En-glish pho-net-ics

English LONG sounds = Turkish SHORT sounds

Kar /kɑːr/ Dar /dɑːr/ Var /vɑːr/ Bak /bɑːk/
The letters ‘ar’ = The sound /ɑː/ = /ɑr/ = /ɑ/
Spelling British English American English

-architect    /'ɑːʳkɪtekt/ /'ɑrkəˌtɛkt/

-argue        /'ɑːʳgjuː/ /'ɑrgyu/

-arm          /ɑːʳm/ /ɑrm/

-army         /'ɑːʳmi/ /'ɑrmi/

-art               /ɑːʳt/ /ɑrt/

-article       /'ɑːʳtɪkl/ /'ɑrdɪkəl/

-artist         /'ɑːʳtɪst/ /'ɑrtəst/

-bar           /bɑːʳ/ /bɑr/

-barber       /'bɑːʳbəʳ/ /'bɑrbər/

-bargain    /'bɑːʳgən/ /'bɑrgən/

-bark           /bɑːʳk/ /bɑrk/

-bazaar      /bə'zɑːʳ/ /bə'zɑr/

-calm           /kɑːm/ /kɑm/

-car                /kɑːʳ/    /kɑr/   

-card            /kɑːʳd/ /kɑrd/

-carpenter  /'kɑːʳpɪntəʳ/ /'kɑrpəntər/

-cartoon     /'kɑːʳtuːn/ /'kɑrtun/

-charge      /tʃɑːʳdʒ/ /tʃɑrdʒ/

-Charles       /tʃɑːʳlz/ /tʃɑrlz/

-charm       /tʃɑːʳm/ /tʃɑrm/

-dark           /dɑːʳk/ /dɑrk/

-far               /fɑːʳ/ /fɑr/

-farm          /fɑːʳm/ /fɑrm/

-garden      /gɑːʳdn/ /gɑrdn/

-guard        /gɑːʳd/ /gɑrd/

-harm         /hɑːʳm/ /hɑrm/

-jar             /dʒɑːʳ/ /dʒɑr/

-large         /lɑːʳdʒ/ /lɑrdʒ/

-March        /mɑːʳtʃ/ /mɑrtʃ/

-mark         /mɑːʳk/ /mɑrk/

-market       /'mɑːʳkɪt/ /'mɑrkət/

-park           /pɑːʳk/ /pɑrk/

-party         /'pɑːʳti/ /'pɑrti/

-sharp          /ʃɑːʳp/ /ʃɑrp/

-star               /stɑːʳ/ /stɑr/

-start          /stɑːʳt/ /stɑrt/

-yard          /jɑːʳd/ /yɑrd/

NOTE:

Back vowel sound = velar	/ɑ/ /hɑt/ /nɑt/
Front vowel sound = palatal	/a/ /faɪn/ /haʊs/
Short vowel sound = middle	/ʌ/ /kʌt/ /bʌt/

SOME WORDS HAVE TWO WEAK FORMS
FUNCTION WORDS	BEFORE a CONSONANT	BEFORE a VOWEL
the	/ðə/	/ði/
to	/tə/	/tʊ/

The letter ‘e’ is not pronounced at the end of a word.

Read /riːd/

Read /red/

Read /red/

LONG /uː/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English LONG sounds = Turkish SHORT sounds

Kul /kuːl/ Sun /suːn/ Ful /fuːl/ Şut   /ʃuːt/ Grup /gurup/

The letters ‘oo’ = The sound /uː/ = /u^w/
Spelling British English American English

-boot             /buːt/ /but/

-cool             /kuːl/ /kul/

-food       /fuːd/ /fud/

-fool              /fuːl/ /ful/

-gloom         /gluːm/ /glum/

-Google /'guːgəl/ /'gugəl/

-groom    /gruːm/ /grum/

-loose          /luːs/ /lus/

-mood         /muːd/ /mud/

-moon        /muːn/ /mun/

-proof         /pruːf/ /pruf/

-roof           /ruːf/ /ruf/

-room       /ruːm/ /rum/

-root         /ruːt/ /rut/

-school    /skuːl/ /skul/

-shoot      /ʃuːt/ /ʃut/

-soon       /suːn/ /sun/

-tool       /tuːl/ /tul/

-tooth       /tuːθ/ /tuθ/

-zoo         /zuː/ /zu/

NOTE:

Read /red/

Said /sed/

Says /sez/

The letters ‘ew’ = The sound /uː/ = /u^w/
-blew              /bluː/ /blu/

-chew             /tʃuː/ /tʃu/

-drew             /druː/ /dru/

-few             /fjuː/ /fju/

-flew              /fluː/ /flu/

-grew             /gruː/ /gru/

-knew            /njuː/    /nu/

-new             /njuː/    /nu/   

-threw           /θruː/ /θru/


EXCEPTIONS
-blue           /bluː/ /blu/

-fruit          /fruːt/ /frut/

-group       /gruːp/ /grup/

-jewellery /'dʒuːəlri/ /'dʒuəlri/

-juice         /dʒuːs/ /dʒus/

-june          /dʒuːn/ /dʒun/

-lose            /luːz/ /luz/

-move         /muːv/ /muv/

-prove     /pruːv/ /pruv/

-rude           /ruːd/ /rud/

-suit          /sjuːt/ /sut/

-super        /'sjuːpə(r)/ /'supər/

-true        /truː/ /tru/

NOTE:

THE NUMBER OF SYLLABLES = THE NUMBER OF VOWEL SOUNDS A DIPH-THONG COUNTS AS ONLY ONE SOUND.

LONG /ɔː/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English LONG sounds = Turkish SHORT sounds
Form /fɔːrm/ Zor /zɔːr/ Normal /nɔːrmɑl/ Sor /sɔːr/
The letters ‘or’ = The sound /ɔː/ = /ɔ/
Spelling British English American English

-airport     /'eəʳpɔːʳt/  /'ɛrpɔrt/

-before     /bɪ'fɔːʳ/ /bɪ'fɔr/

-bored      /bɔːʳd/ /bɔrd/

-corner     /'kɔːʳnəʳ/ /'kɔrnər/

-course    /kɔːʳs/ /kɔrs/

-court      /kɔːʳt/ /kɔrt/

-dormitory   /'dɔːʳmɪtəri/ /'dɔrməˌtɔri/

-floor       /flɔːʳ/ /flɔr/

-for         /fɔːʳ/ /fɔr/

-force      /fɔːʳs/ /fɔrs/

-fork       /fɔːʳk/ /fɔrk/

-form      /fɔːʳm/ /fɔrm/

-more      /mɔːʳ/ /mɔr/

-normal   /'nɔːʳməl/ /'nɔrməl/

-north      /nɔːʳθ/ /nɔrθ/

-or            /ɔːʳ/ /ɔr/

-oral          /'ɔːrəl/ /'ɔrəl/

-orchard   /'ɔːʳtʃəʳd/ /'ɔrtʃərd/

-order      /'ɔːʳdəʳ/ /'ɔrdər/

-organ      /'ɔːʳgən/ /'ɔrgən/

-organise  /'ɔːʳgənaɪz/ /'ɔrgənaɪz/

-portable   /'pɔːʳtəbl/ /'pɔrtəbl/

-porter        /'pɔːʳtəʳ/ /'pɔrtər/

-portion     /'pɔːʳʃn/ /'pɔrʃn/

-quarter      /'kwɔːʳtəʳ/ /'kwɔrtər/   

-short     /ʃɔːʳt/ /ʃɔrt/

-sport       /spɔːʳt/ /spɔrt/

-storm     /stɔːʳm/ /stɔrm/

-story       /'stɔːri/ /'stɔri/

-uniform  /'juːnɪfɔːʳm/ /'junəfɔrm/

-war            /wɔːʳ/ /wɔr/

-warm         /wɔːʳm/ /wɔrm/

-warn           /wɔːʳn/ /wɔrn/

 

The letters ‘al’ = The sound /ɔː/ = /ɔ/

-all                /ɔːl/ /ɔl/

-also            /'ɔːlsəʊ/   /'ɔlsoʊ/

-alter            /'ɔːltəʳ/ /'ɔltər/

-always        /'ɔːlwɪz/ /'ɔlwəz/

-bald          /bɔːld/ /bɔld/

-ball             /bɔːl/ /bɔl/

-call            /kɔːl/ /kɔl/

-chalk         /tʃɔːk/ /tʃɔk/

-fall             /fɔːl/ /fɔl/

-false           /fɔːls/ /fɔls/

-hall            /hɔːl/ /hɔl/

-salt /sɔːlt/ /sɔlt/

-small           /smɔːl/ /smɔl/

-stall           /stɔːl/ /stɔl/

-talk              /tɔːk/ /tɔk/

-tall              /tɔːl/ /tɔl/

-walk            /wɔːk/ /wɔk/

-wall           /wɔːl/ /wɔl/
The letters ‘aw’ = The sound /ɔː/ = /ɔ/
-dawn            /dɔːn/ /dɔn/

-draw            /drɔː/ /drɔ/

-flaw              /flɔː/ /flɔ/

-jaw              /dʒɔː/ /dʒɔ/

-paw             /pɔː/ /pɔ/

-raw              /rɔː/ /rɔ/

-saw              /sɔː/ /sɔ/

-strawberry    /'strɔːbəri/ /'strɔberi/

The letters ‘augh’ and ‘ough’ = The sound /ɔː/ = /ɔ/
-bought    /bɔːt/ /bɔt/

-brought   /brɔːt/ /brɔt/

-caught     /kɔːt/ /kɔt/

-naughty    /'nɔːti/ /'nɔti/

-nought     /nɔːt/ /nɔt/

-sought     /sɔːt/ /sɔt/

-taught      /tɔːt/ /tɔt/

-thought   /θɔːt/ /θɔt/

NOTE:

Content words are strong ones that carry important imformation.

Function words are weak ones that make the grammar correct.

SHORT SCHWA	/ə/	UNSTRESSED
LONG SCHWA	/ɜː/	STRESSED

MID /i/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

Seni /seni/ Geri /geri/ Beni /beni/

*If ‘y’ is the middle or last letter of a word or syllable, it is a vowel sound. The letter “y” at the end of a word = the sound /i/.

*Final ‘y’ as a vowel sound = Mid /i/ sound.
/i/ sound = Final ‘y’

Spelling Pronunciation

-ability             /ə'bɪlɪti/  /ə'bɪləti/

-beauty            /'bjuːti/ /'byuti/

-body               /'bɒdi/    /'bɑːdi/

-busy        /'bɪzi/

-candy             /'kændi/ /'kændi/

-century        /'sentʃəri/ /'sɛntʃəri/

-cherry             /'tʃeri/ /'tʃɛri/

-cloudy          /'klaʊdi/

-country        /'kʌntri/

-crazy              /'kreɪzi/

-daily            /'deɪli/

-diary            /'daɪəri/   /'daɪri/

-easy            /'iːzi/

-empty         /'empti/ /'ɛmpti/

-enemy         /'enəmi/ /'ɛnəmi/

-energy        /'enədʒi/ /'ɛnədʒi/

-entry            /'entri/ /'ɛntri/

-envy            /'envi/ /'ɛnvi/

-every           /'evri/ /'ɛvri/

-family         /'fæməli/

-fifty             /'fɪfti/

-finally         /'faɪnəli/

-funny           /'fʌni/

-happy         /'hæpi/

-heavy          /'heɛvi/ /'hɛvi/

-history         /'hɪstəri/

-hungry      /'hʌŋgri/

-hurry           /'hʌri/ /'hɜːri/   

-icy                   /'aɪsi/

-identity        /aɪ'dentɪti/ /aɪ'dɛntəti/

-lazy             /'leɪzi/

-library         /'laɪbrəri/ /'laɪbri/ /'laɪbrɛri/

-lucky           /'lʌki/

-many /'meni/ /'mɛni/

-maybe        /'meɪbi/

-meaty           /'miːti/

-money         /'mʌni/

-monkey       /'mʌŋki/

-only            /'əʊnli/     /'oʊnli/

-penalty        /'penlti/ /'pɛnlti/

-rainy             /'reɪni/

-snowy             /'snəʊi/   /'snoʊi/

-study           /'stʌdi/

-sunny           /'sʌni/

-tidy              /'taɪdi/

-windy            /'wɪndi/


NOTE:

INTONATION and SENTENCE TYPE
RISING / FALLING INTONATION	RISING INTONATION
STATEMENTS	YES / NO QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS
COMMANDS
EXCLAMATIONS

SEMI - VOWEL PHONEMES

/w/

/y/

* ‘w’ is a vowel when it is the middle or last letter of a syllable or word.

* ‘w’ is a consonant sound when it is the first letter of a syllable or word.

* ‘y’ is a vowel when it is the middle or last letter of a syllable or word.
* ‘y’ is a consonant sound when it is the first letter of a syllable or word.

SEMI-VOWEL = SEMI-CONSONANT = GLIDES

/y/ and /i/ are PHONETICALLY close friends. /w/ and /ʊ/ are PHONETICALLY close friends.

NOTE:

ENGLISH	TURKISH
TONGUE TIP	DİL UCU
TONGUE FRONT	DİL ÖNÜ
TONGUE MID	DİL ORTASI
TONGUE BACK	DİL ARKASI
HARD (FRONT) PALATE	SERT (ÖN) DAMAK
MID PALATE	ORTA DAMAK
SOFT (BACK) PALATE	YUMUŞAK (ARKA) DAMAK
HARD PHONEMES	SERT ÜNSÜZLER
SOFT PHONEMES	YUMUŞAK ÜNSÜZLER

THE LETTER “ w” = SHORT /ʊ/ SOUND
* ‘w’ as a vowel sound = mid and final sound.

* ‘w’ is a vowel when it is the middle or last letter of a syllable or word.

* ‘w’ is a consonant sound when it is the first letter of a syllable or word.
*If you keep /ʊ/ sound very short, /w/ = /ʊ/sound. */w/ sound is close to /ʊ/ sound. They are very similar. 

* /wi/ = /ʊi/ /wen/ = /ʊen/ /wɒt/ = /ʊɒt/ /wɪndəʊ/ = /ʊɪndəʊ/
Spelling Pronunciation

-bow          /baʊ/

-brown       /braʊn/

-cow           /kaʊ/

-down         /daʊn/

-how           /haʊ/

-now           /naʊ/

-power    /'paʊə(r)/ /paʊr/

-row         /raʊ/

-shower    /'ʃaʊə(r)/ /ʃaʊr/

-towel     /'taʊəl/

-tower     /'taʊə(r)/

-town        /taʊn/

-vow         /vaʊ/

-vowel     /'vaʊəl/

-blow     /bləʊ/            /bloʊ/

-elbow   /'elbəʊ/          /'elboʊ/

-grow     /grəʊ/           /groʊ/

-know     /nəʊ/           /noʊ/

-low        /ləʊ/              /loʊ/

-own      /əʊn/              /oʊn/

-show     /ʃəʊ/             /ʃoʊ/

-slow      /sləʊ/            /sloʊ/

-snow   /snəʊ/           /snoʊ/

-throw    /θrəʊ/            /θroʊ/

LONG VOWEL with ‘w’
-blew              /bluː/ /blu/

-chew            /tʃuː/ /tʃu/

-drew             /druː/ /dru/

-few             /fjuː/ /fyu/

-flew              /fluː/ /flu/

-grew             /gruː/ /gru/

-knew            /njuː/   /nu/

-new             /njuː/  /nu/

-threw           /θruː/ /θru/
-bawl             /bɔːl/ /bɔl/

-dawn            /dɔːn/ /dɔn/

-draw            /drɔː/ /drɔ/

-jaw              /dʒɔː/ /dʒɔ/

-paw             /pɔː/ /pɔ/

-raw              /rɔː/ /rɔ/

-saw              /sɔː/ /sɔ/

-strawberry     /'strɔːbəri/ /'strɔbɛri/

NOTE:

SUFFIXES and PREFIXES help us predict STRESS in words.

The /t/ is sounded like a quick /d/ when it is between vowel sounds.