/ɪz/ = /əz/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing’ sounds /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /z/, /dʒ/, /ʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /ɪz/ or /əz/.
HISSING =NOISY /dʒ/ SOUND
-changes /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/
-damages /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/ /ˈdæmɪdʒəz/
-judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/ /ˈdʒʌdʒəz/
HISSING =NOISY /tʃ/ SOUND
-catches /ˈkætʃɪz/ /ˈkætʃəz/
-matches /ˈmætʃɪz/ /ˈmætʃəz/
-teaches /ˈtiːtʃɪz/ /ˈtiːtʃəz/
HISSING=NOISY /ʒ/ SOUND
-garages /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/ /ˈgærɑːʒəz/
-massages /ˈmæsɑːʒɪz/ /ˈmæsɑːʒəz/
HISSING=NOISY /s/ SOUND
-kisses /ˈkɪsɪz/ /ˈkɪsəz/
-misses /ˈmɪsɪz/ /ˈmɪsəz/
-passes /ˈpæsɪz/ /ˈpæsəz/
-promises /ˈprɒmɪsɪz/ /ˈprɒmɪsəz/
HISSING =NOISY /ʃ/ SOUND
-finishes /ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/ /ˈfɪnɪʃəz/
-punishes /ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/ /ˈpʌnɪʃəz/
-washes /ˈwɒʃɪz/ /ˈwɒʃəz/
-wishes /ˈwɪʃɪz/ /ˈwɪʃəz/
HISSING =NOISY /z/ SOUND
-chooses /ˈtʃuːzɪz/ /ˈtʃuːzəz/
-closes /ˈkləʊzɪz/ /ˈkləʊzəz/
-loses /ˈluːzɪz/ /ˈluːzəz/
-rises /ˈraɪzɪz/ /ˈraɪzəz/
Hissing (noisy) sounds: sss..., zzz..., ʃ ʃ ʃ = şşş..., ʒ ʒ ʒ = jjj...
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NOTE:
‘PRIMARY (MAIN)’ and ‘SECONDARY’ STRESS
SECONDARY STRESS FIRST, PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS SECOND
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STRESS ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE
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STRESS ON THE SECOND SYLLABLE
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Thirty /ˈθɜrti/
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Thirteen /ˌθɜrˈtiːn/
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Forty /ˈfɔrti/
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Fourteen /ˌfɔrˈtiːn/
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Fifty /ˈfɪfti/
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Fifteen /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/
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Sixty /ˈsɪksti/
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Sixteen /ˌsɪksˈtiːn/
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Seventy /ˈsevnti/
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Seventeen /ˌsevnˈtiːn/
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Eighty /ˈeɪti/
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Eighteen /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
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Ninety /ˈnaɪnti/
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Nineteen /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/
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Primary (main) stress: /ˈ/
Secondary stress: /ˌ/
PAST SIMPLE –D and –ED ENDINGS
-ED ADJECTIVES
/ɪd/ = /əd/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the infinitive verb is /t/ or /d/ - we pronounce the –d / -ed ending /ɪd/ or /əd/.
/t/
-excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ /ɪkˈsaɪtəd/
-invited /ɪnˈvaɪtɪd/ /ɪnˈvaɪtəd/
-painted /ˈpeɪntɪd/ /ˈpeɪntəd/
-started /ˈstɑːrtɪd/ /ˈstɑːrtəd/
-visited /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/ /ˈvɪzɪtəd/
-waited /ˈweɪtɪd/ /ˈweɪtəd/
-wanted /ˈwʌntɪd/ /ˈwʌntəd/
/d/
-decided /dɪˈsaɪdɪd/ /dɪˈsaɪdəd/
-divided /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/ /dɪˈvaɪdəd/
-mended /ˈmendɪd/ /ˈmendəd/
-needed /ˈniːdɪd/ /ˈniːdəd/
-provided /prəˈvaɪdɪd/ /prəˈvaɪdəd/
NOTE:
ENGLISH AFFRICATES
AFFRICATES
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PLOSIVE
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FRICATIVE
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/tʃ/
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/t/
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/ʃ/
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/dʒ/
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/d/
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/ʒ/
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/t/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless) consonant sound /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/ - we pronounce the –d / -ed ending /t/.
VOICELESS /tʃ/
-matched /mætʃt/
-watched /wɒtʃt/
VOICELESS /f/
-bluffed /blʌft/
-coughed /kɒft/
-cuffed /kʌft/
-laughed /lɑːft/
-muffed /mʌft/
-sniffed /snɪft/
VOICELESS /k/
-asked /ɑːskt/
-cooked /kʊkt/
-packed /pækt/
-shocked /ʃɒkt/
-talked /tɔːkt/
-walked /wɔːkt/
-worked /wɜːkt/
VOICELESS /p/
-developed /dɪˈveləpt/
-dropped /drɒpt/
-helped /helpt/
-hoped /həʊpt/
-stopped /stɒpt/
VOICELESS /s/
-depressed /dɪˈprest/
-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/
-kissed /kɪst/
-missed /mɪst/
-passed /pæst/
-promised /ˈprɒmɪst/
VOICELESS /ʃ/
-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃt/
-punished /ˈpʌnɪʃt/
-washed /wɒʃt/
-wished /wɪʃt/
NOTE:
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
PLOSIVES
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p
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b
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t
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d
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k
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g
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AFFRICATES
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|
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tʃ
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dʒ
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|
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FRICATIVES
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f
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v
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θ
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ð
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s
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z
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ʃ
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ʒ
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SONORANTS
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m
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n
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ŋ
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h
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l
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r
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w
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j
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of = /əv/, /ə/, /ɔv/, /ʌv/
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off = /ɒf/, /ɔf/, /ɑf/
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/d/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant sound - /b/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /z/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –d / -ed ending /d/.
VOICED /b/
-described /dɪˈskraɪbd/
-disturbed /dɪˈstɜːbd/
-robbed /rɒbd/
VOICED /dʒ/
-arranged /əˈreɪndʒd/
-changed /tʃeɪndʒd/
-judged /dʒʌdʒd/
VOICED /ð/
-bathed /beɪðd/
-breathed /briːðd/
-loathed /ləʊðd/
VOICED /g/
-begged /begd/
-hugged /hʌgd/
VOICED /ʒ/
-garaged /ˈgærɑːʒd/ /gəˈrɑːʒd/
-massaged /ˈmæsɑːʒd/ /məˈsɑːʒd/
-sabotaged /ˈsæbətɑːʒd/
VOICED /l/
-boiled /bɔɪld/
-killed /kɪld/
-sailed /seɪld/
-travelled /trævld/
VOICED /m/
-claimed /kleɪmd/
-climbed /klaɪmd/
-dreamed /driːmd/
-formed /fɔːmd/
-performed /pəˈfɔːmd/
VOICED /n/
-earned /ɜːnd/
-frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/
-happened /ˈhæpənd/
-learned /lɜːnd/
-listened /ˈlɪsənd/
-phoned /fəʊnd/
-returned /rɪˈtɜːnd/
-turned /tɜːnd/
-warned /wɔːnd/
VOICED /ŋ/
-hanged /hæŋd/
VOICED /r/
-bored /bɔːrd/
-covered /ˈkʌvərd/
-entered /ˈentərd/
-offered /ˈɒfərd/
-tired /taɪəd/ /taɪrd/
VOICED /v/
-dived /daɪvd/
-loved /lʌvd/
-proved /pruːvd/
-solved /sɒlvd/
VOICED /z/
-organised /ˈɔːgənaɪzd/ /ˈɔːrgənaɪzd/
-surprised /səˈpraɪzd/ /sərˈpraɪzd/
A VOWEL SOUND
*When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we pronounce –d / ed ending /d/.
-allowed /əˈlaʊd/
-applied /əˈplaɪd/
-chewed /tʃuːd/
-destroyed /dɪˈstrɔɪd/
-died /daɪd/
-employed /ɪmˈplɔɪd/
-enjoyed /ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/
-lied /laɪd/
-played /pleɪd/
-rescued /ˈreskjuːd/
-showed /ʃəʊd/ /ʃoʊd/
-snowed /snəʊd/ /snoʊd/
-stayed /steɪd/
-tied /taɪd/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/ /ˈwɜːrid/
PLURAL NOUN –S and –ES ENDINGS
/z/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the singular noun is another voiced consonant sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.
VOICED /b/ SOUND
-clubs /klʌbz/
-jobs /dʒɑːbz/
-pubs /pʌbz/
-tubes /tjuːbz/
-verbs /vɜːrbz/
VOICED /d/ SOUND
-beds /bedz/
-cards /kɑːrdz/
-friends /frendz/
-grounds /graʊndz/
-hands /hændz/
-husbands /ˈhʌzbəndz/
-words /wɜːrdz/
VOICED /g/ SOUND
-bags /bægz/
-dogs /dɒgz/
-drugs /drʌgz/
-eggs /egz/
-legs /legz/
-rugs /rʌgz/
VOICED /l/ SOUND
-animals /ˈænɪmlz/ /ˈænəmlz/
-apples /æplz/
-bowls /bəʊlz/
-example /ɪgˈzɑːmplz/ /ɪgˈzæmplz/
-goals /gəʊlz/
-meals /miːlz/
-nails /neɪlz/
-pencils /ˈpenslz/
-rules /ruːlz/
-sandals /ˈsændlz/
-skills /skɪlz/
-tables /ˈteɪblz/
VOICED /m/ SOUND
-exams /ɪgˈzæmz/
-farms /fɑːrmz/
-firms /fɜːrmz/
-homes /həʊmz/
-names /neɪmz/
-problems /ˈprɒbləmz/ /ˈprɑːbləmz/
-programmes /ˈprəʊgræmz/ /ˈproʊgræmz/
-rooms /ruːmz/
VOICED /n/ SOUND
-actions /ˈækʃnz/
-bones /bəʊnz/
-guns /gʌnz/
-lessons /ˈlesənz/
-onions /ˈʌnjənz/
-opinions /əˈpɪnjənz/
-plans /plænz/
-questions /ˈkwestʃənz/
-reasons /riːznz/
-spoons /spuːnz/
-stones /stəʊnz/
VOICED /ŋ/ SOUND
-buildings /ˈbɪldɪŋz/
-feelings /ˈfiːlɪŋz/
-rings /rɪŋz/
-songs /sɒŋz/
-things /thɪŋz/
VOICED /r/ SOUND
-answers /ˈɑːnsəz/ /ˈænsərz/
-chairs /tʃeəz/ /tʃerz/
-colours /ˈkʌləz/ /ˈkʌlərz/
-doors /dɔːz/ /dɔːrz/
-letters /ˈletəz/ /ˈletərz/
-numbers /ˈnʌmbəz/ /ˈnʌmbərz/
-papers /ˈpeɪpəz/ /ˈpeɪpərz/
-partners /ˈpɑːtnəz/ /ˈpɑːrtnərz/
-pears /peəz/ /peərz/
-sisters /ˈsɪstəz/ /ˈsɪstərz/
-stairs /steəz/ /steərz/
-strangers /ˈstreɪndʒəz/ /ˈstreɪndʒərz/
-summers /ˈsʌməz/ /ˈsʌmərz/
-teachers /ˈtiːtʃəz/ /ˈtiːtʃərz/
-years /jɪəz/ /jɪrz/
VOICED /r/ SOUND
-gloves /glʌvz/
-knives /naɪvz/
-lives /laɪvz/
-negatives /ˈnegətɪvz/
-olives /ɒlɪvz/
-positives /ˈpɒzətɪvz/
-scarves /skɑːrvz/
-shelves /ʃelvz/
-wives /waɪvz/
-wolves /wʊlvz/
A VOWEL SOUND
*When the final sound of the singular noun is a vowel sound, we pronounce the –s / -es ending /z/.
-boys /bɔɪz/
-cinemas /ˈsɪnɪməz/ /ˈsɪnəməz/
-cows /kaʊz/
-duties /ˈdjuːtiz/ /ˈduːtiz/
-keys /kiːz/
-lies /laɪz/
-monkeys /ˈmʌŋkiz/
-nephews /ˈnefjuːz/
-news /njuːz/ /nuːz/
-paws /pɔːz/
-shows /ʃoʊz/
-sundays /ˈsʌndiz/ /ˈsʌndeɪz/
-ties /taɪz/
-toes /təʊz/
-toys /tɔɪz/
-views /vjuːz/
-ways /weɪz/
-zoos /zuːz/
/s/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the singular noun is another unvoiced (voiceless) consonant sound /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /s/.
UNVOICED /k/ SOUND
-bikes /baɪks/
-books /bʊks/
-desks /desks/
-forks /fɔːrks/
-lakes /leɪks/
-parks /pɑːrks/
-socks /sɑːks/
-talks /tɔːks/
-walks /wɔːks/
-weeks /wiːks/
UNVOICED /f/ SOUND
-handkerchiefs /ˈhæŋkərtʃɪfs/
UNVOICED /p/ SOUND
-cups /kʌps/
-envelopes /ˈenvələʊps/ /ˈenvəloʊps/
-groups /gruːps/
-hopes /həʊps/ /hoʊps/
-maps /mæps/
-shops /ʃɒps/ /ʃɑːps/
-tips /tɪps/
-tops /tɒps/ /tɑːps/
UNVOICED /t/ SOUND
-cats /kæts/
-coats /kəʊts/ /koʊts/
-forests /ˈfɒrɪsts/ /ˈfɒrəsts/
-hats /hæts/
-jackets /ˈdʒækɪts/ /ˈdʒækəts/
-lights /laɪts/
-minutes /ˈmɪnɪts/ /ˈmɪnəts/
-notes /nəʊts/ /noʊts/
-parents /ˈpeərənts/ /ˈperənts/
-plates /pleɪts/
-shirts /ʃɜːrts/ /ʃɜrts/
-skirts /skɜːrts/ /skɜrts/
-streets /striːts/
-students /ˈstjuːdənts/ /ˈstuːdənts/
-tourists /ˈtʊərɪsts/ /ˈtʊrɪsts/
UNVOICED /θ/ = /th/ SOUND
-months /mʌnθs/ /mʌnths/
NOTE:
SONORANTS
NASAL SOUNDS
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m
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n
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ŋ
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LIQUID SOUNDS
|
l
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r
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GLIDE SOUNDS
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w
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y
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Dostları ilə paylaş: |