Draft report of

7.4 Comparative Scenario: The results of GER from different countries show that developing countries in South East Asia have attained much higher GER. Developed countries have GER invariably above 50%. The world average of GER is 23.2%. India, therefore, cannot afford to remain in the low range of GER.
Table 18

Enrolment in Higher Education by Regions – 2001-02

Groups of Countries	GER
Countries in Transition	36.5
Developed Countries	54.6
Developing Countries	11.3
World	23.2
India (Tentative)	About 10%

Source: Higher education in the world 2006, the financing of University, 2006, Palgrave Macmillan.


Table 19

Enrolment Ratio By alternative sources

Years	Total Higher Education
Sources	SES	NSS	Census
1983	4.04	7.67	na
1987-88	4.69	8.57	na
1991	4.63	Na	10.95
1993-94	4.80	8.85	11.74*
1999-00	7.22	10.08	13.19*
2001	7.85	10.00	13.82
2003-04	9.01	13.22	14.48*

Source: SES - UGC

Table 20
The Comparative Profile: GER/NER/EER as per NSS for the Year 2003

for Population Group (18 - 23 Years)

GER	13.2
NER	13.2
EER	59.0

Source: Computed from ‘Employment and Unemployment Survey, 1999-2000, NSSO, GOI.

Chapter – 8
EQUITY AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION –

ENROLMENT AT DISAGGREGATE LEVEL

8.1 Enrolment at disaggregate level
After having assessed the progress at aggregate level in the last chapter, attempt has been made to look at the progress with respect to certain special groups and also at the inter-group disparities of multiple natures. The present chapter devotes on a study of the disparities between (a)rural and urban (b) States (c) Inter-caste (d) Inter-religion (e) Male-female (f) different occupation groups; and (g) Poor and non–poor. NSS data for 2000, which provide detailed information at disaggregate level, has been used..
8.2 Rural and Urban
There are significant disparities in enrolment ratio between rural and urban area. In 2000 the GER for rural and urban area was 5.58% and 21.74% respectively-GER in urban area being four times higher compared with rural area (Table 4.10).
The population census came up with the GER of 8.99% for rural area and 24.52% for urban area in 2001 - the GER in rural area being all most three time lower compared with urban area.
The EER worked out to 51.1% for rural and 66% for urban area-later being higher by about 15% points. This means only half of the rural boys and girls who complete higher secondary go to higher education which is less by 15% points compared with urban area.