1993). Supervisory control of action and

thought selection. In Attention: Selection, Awareness, and Control: A Tribute

to Donald Broadbent, A. Baddeley e L. Weiskrantz (orgs.). Oxford: Claren 

don Press, pp. 171 87.

16. Ver nota 4 supra.

17. Ver nota 5 supra.

18. G. Harrer e H. Harrer (1977). Music, emotion and autonomic fonction,

in M. Critchley e R. A. Henson, orgs. Music and the Brain, pp. 202 215. Lon 

dres: William Heinemann Medical.

19. S. Dehaene e J. P. Changeux (1991). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test:

Theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal network, Cerebral Cortex,

1:62 79.

20. Ver Posner e Petersen, Cap. 4, nota 17.

21. Ver Goláman Rakic, Working Memory and the Mind, Cap. 8, nota 7.

22. K. S. Lashley (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior, in

L. A. Jeffress, org., Cerebral Mechanisnis in Beliavior. Nova Iorque: John

Wiley & Sons.

23. C. D. Salzman e W. T. Newsome (1994). Neural Mechanisms for for 

ming a perceptual decision, Science, 264:231 37.

24. Blaise Pascal (1670). Pensées. Ver nota 1 supra.

25. J. St. Evans, D. E. Over e K. I. Manktelow (1993). Reasoning, decision 

 making and rationality, Cognition, 49:165 87.

R. De Sousa (1991). The Rationality ofeniotion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

P. N. johnson Laird, e K. Oatley (1992). Basic emotions, rationality, and

folk theory, Cogiiition and Emotion, 6:201 23.

CAPITULO 9
1. A. R. Damásio, D. Tranel e H. Damásio (1991). Somatic markers and the

guidance of behavior: Theory and preliminary testing, in H. S. Levin,

H. M. Eisenberg e A. L. Benton, orgs., Frontal Lobe F nction a d Dys 

fonction, pp. 217 29. Nova lorque: Oxford University Press.

É interessante notar que, em experiências semelhai ites, os individuos

diagnosticados com psicopatia do desenvolvimento e com registo crimi 

nal se comportaram de forma idêntica. Ver R. D. Hare e M. J. Quinn (1971)

Psychopathy and autonomic conditioning, Journal of Abnornial Psyclio 

logy, 77:223 35.

NOTAS E REFERENCIAS 289

2. A. Bechara, A. R. Damásio, H. Damásio e S. Anderson (1994). Insensiti 

vity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal

cortex, Cogiiitioli, 50:7 12.

3. C. M. Steele e R. A. Josephs (1990). Alcohol myopia, American Psycho 

logist, 45:921 33.

4. A. Bechara, D. Tr@inel, H. Damásio e A. R. Damásio (1993). Failure to

respond autonomically in anticipation of future outcomes following

damage to human prefrontal cortex, Societyfor Nettroscience, 19:791.

CAPITULO 10
1. G. Lakoff (1987). Woi cii, Fire and Dai geroiis Tiiiiigs: Wliat Categories

Rez@eal Abolit tue Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

M. johnson (1987). Tlie Body iii tue Mind: Tue Bodily Basis of Meailiti,@, Inia 

ginatioji and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

2. G. W. Hohmsann (1966). Some effects of spinal cord lesions on expe 

rienced emotional feelings, Psychopliysiology, 3:143 56.

3. H. Putnam (1981). Reasoii, Tritth, and History. Cambridge, Inglaterra:

Cambridge University Press.

4. Para uma análise dos @ispectos viscerais da represent@lçäo somatossen 

sorial, ver M. M. Mesulam e E. J. Mufson (1985). The insula of Reil in man

and monkey. In A. Peters e E. G. Jones (orgs.): Cerebral Cortex, vol. 5, Nov@l

lorque, Plenum Press, pp. 179 226. Ver também J. R. Jennings (1992). Is it

important that the mind is in the body? Inhibition and the heart, Psyclio 

pliysiology, 29:369 83. Ver também S. M. Oppenheimer, A. Gelb,

J. P. Girvin e V. C. H@ichinski (1992). Cardiovascul@ir effects of human

insular cortex stimulation, Nelirol@gy, 42:1727 32.

5. N. Humphrey (1992). A History (í the Mind. Nova lorque: Simon
& Schuster.
ó. Ver nota 1 supra, e
F. Vareli, E. Thompson e E. Rosch (1992). Tire Einbodied Mind, Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press.

G. Edelman (1992). Bri,@lit Air, Brilliaiit Fii,e. Nova lorque: Basic Books.
7. J. Searle (1992). Tlie rediscovery of tliemiiid. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
P. S. Churchland (1986). Neiii opliilos(?pliy: Toïi)ard a Unified Scici,ice of the
Miiid Bi aiii. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.

P. M. Churchl@ind (1984). Matteraiid Coiiscioitsiiess. Cambridge, MA: Br@id 

ford Books/MIT Press.

F. Crick (1994). TlieAstoizisiiii,igHypotliesis: The Scieiitific Scarclifor the S(?Ill.

Nova Iorque: Charles Scribner's Sons.

F.,@. ., da Ciêi@cia 29   19

290 O ERRO DE DESCARTES
D. Dennett (1991). Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown.

G. Edelman, ver nota 6 supra.

R. Llinás (1991). Commentary of dreaming and wakefulness, Neuros 

cience, 44:521 35.

8. F. Plum e J. Posner (1980). The Diagnosis of Stilpor and Coma (Contem 

porary Neurology Series, 3.' ed.) Filadélfia: F. A. Davis.

9. J. Kagan (1989). Unstable Ideas: Temperament, Cognition, and Self.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

CAPiTULO 11
1. G. S. Stent (1969). The Coming of the Golden Age: A View of the End oí Pro 

gress. Nova lorque: Doubleday.

2. É possivel encontrar uma excelente descriçäo desta situaçäo em Robert

Hoghes (1992). The Culture of Complaint. Nova Iorque: Oxford University

Press.

3. R. Descartes (1637). The Philosophical Works of Descartes, traduzido para

inglês por Elizabeth S. Haldane e G. R. T. Ross, vol. 1, p. 101. Nova Iorque:

Cambridge University Press (1970).

4. R. Descartes. Ver nota 3 supra.

5. R. Cottingham (1992). A Descartes Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell, p. 36.

Platäo. Phaedo (1971). The Collected Dialogues of Plato. E. Hamilton e

H. Caims, orgs. Bollingen Series. Pantheon Books. pp. 47 53.

ó. Ver nota 3 supra.

NOTAS DO POSTSCRITUM

1. W. Faulkner (1949). Discurso de aceitaçäo do Prémio Nobel. O contexte

exacto das palavras de Faulkner era a crescente ameaça nuclear, mas a sua

mensagem é intemporal.

2. P. Éluard (1961). Liberté, in G. Pompidou, org., Anthologie de la poésie

française. Paris: Hachette.

3. As obras de jonas Salk e Richard Lewentin citadas acima, que estas

palavras evocam, contêm o optimisme e a determinaçäo que sao indis 

pensáveis a um estudo abrangente da biologia humana.

4. Ver nota de rodapé 2, p. 290.

5. David Ingvar usou também o termo «memórias do futuro», exacta 

mente com o mesmo significado.

NOTAS E REFERENCIAS 291

ó. Howard Fielás (1987). Pain. Nova Iorque: McGraw Hill Book Co.

B. Davis (1994) Behavioral aspects of complex analgesia (a publicar).

7. Há, hoje em dia, processos cirúrgicos novos, menos mutilantes, com

vista ao controlo da dor. Embora a leucotomia pré frontal näo fosse täo

limitadora como outros processos ditos psicocirúrgicos e tivesse um

resultado positive no alivio do sofrimento intratável, apresentou também

um resultado negativo: a diminuiçäo da emoçäo e da sensaçäo, cujas

consequências a longo prazo só agora podem ser compreendidas.