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Missions in the context of a Biblical understanding of poverty
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122
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3.3.1. Poverty as the result of moral lassitude
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123
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3.3.2. Poverty as the result of social factors
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123
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3.3.3. Voluntary Poverty
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124
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3.3.4. Biblical perspectives on our responsibility to the poor
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125
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3.3.5. Conclusion
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128
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Missions with the destitute bring about conversion
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129
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Conversion must be both personal and corporate
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130
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Conversion should be reciprocal
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131
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Conversion should be an ongoing process
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133
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Missions with the destitute discover SHALOM
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134
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Towards an understanding of SHALOM
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134
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Conclusion
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137
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Missions with the destitute require a public church
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139
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The place of the church in God’s mission
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141
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Jesus and His meaning in the public church (Christology)
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144
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The nature of the public church (ecclesiology)
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145
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A public church reveals SHALOM and comprehensive salvation
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146
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A public church invites people into a caring community
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146
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The public church would be the “church of the poor” with the poor
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147
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A public church respects and engages the context in which it functions
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148
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The public church’s view of the future (eschatology)
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149
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Comprehensive salvation in the public church
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150
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The value of people in the public church (anthropology)
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152
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The value of culture in the public church
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153
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Conclusion
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154
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Chapter 4 – Towards Understanding Destitute People
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Introduction
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156
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The destitute are people…
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157
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The destitute are people experiencing destitution
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158
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Dimensions of powerlessness and ill-being (as opposed to SHALOM/ Wellbeing)
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162
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Livelihoods and assets: precarious, seasonal, inadequate.
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163
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Places of the poor: isolated, risky, unserviced and stigmatized
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164
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The body: hungry, exhausted, sick and in poor appearance
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164
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Gender relations: troubled and unequal
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164
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Social relations: discriminating and isolating
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165
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Security: lack of protection and of peace of mind
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165
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Behaviours: disregard and abuse by those more powerful
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166
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Institutions: disempowering and excluding
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166
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Organizations of the poor: weak and disconnected
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166
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Capabilities: lack of information, education, skills and confidence.
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166
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The challenge of powerlessness to missions with the destitute
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167
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The destitute are people experiencing needs
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168
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Maslow and beyond – ideas about human motivation and needs
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169
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Principles in meeting the needs of the destitute
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174
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The destitute are people with strengths and assets
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176
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Why use a “strength based” approach?
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176
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What strengths?
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179
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Dealing with common misconceptions about strength based approaches
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179
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If we talk about strengths, we must ignore needs
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179
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We’ll be manipulated and duped by clients
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180
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We’ll be wasting the expertise we’ve accumulated in learning what is wrong with people
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180
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We’ll be seen as not holding clients accountable for their behaviour
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180
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Conclusion
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180
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The destitute are people trying to protect their own fragile dignity
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181
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What is dignity?
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181
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Understanding the ways in which destitute people try to protect their dignity
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185
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Denial as a means of distancing
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186
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Minimizing the situation
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187
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Isolating the present
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188
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“Class” distancing
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188
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“Scapegoating” the destitute
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190
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Conclusion
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191
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“Missions with the destitute” means restoring human dignity
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192
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Autonomy
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192
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Predictability
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192
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Self-expression
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192
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Social solidarity
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192
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Conclusion
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192
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The destitute are people experiencing God
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193
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Thembi’s story
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194
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Lessons learned from the destitute in Popup
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196
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Vague religiosity
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197
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God as judge
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198
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God as protector
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199
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God as comforter
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201
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God as justifier
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203
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Lessons learned from the spiritual experiences of the destitute
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206
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Conclusion
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207
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Chapter 5 – Towards a Model of Missions with the Destitute: Care with Others
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Introduction
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209
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Why a model?
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209
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Underlying principles for a model of missions with the destitute
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211
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It must include continuous reflection and evaluation…
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213
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It must be comprehensive and holistic…
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213
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It must empower people
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214
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It must enable different helpers to take a hand…
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216
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It must allow helpers to integrate sharing faith and meeting social needs
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217
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Explicit evangelism is not a part of the church’s outreach mission
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218
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Evangelism is valued and practised, but not in the context of social ministry
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218
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Little conventional social ministry is present
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219
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No significant social action or evangelism
|
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219
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Evangelism and social ministry are practised
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219
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Conclusion
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219
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The model
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220
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Missionary action of three kinds
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220
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Missionary action to prevent people from becoming destitute
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220
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Missionary action to heal destitute people
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220
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Missionary action to stop people from becoming destitute again
|
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220
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Missionary action…
|
|
221
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Missions “with” the destitute
|
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221
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Growth to discover and experience SHALOM more and more
|
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221
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Empowerment towards SHALOM
|
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222
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Empowerment from both the inside-out, and the outside-in
|
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223
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Formal and informal engagement of destitute people
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|
225
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Within the sphere of “God at work with people”
|
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227
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Naming the model
|
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228
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Conclusion
|
|
229
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|
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|
Chapter 6 – Missions with the Destitute from the “Inside-out”
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Introduction
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231
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“Inside-out” missions as the fostering of social ties
|
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231
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Destitution often means social isolation
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232
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Destitute people also have social ties
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233
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Conclusion
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234
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“Inside-out” missions as outreach and engagement
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235
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Outreach as strategy to connect helpers with destitute people
|
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236
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Values and principles that should govern outreach
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237
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The role of phasing in outreach and engagement
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238
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Engagement as follow-up strategy to empower destitute people
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239
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Stage 1 - Setting the stage
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240
|
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Stage 2 - Initial engagement tactics
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240
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Stage 3 – Ongoing engagement tactics
|
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240
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-
Stage 4 - Proceeding with the outreach/maintaining the relationship
|
|
240
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Strategies towards respectful engagement
|
|
241
|
-
“Inside-out” missions that empower people to become self motivated to change
|
|
241
|
-
Understanding what motivates people
|
|
242
|
-
Understanding ways to motivate people
|
|
245
|
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From external motivation to intrinsic motivation: Helping people to become self motivated.
|
|
245
|
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Using sources of intrinsic motivation towards self motivation
|
|
246
|
-
Commitment to an important cause
|
|
246
|
-
Feeling part of a valued group
|
|
247
|
-
Developing ownership in something really worthwhile
|
|
248
|
-
Having great expectations
|
|
248
|
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Using valued strategies to help people become motivated
|
|
248
|
-
Generate and sustain hope
|
|
248
|
-
Focus on simple short term goals
|
|
248
|
-
Encourage creativity and risk-taking
|
|
249
|
-
Keep everyone involved
|
|
249
|
-
Give time to people
|
|
249
|
-
Listen and learn
|
|
249
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
249
|
-
“Inside-out” missions as the healing of people’s inner pictures
|
|
250
|
-
Love, position and worth
|
|
251
|
-
Fear, guilty, worthless
|
|
251
|
-
Aggressive, arrogant and self-exalted
|
|
252
|
-
“Inside-out” missions as the development of new beliefs
|
|
253
|
-
“Inside-out” missions as “giving voice” to individual destitute people
|
|
255
|
-
Why does “consumer involvement” matter so much?
|
|
257
|
-
Consumers as staff
|
|
258
|
-
Consumer-run programmes and organizations
|
|
261
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
262
|
-
Fostering helpers’ competencies in order to promote empowering “inside-out” missions
|
|
263
|
-
Building competency on strong values
|
|
263
|
-
Pragmatism – whatever is ethical and works
|
|
264
|
-
Competence – adding value
|
|
264
|
-
Respect – valuing diversity and individuality
|
|
265
|
-
Understand and value diversity
|
|
265
|
-
Understanding and valuing the individual
|
|
265
|
-
Genuineness – Beyond professionalism and phoniness
|
|
266
|
-
Client self-responsibility: Non-patronizing empowerment
|
|
266
|
-
Building competency on learned skills
|
|
266
|
-
Improving competency by dealing with biases
|
|
268
|
-
Conditioning
|
|
268
|
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The desire to dominate
|
|
268
|
-
Distance
|
|
269
|
-
Denial
|
|
269
|
-
Greater competency for all helpers engaging the destitute
|
|
269
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
269
|
|
|
|
Chapter 7 - Missions with the Destitute from the “Outside-in”
|
|
|
-
Introduction
|
|
271
|
-
Some principles for missions from the “outside-in”
|
|
273
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must reconnect destitute people
|
|
273
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must promote advocacy
|
|
275
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must be holistic and comprehensive
|
|
275
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must happen along a continuum of care
|
|
275
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must be strength based
|
|
276
|
-
Missions from the “outside-in” must generate hope for a better future, and then realize it.
|
|
276
|
-
“Outside-in” missions must promote the means to “responsible well -being”
|
|
276
|
-
“Outside-in” missions must help in ways that do no harm.
|
|
277
|
-
“Outside-in” missions must combat marginalization by enlarging social power
|
|
278
|
-
“Outside-in” missions as the provision of social services
|
|
280
|
-
“Outside-in” missions as the connecting of destitute people to clinical services
|
|
280
|
-
Problems with health care for destitute people
|
|
280
|
-
What are the health problems of destitute people?
|
|
281
|
-
Way to overcome “access barriers” to health services
|
|
283
|
-
By making it easier to get to service delivery locations
|
|
284
|
-
By scheduling services at times that would be most convenient for destitute people
|
|
284
|
-
By helping with financial barriers to services
|
|
284
|
-
By improving “cultural competence”
|
|
284
|
-
By dealing positively with “disruptive behaviour”
|
|
285
|
-
By using “multidisciplinary” teams
|
|
285
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
285
|
-
“Outside-in” missions as the fostering of residential stability
|
|
286
|
-
Fostering residential stability requires the availability of different housing options
|
|
287
|
-
Supportive housing – housing combined with services
|
|
287
|
-
Transitional housing
|
|
288
|
-
Towards various types of permanent housing
|
|
289
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
289
|
-
Outside-in missions as reconnecting people to employment
|
|
290
|
-
We need a comprehensive approach, involving housing and services
|
|
292
|
-
Job training and development efforts have shown mixed results
|
|
292
|
-
Supported employment
|
|
293
|
-
Developing affirmative businesses and in-house jobs offer market alternatives
|
|
293
|
-
Job turnover is common, and even after obtaining jobs, many people remain economically vulnerable
|
|
294
|
-
CTI as a social services strategy to be used as part of “outside-in” missions
|
|
294
|
-
“Outside-in” missions as the empowerment of communities
|
|
296
|
-
“Development” vs. “livelihoods”
|
|
297
|
-
Principles for community empowerment
|
|
299
|
-
Community empowerment must aim to improve livelihoods
|
|
299
|
-
Community empowerment must be in line with the people of the community
|
|
300
|
-
Community empowerment must promote equity and justice
|
|
300
|
-
Community empowerment must handle resistance
|
|
300
|
-
Community empowerment must be driven from the bottom up
|
|
300
|
-
Community empowerment must foster participation
|
|
302
|
-
Community empowerment must promote sustainable livelihoods
|
|
302
|
-
Community empowerment must be faith based
|
|
303
|
-
Community empowerment must be comprehensive
|
|
304
|
-
Community empowerment must be asset based
|
|
305
|
-
What assets should helpers look for?
|
|
306
|
-
Human capital
|
|
306
|
-
Social capital
|
|
307
|
-
Natural capital
|
|
307
|
-
Physical capital
|
|
307
|
-
Financial capital
|
|
307
|
-
Spiritual capital
|
|
308
|
-
Visionary capital
|
|
308
|
-
Strategies to promote asset based community empowerment
|
|
308
|
-
Discover assets…
|
|
308
|
-
Through outreach and engagement
|
|
308
|
-
Through the collecting of stories
|
|
309
|
-
Map assets…
|
|
309
|
-
Identify associations (relatedness)
|
|
309
|
-
Identify individual gifts, skills, and capacities
|
|
310
|
-
Identify the assets of local institutions
|
|
310
|
-
Identify physical assets and natural resources
|
|
310
|
-
Mapping the local economy
|
|
310
|
-
Building and strengthening partnerships among local assets for mutually beneficial problem solving within the community
|
|
310
|
-
Mobilize assets…
|
|
311
|
-
By organizing a core group
|
|
311
|
-
By convening as broadly representative a group as possible to build a community vision and plan
|
|
311
|
-
By mobilizing assets for community development
|
|
312
|
-
Community empowerment must combat marginalization
|
|
313
|
-
Community empowerment through caring for the environment
|
|
313
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
315
|
|
|
|
Chapter 8 – The Way Forward
|
|
|
-
Introduction
|
|
316
|
-
Understand the complexity of the problems faced by destitute people
|
|
316
|
-
Understand the obligation upon us as helpers
|
|
318
|
-
Grow in understanding of destitute people
|
|
319
|
-
Doing missions with the destitute by creating a continuum of empowering care
|
|
321
|
-
Conclusion
|
|
327
|
|
|
|
Bibliography
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|
328
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