En-glish pho-net-ics

JAW POSITION

JAW CLOSED	iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
JAW NEUTRAL	e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
JAW OPEN	æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

NOTE:

JAW = THE LOWER JAW = THE BOTTOM JAW

NATURAL ENGLISH = PLAYING WITH PHONEMES

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESS RULES

NATURAL ENGLISH = ENGLISH SPELLINGS

NATURAL ENGLISH = IPA SYMBOLS

NATURAL ENGLISH = TEACHING PHONEMIC AWARENESS

NATURAL ENGLISH = PLAYING WITH SOUNDS

NATURAL ENGLISH = DEVELOPING PHONEMIC AWARENESS

NATURAL ENGLISH = SCHWA

NATURAL ENGLISH = ‘-NG’ ENDINGS

NATURAL ENGLISH = FINAL ‘Y’

NATURAL ENGLISH = ‘R’ - CONTROLLED = COLOURED VOWELS

NATURAL ENGLISH = LEVELS OF STRESS

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRONG AND WEAK SYLLABLES

NATURAL ENGLISH = PHONEMES = ALLOPHONES

NATURAL ENGLISH = HOMOPHONES

NATURAL ENGLISH = RESEARCH FINDINGS ABOUT PHONICS

NATURAL ENGLISH = /ə/ AND /ɪ/ IN SYLLABLES

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESSED WORDS IN SENTENCES

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESS IN DICTIONARIES

NATURAL ENGLISH = RISING / FALLING INTONATION

NATURAL ENGLISH = ‘-S’ AND ‘–ED’ ENDINGS

NATURAL ENGLISH = /l/ AND /r/ AFTER VOWELS

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESS IN LONGER WORDS

NATURAL ENGLISH = CONTINUANTS AND STOPS

NATURAL ENGLISH = VOICED AND VOICELESS SOUNDS

NATURAL ENGLISH = TEACHING THE SCHWA

NATURAL ENGLISH = PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS

NATURAL ENGLISH = SECONDARY STRESS

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESS TIMING

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE

NATURAL ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE

NATURAL ENGLISH = ENGLISH SOUNDS VERSUS TURKISH SOUNDS

NATURAL ENGLISH = WORD ACCENT

NATURAL ENGLISH = BRITISH ACCENT

NATURAL ENGLISH = AMERICAN ACCENT

NATURAL ENGLISH = AMERICAN DIPH-THONGS

NATURAL ENGLISH = PLAYING WITH SOUNDS

CHAPTER VI

BRITISH ENGLISH

VERSUS

AMERICAN ENGLISH

BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)

SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/	/ʊ/
MID	/ɛ/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/	/ɒ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/iː/		/uː/
MID		/ɜː/	/ɔː/
OPEN		/ɑː/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/

/ə/

/l/

/m/

/n/

BRITISH DIPH-THONGS

	CLOSING /ɪ/ /ʊ/		CENTRING /ə/
STARTING CLOSE			/ɪə/ /ʊə/
STARTING MID	/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/	/əʊ/	/eə/
STARTING OPEN	/aɪ/	/aʊ/

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/		/ʊ/
CLOSE-MID
OPEN-MID	/ɛ/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/i/		/u/
CLOSE-MID	/e/		/o/
OPEN-MID		/ɝ/	/ɔ/
OPEN			/ɑ/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/

/ə/

/l/

/m/

/n/

AMERICAN DIPH-THONGS

	CLOSING /ɪ/ /ʊ/		RETROFLEX /r/
STARTING CLOSE			/ɪr/ /ʊr/
STARTING MID	/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/	/oʊ/	/ɛr/ /ɔr/
STARTING OPEN	/aɪ/	/aʊ/	/ɑr/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

STOP	p	b	t	d	k	g
AFFRICATE	tʃ	dʒ
FRICATIVE	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h
NASAL	m	n	ŋ
APPROXIMANT (CENTRAL)	w	r	j
APPROXIMANT (LATERAL)	l

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

BILABIAL	p	b	m	w
LABIO-DENTAL	f	v
LABIO-VELAR	w (ʍ)
DENTAL	θ	ð
ALVEOLAR	t	d	s	z	n	l	r
POST- ALVEOLAR	tʃ	dʒ	ʃ	ʒ
PALATAL	j
VELAR	k	g	ŋ
GLOTTAL	h

THE DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS

STOPS	p	b	t	d	k	g
FRICATIVES	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h
AFFRICATES	tʃ	dʒ
APPROXIMANTS	l	r	w	y

THE SOUNDS OF STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH

THE FRONT VOWELS	i	e	ɪ	ɛ	æ	a
THE CENTRAL VOWELS	ʌ	ə	ɚ	ɝ
THE BACK VOWELS	u	o	ʊ	ɔ	ɑ

FRONT VOWELS

/i/	high	close	tense	unrounded	stressed
/ɪ/	high	open	lax	unrounded	stressed
/e/	mid	close	tense	unrounded	stressed
/ɛ/	mid	open	lax	unrounded	stressed
/æ/	low	open	lax	unrounded	stressed
/a/	low	close	tense	unrounded	stressed

CENTRAL VOWELS

/ɚ/	mid	close	lax	rounded	unstressed
/ɜ/	mid	open	tense	rounded	stressed
/ʌ/	mid	close	tense	unrounded	stressed
/ə/	mid	open	lax	unrounded	unstressed