Disagreeing in english and vietnamese

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Kieu Thi Thu Huong ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS ix

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS xiii

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER ONE 14

DISAGREEING – A COMMUNICATIVE ILLOCUTIONARY AND SOCIAL ACT 14

1.1.Theoretical Preliminaries 14

1.1.1.Speech Act Theory 14

1.1.1.1. Speech acts and speech events 14

1.1.1.2. Three-dimension speech acts 15

1.1.1.3. Classification of speech acts 16

1.1.1.4. Disagreeing – a communicative illocutionary act 18

1.1.2.Conversation Analysis 20

1.1.2.1. Historical background 20

1.1.2.2. Co-text and context 22

1.1.2.3. Turn – turn taking and adjacency pairs 24

1.1.2.4. Disagreeing – a social act 27

1.1.3. Summary 29

1.2. Empirical Study 29

1.2.1. Aims and methodology 29

1.2.1.1. Aims 29

1.2.1.2. Data collection methods and respondents 30

1.2.2. Assessment of socio-cultural parameters by respondents 37

1.2.2.1. Data results 37

1.2.2.2. Comments 43

1.2.3. Assessment of situations by respondents 44

1.2.3.1. Data results 44

1.2.3.2. Comments 48

1.2.4. Summary 50

1.3. Concluding Remarks 51

CHAPTER TWO 52

POLITENESS IN DISAGREEING 52

2.1. Theoretical Preliminaries 52

2.1.1. Notion of Politeness 53

2.1.2. Volitional Approach 55

2.1.2.1. Grice’s principle 55

2.1.2.2. Lakoff’s rules and Leech’s maxims 57

2.1.2.3. Brown & Levinson’s model 58

2.1.3. Normative Approach 60

2.1.3.1. Chinese research 60

2.1.3.2. Japanese research 62

2.1.3.3. Other non-Anglophone research 63

2.1.4. Normative-Volitional Approach 64

2.1.4.1. Literature by Vietnamese researchers 64

2.1.4.2. Literature by other researchers 68

2.1.5 Summary 69

2.2. Empirical Study 70

2.2.1. Aims and Methodology 70

2.2.1.1. Aims 70

2.2.1.2. Data collection methods and respondents 70

2.2.2. Politeness Level Rated by Respondents 71

2.2.2.1. Data results 71

2.2.2.2. Comments 80

2.2.3. Summary 81

2.3. Concluding Remarks 81

CHAPTER THREE 83

STRATEGIES OF POLITENESS IN DISAGREEING 83

3.1. Theoretical Preliminaries 83

3.1.1. Brown & Levinson’s Model of Strategies 83

3.1.2. Manipulation of Strategies 84

3.1.2.1. Bald-on-record strategies 84

3.1.2.2. On-record strategies 87

3.1.2.3. Off-record strategies 89

3.1.2.4. No FTA 94

3.1.3. Indirectness in Disagreeing 95

3.1.3.1. Notion of indirectness 96

3.1.3.2. Factors governing indirectness 97

3.1.3.3. Indirectness and politeness 99

3.1.4. Summary 102

3.2. Empirical Study 103

3.2.1. Aims and Methodology 103

3.2.1.1. Aims 103

3.2.1.2. Data collection methods and respondents 103

3.2.2. Choice of Strategies by Respondents 104

3.2.2.1. Data results 104

3.2.2.2. Comments 116

3.2.3. Summary 117

3.3. Concluding Remarks 118

CHAPTER FOUR 120

STRATEGIES CONCERNING PREFERENCE ORGANIZATION 120

4.1. Theoretical Preliminaries 120

4.1.1. Preferred Second Turns 120

4.1.1.1. Markedness 120

4.1.1.2. Structural organization 121

4.1.1.3. Dispreferred second turns in disagreeing 123

4.1.2. Preferred Sequences 127

4.1.2.1. Repair apparatus 127

4.1.2.2. Repair apparatus in disagreeing 132

4.1.3. Summary 135

4.2. Empirical Study 136

4.2.1. Aims and Methodology 136

4.2.1.1. Aims 136

4.2.1.2. Data collection methods and respondents 136

4.2.2. Strategies for Disagreements as Dispreferred Seconds 140

4.2.2.1. English corpus 140

4.2.2.2. Vietnamese corpus 143

4.2.2.3. Comments 150

4.2.3. Strategies for Disagreements as Preferred Seconds 151

4.2.3.1. English corpus 151

4.2.3.2. Vietnamese corpus 154

4.2.3.3. Comments 159

4.2.4. Summary 160

4.3. Concluding Remarks 160

CHAPTER FIVE 162

STRATEGIES FOR CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS AND NEGOTIATION OF DISAGREEMENTS 162

5.1. Theoretical Preliminaries 162

5.1.1. Constraint Systems 162

5.1.2. Negotiation of Disagreements 163

5.1.2.1. Insertion sequences 164

5.1.2.2. Summons-answer sequences 165

5.1.2.3. Pre-sequences 166

5.1.2.4. Sequences in disagreeing 168

5.1.3. Some Frequently Used Devices in Disagreements 170

5.1.3.1. Intensifiers 170

5.1.3.2. Person referring terms 172

5.1.4. Summary 176

5.2. Empirical Study 177

5.2.1. Aims and Methodology 177

5.2.1.1. Aims 177

5.2.1.2. Data collection methods and respondents 178

5.2.2. Strategies for Constraint Systems 178

5.2.2.1. English corpus 178

5.2.2.2. Vietnamese corpus 180

5.2.3. Strategies for Negotiation of Disagreements 184

5.2.3.1. English corpus 184

5.2.3.2. Vietnamese corpus 187

5.2.4. Summary 193

5.3. Concluding Remarks 194

CONCLUSION 196

APPENDIXES i

APPENDIX 1 i

Transcription Conventions i

APPENDIX 2 iii

Survey Questionnaires iii

BIBLIOGRAPHY xiii

ENGLISH xiii

VIETNAMESE xxix