Draft report for the non-regulated analysis of existing policy for table grapes from India
Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests
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Pest risk assessments for quarantine pestsQuarantine pests associated with table grapes from India are identified in the pest categorisation process (Appendix A). This chapter assesses the likelihood of the entry, establishment and spread of these pests and the likelihood of associated potential economic, including environmental, consequences. Pest categorisation identified 26 quarantine pests associated with table grapes from India. Of these, 18 pests are of national concern and eight are of regional concern. Table 4.1 identifies these quarantine pests, and full details of the pest categorisation are given in Appendix A. Additional quarantine pest data are given in Appendix B. Assessments of risks associated with these pests are presented in this chapter unless otherwise indicated. Pest risk assessments already exist for some of the pests considered here as they have been assessed previously by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture. The likelihood of establishment and of spread of a pest in the PRA area will be comparable regardless of the fresh fruit commodity/country pathway in which the pest is imported into Australia, as these likelihoods relate specifically to events that occur in the PRA area and are independent of the importation pathway. The consequences of a pest are also independent of the importation pathway. For pests that have been assessed previously, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture reviewed the latest literature. If there is no new information available that would significantly change the risk ratings for establishment and for spread, and the consequences the pests may cause, the risk ratings given in the previous assessments for these components will be adopted. The reassessment of the likelihood of distribution for pests with existing policy is considered on a case-by-case basis by comparing factors relevant to the importation of table grapes from India with those in the existing policy, such as the commodity type, time of year at which import takes place and availability and susceptibility of hosts during the time of import. After comparing these factors and reviewing the latest literature, the ratings of likelihood of distribution from the previous assessments will be adopted where the department considers that the likelihood of distribution for table grapes from India would be similar to, or at least not higher than, that given in the previous assessments. For some pests the likelihood of distribution was reassessed and the reason for reassessing is provided in the introduction to the relevant pest risk assessment. The likelihood of importation could be different from the previous assessment due to differences in the commodity, country and commercial production practices in the export areas. For pests with existing policy, the department compared factors affecting the likelihood of importation and reviewed the latest literature. The overall outcome, i.e. the unrestricted risk estimate of achieving or exceeding Australia’s ALOP, from the previous assessments will be adopted where the department considers that the likelihood of importation for table grapes from India would be comparable to that given in the previous assessments and/or where changes in the risk rating for importation will not change the overall outcome. Explanation text will be included in this chapter for pests where the overall outcome from the previous assessment is adopted. The quarantine risks posed by Drosophila suzukii from all countries and for all commodities, including table grapes, were previously assessed in the final pest risk analysis (PRA) report for Drosophila suzukii (DAFF Biosecurity 2013). Therefore, there is no need to reassess this pest here. A summary of pest information and the likelihood estimates from the final PRA report for D. suzukii is presented in this chapter for convenience. Some pests identified in this assessment have been recorded in some regions of Australia, and due to interstate quarantine regulations are considered pests of regional concern. The acronym for the state for which the regional pest status is considered, such as ‘WA’ (Western Australia), is used to identify these organisms. The department is aware of the recent changes in fungal nomenclature which ended the separate naming of different states of fungi with a pleiomorphic life cycle. However, as the nomenclature for these fungi is in a phase of transition and many priorities of names are still to be resolved, this report still uses dual names for most fungi. As official lists of accepted and rejected fungal names become available, these accepted names will be adopted. Table grapes harvested, packed, stored and transported for export to Australia may need to travel variable distances to ports. Depending on the port of departure and arrival it could take up to four weeks for general sea freight from India to Australia. Table grapes could also potentially be air-freighted from India to Australia. While the unrestricted risk assessments undertaken in this risk analysis do not impose any mandatory measures during storage and transport, common commercial practices may impact on the survival of some pests. If these conditions are applied to all consignments for a minimum period of time, then those conditions can be considered as part of the unrestricted risk assessment. Table 4.10 Quarantine pests for table grapes from India
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